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1.
Four extracts of Arisaema erubescens tubers by acetic acetal (AAE), benzinum (BZE), n-butanol (NBE) and chloroform (CFE) were obtained to evaluate their molluscicidal activities against the snail Oncomlania hupensis. The responses of choline esterase (ChE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), esterase (EST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) to the extracts (NBE) were also investigated. In the four extracts (AAE, BZE, NBE and CFE), NBE showed the highest toxicity on the snails after 48 h exposure. NBE also showed the time- and concentration-dependent effect, for example, the LC90 values of the NBE were decreased from 365.5 mg/L (24 h) to 36.4 mg/L (96 h). At the end of exposure to NBE (LC50 concentration), the activities of ChE and ALP in snail tissues (cephalopodium and liver) decreased significantly. Isozyme electrophoresis profiles indicated that responses of isozymes (EST, SOD and GSH-Px) to NBE were more intense in liver than in cephalopodium. After 72 h exposure to NBE, the EST activity in snail liver decreased and some enzyme bands (EST1 and EST4) disappeared. But the activities of SOD 1 and GSH 2 in liver increased after 48 h exposure. The results indicated that NBE was the highest toxic component in the four extracts. The decline of the detoxification ability and the oxidative damage in snail tissues might be the main reason for the molluscicidal activities.  相似文献   

2.
In search for new local plant molluscicides for the control of the vectors of schistosomiasis, we compared the molluscicidal action of the extract of Ginkgo biloba sarcotesta by benzinum (EGSB) to that of arecoline (ARE) and niclosamide (NIC) against Oncomelania hupensis snails. NIC showed the highest toxicity on snails with 24 h LC50 vales of 0.12 mg/L and LC90 of 0.98 mg/L, while the LC50 and LC90 of EGSB were much lower than that of ARE. Sublethal in vivo 24 h exposure to 40% and 80% LC50 of NIC, EGSB and ARE altered the activities of different enzymes in different body tissues of snails. EGSB could significantly inhibit Choline esterase (ChE), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Malic dehydrogenase (MDH) activities both in the cephalopodium and liver. ARE could significantly cause a reduction in ChE, ALP activities in the cephalopodium and ChE, ALT, ALP, Succinodehydrogenase (SDH), MDH activities in the liver. NIC significantly altered activities of ChE, ALT, ALP, SDH, and MDH in the cephalopodium and ChE, ALT, ALP, SDH activities in the liver. All molluscicides could not affect Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the cephalopodium and the liver. Maximum inhibition of ALT and MDH activities was found in the cephalopodium and liver of snails treated with 80% of 24 h LC50 of EGSB. However, NIC and ARE caused maximum reduction in ALP and SDH activities, respectively. The results indicated that molluscicidal action of EGSB was different to that of ARE and NIC in some extent.  相似文献   

3.
In search for new local plant molluscicides for the control of the vectors of schistosomiasis, we compared the molluscicidal action of the extract of Ginkgo biloba sarcotesta by benzinum (EGSB) to that of arecoline (ARE) and niclosamide (NIC) against Oncomelania hupensis snails. NIC showed the highest toxicity on snails with 24 h LC50 vales of 0.12 mg/L and LC90 of 0.98 mg/L, while the LC50 and LC90 of EGSB were much lower than that of ARE. Sublethal in vivo 24 h exposure to 40% and 80% LC50 of NIC, EGSB and ARE altered the activities of different enzymes in different body tissues of snails. EGSB could significantly inhibit Choline esterase (ChE), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Malic dehydrogenase (MDH) activities both in the cephalopodium and liver. ARE could significantly cause a reduction in ChE, ALP activities in the cephalopodium and ChE, ALT, ALP, Succinodehydrogenase (SDH), MDH activities in the liver. NIC significantly altered activities of ChE, ALT, ALP, SDH, and MDH in the cephalopodium and ChE, ALT, ALP, SDH activities in the liver. All molluscicides could not affect Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the cephalopodium and the liver. Maximum inhibition of ALT and MDH activities was found in the cephalopodium and liver of snails treated with 80% of 24 h LC50 of EGSB. However, NIC and ARE caused maximum reduction in ALP and SDH activities, respectively. The results indicated that molluscicidal action of EGSB was different to that of ARE and NIC in some extent.  相似文献   

4.
The hemocyanin of Oncomelania hupensis (OhH) is essential for the survival of O. hupensis and may be an effective target for the development of new molluscicide. 4-(Chloroacetyl)catechol is a substrate analogue of OhH. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol to O. hupensis and Kunming mice. 4-(Chloroacetyl)catechol had strong molluscicidal activities and the molluscicidal activities was time and dose-dependent. With the increase of exposure time, the LC50 values of the 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol decreased from 6.5 mg/L (24 h) to 3.1 mg/L (72 h). The LC90 values decreased from 16.4 mg/L (24 h) to 4.9 mg/L (72 h). In the acute toxicity test of mice, no evident poisoning symptoms and no animal death were detected after 14 days’ continuous observation, which indicated that 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol was a low toxic substance for Kunming mice. These results indicated that 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol is potent molluscicides.  相似文献   

5.
The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (Mx), reproduction rate (R0) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC25 of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.  相似文献   

6.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate biochemical and morphological responses induced by carbaryl in the liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed during 21 days to sublethal concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 mg L−1), testing also recover for 14 days in clean water, after 14 days exposure. The activities of the following enzymes were measured: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Globally, our data showed that exposure to carbaryl decreased the SOD, CAT, GR, and GST activities, except for the SOD and GST activities after 14 days exposure to 0.25 mg L−1. In contrast, after 14 days exposure the GR activity of the hepatic tissue from carbaryl-treated fish showed significant elevation in relation to the control. When fish were left to recover, a positive response was seen in the GSH and GSSG contents. The results of the recovery group suggest that the toxicity produced by carbaryl is reversible to some extent within 15 days. The liver histological analysis showed differences between fish concerning the cellular vacuolization degree (VD) of the hepatocytes. In fish exposed to carbaryl it was observed an increasing hepatocellular basophilia. No other histological alterations were observed when fish was exposed to carbaryl, except a few necrotic foci at day 7. The sections stained with PAS reaction showed that the vacuolization was always not due to glycogen deposits, thus suggesting lipid accumulation. The combined increased basophilia and glycogen depletion is a common, although non-specific, liver response to many toxicants. In short, this work shows a relation between histological and biochemical changes in liver and carbaryl exposure. The effects of carbaryl were observed at different concentrations.  相似文献   

7.
The study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of phoxim on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and esterase (EST) activities, and antioxidant system after topical application to Oxya chinensis. The results showed that phoxim inhibited AChE activity, and did not cause significant changes in the EST activity and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH). After phoxim administration, superoxide (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities showed a biphasic response with an initial increase followed by a decline in their activities. Glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were inhibited in comparison with the control. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed irregular changes. Its activity increased significantly at the concentrations of 0.06 and 0.12 μg/μL and decreased at the concentrations of 0.09 and 0.24 μg/μL compared with the control. Changes in SOD, CAT, GST, GPx, and GR activities indicated that phoxim caused oxidative damage in O. chinensis. However, no significant changes in MDA content suggested that these enzymes played important roles in scavenging the oxidative free radicals induced by phoxim in O. chinensis. The formation of oxygen free radicals might be a factor in the toxicity of phoxim.  相似文献   

8.
In the present study, 40 male Wistar albino rats were used and divided into 4 groups. The first group served as the control group; the second group was administered Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw; the third group was administered flumethrin at the dose of 15 mg/kg/bw; and the fourth group was administered a combination of 20 mg/kg/bw Saw palmetto extract and 15 mg/kg/bw flumethrin, for 21 days, orally. After the trial period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney and brain) samples were taken from the rats. Saw palmetto extract did not cause significant alterations in plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, serum and tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels, erythrocyte and tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities when compared to the controls (p > 0.05). Flumethrin led to increased plasma and tissue MDA levels, serum and tissue NO levels, tissue GSH-Px activities and decreased erythrocyte and tissue SOD and CAT activities, and erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The flumethrin and Saw palmetto extract combination increased erythrocyte SOD activity and decreased brain GSH-Px activity as compared to flumethrin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that Saw palmetto extract did not cause any negative effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance. While flumethrin stimulated lipid peroxidation; Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw did not exhibit enough antioxidant effect in rats.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of organophosphorus insecticide trichlorfon, surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and the mixture of trichlorfon and SDS on the antioxidant defense system and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in Tilapia nilotica were assessed in vitro. Various concentrations of trichlorfon (0, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 g/L) and SDS (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 g/L) were incubated with homogenate of liver and muscle, respectively, at 25 °C for 0, 30, 60 and 90 min. Two concentrations of mixture of trichlorfon and SDS (0.0001 g/L trichlorfon + 0.5 g/L SDS, 0.1 g/L trichlorfon + 0.5 g/L SDS) and 0.0001 g/L trichlorfon, 0.1 g/L trichlorfon, 0.5 g/L SDS and control, were incubated simultaneously with homogenate of liver and muscle, respectively, at 25 °C for 60 min. After incubation, the content of reduced-glutathione (GSH) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in homogenate of liver were determined, and the activities of AChE in homogenate of muscle were also measured.Treatment with trichlorfon caused a significant concentration-dependent and time-related inhibition of AChE activity at all treatment concentrations and times since trichlorfon is a cholinesterase inhibitor. For the same trichlorfon treatment, an apparent decrease in GSH content was found in concentration of 0.01, 0.1, 1 g/L, whereas no significant alteration in antioxidant enzyme activity were found at all experiment concentrations and times, which might indicate that antioxidant enzymes have not involved in the metabolism of trichlorfon. The depletion of GSH might indicate that ROS could be involved in the toxic effects of trichlorfon. Exposure of SDS can inhibit activities of AChE, GST and CAT at concentrations of 0.5 and/or 1 g/L, which could be due to the denaturing process of SDS to the enzymes. For the mixture exposure of trichlorfon and SDS, the effect of the mixture of 0.0001 g/L trichlorfon and 0.5 g/L SDS on inhibition of AChE shows synergistic other than simple additive of trichlorfon and SDS. The combined effects of chemicals and detergents deserve to be particularly noted. It should be noted that the toxicity experiments were made in tissue homogenates instead of whole organisms. The responses against the toxic compounds will not be the same in both systems.  相似文献   

10.
The toxicological and biochemical characteristics of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Liposcelis bostrychophila and L. entomophila were comparatively investigated. Compared to their counterparts in L. entomophila, the activities of both GSTs and SOD from L. bostrychophila were significantly higher (P < 0.05), indicating that there was a stronger ability to eliminate the toxicants in the latter. The inhibition kinetics of insecticides revealed that dichlorvos and paraoxon possessed excellent inhibitory effects on GSTs in vitro, while there were some activated effects of chlorpyrifos on GSTs, more significant in L. entomophila. As for SOD in vivo, dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos had some inhibitory effects under the condition of sublethal concentration. However, the situation of carbosulfan was a little complex. Within the first 3 h treatment period there were facilitated effects on SOD in L. bostrychophila, and some expressed inhibitory effects. While in L. entomophila carbosulfan always possessed inhibitory effects on SOD.  相似文献   

11.
Experiment was carried out to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of fenvalerate to Labeo rohita fingerlings. After determining the LC50 value of fenvalerate, a sub-lethal concentration (1/3rd of LC50) of fenvalerate was exposed for 15 days. Significant alterations in SOD (P < 0.05) activity of liver and gill was observed due to fenvalerate. Catalase activity in gills of fishes was also affected significantly (P < 0.05). WBC, NBT and Hct values were reduced significantly in fenvalerate exposed fishes as compared to control group, whereas blood glucose level showed higher values in fenvalerate exposed group. Serum total protein and albumin were also reduced significantly as a result of fenvalerate exposure. Significant increase in the serum GOT, serum GPT, creatinine, triglyceride and serum ACP was noticed after 15 days of fenvalerate exposure. Results indicated that short term exposure of fenvalerate can induce biochemical and haematological alterations causing stress to L. rohita fingerlings.  相似文献   

12.
Four plant species, as a dry powder of their leaves, were tested against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. The bioassay tests revealed the plants Datura stramonium and Sesbania sesban to be more toxic to the snails than the other two ones. Therefore, they were tested against snails’ fecundity (Mx), reproduction rate (Ro) and their infection with S. mansoni miracidia. In addition, total protein concentration and the activities of the transaminases (AsT and AlT) and phosphatases (AcP and AkP) enzymes in hemolymph and tissues of snails treated with these plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated.Exposure of snails for 4 weeks to LC10 and LC25 of the plants D. stramonium and S. sesban dry powder markly suppressed their Mx and Ro. The reduction rates of Ro for snails exposed to LC25 of these plants were 62.1% and 76.4%, respectively. As well, a considerable reduction in the infection rates of snails exposed to these plants either during, pre- or post-miracidial exposure was recorded. Thus, infection rates of snails treated during miracidial exposure with LC10 of D. stramonium and S. sesban were 41.7% and 52.2%, respectively, compared to 92.6% for control group (P < 0.01). These plants, also, reduced the duration of cercarial shedding and cercarial production/snail. So, snails exposed to LC25 of these plants shed 372.8 and 223.2 cercariae/snail, respectively, compared to 766.3 cercariae/infected control snail (P < 0.01).The results, also, revealed that glucose and total protein concentrations in hemolymph of snails treated with LC10 and LC25 of these plants were decreased, meanwhile, the activities of the enzymes AsT, AlT, AcP and AkP were elevated (P < 0.01). However, the activity of AcP in tissues of treated snails was decreased compared to that of control ones. It is concluded that LC25 of the plants D. stramonium and S. sesban negatively interferes with biological and physiological activities of B. alexandrina snails, consequently it could be effective in interrupting and minimizing the transmission of S. mansoni.  相似文献   

13.
夹竹桃叶提取物对福寿螺的杀螺活性   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
从夹竹桃叶中筛选杀灭福寿螺的活性成分。采用浸渍法研究了夹竹桃叶的乙醇粗提物和组分Ⅰ对不同日龄福寿螺的毒杀和抑制作用。结果表明:组分Ⅰ浸渍10、30和50日龄螺6 h的LC50值分别为2.86、5.87 和8.68 mg/L;浸渍24 h的LC50值分别为0.98、2.31和 3.16 mg/L,其中2 mg/L的组分Ⅰ浸渍10日龄螺24 h的死亡率为100%。乙醇粗提物对福寿螺的毒杀效果较差,用其100 mg/L浸渍10日龄和30日龄螺72 h的死亡率均为100%,浸渍50日龄螺120 h时,死亡率100%时的质量浓度达到200 mg/L。但乙醇粗提物和组分Ⅰ各浓度对福寿螺的活动均无抑制作用,反而有促进其上爬的作用。  相似文献   

14.
A hundred and sixty female white mice, each weighing 35-40 g, were used in this study. The animals were assigned into eight groups as one control group and 7 experimental groups. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered N-acetylcysteine (NAC), proanthocyanidin and vitamin E alone, at doses of 100 mg/kg/body weight/day by intra-peritoneal, oral route and, intramuscular, respectively. Group 5 was administered a single dose of cyfluthrin (100 mg g/kg/body weight ∼1/3LD50) by oral, whereas Groups 6, 7 and 8 were given cyfluthrin+NAC, cyfluthrin+proanthocyanidin and cyfluthrin+vitamin E, at the same dose, respectively. The administration of the drugs was initiated following the administration of cyfluthrin, and continued until the end of the seventh day of the study. Blood samples were collected from each group, 24 h, and 3, 7 and 9 days after the administration of cyfluthrin for the assessment of blood malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. According to the data obtained, compared to the control group, increase in the plasma MDA level of the group administered cyfluthrin alone, and decrease in erythrocyte SOD activities in some periods and CAT activities in all periods were determined. On the other hand, especially, MDA levels and CAT activities were observed to move closer to values of the control group, in the groups that were administered NAC, proanthocyanidin and vitamin E in addition to cyfluthrin. In other words, in most periods, decrease in plasma MDA levels, and increase in erythrocyte CAT and SOD activities were observed in comparison to the group administered cyfluthrin alone. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant differences to exist between the groups on the third, seventh and ninth days with respect to plasma MDA levels, and the third and ninth days with respect to erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities (P < 0.05). However no significant difference was demonstrated in any of the periods in the groups that were administered NAC, proanthocyanidin and vitamin E alone in comparison to the control group (P > 0.05). In view of the parameters examined, animals were concluded to be affected by cyfluthrin and the administration of the three compounds at the indicated doses and for the indicated periods were considered to alleviate the adverse effects of cyfluthrin partly throughout the study period.  相似文献   

15.
Diethyl phthalate (DEP) enter into aquatic environment from industries manufacturing cosmetics, plastic and many commercial products and can pose potential fish and human health hazard. This experiment evaluated effects of DEP in adult male (89 g) common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by exposing them to fractions of LC50 (1/500-1/2.5) doses with every change of water for 28 days. Vitellogenin induction metabolic enzymes, somatic indices and bioaccumulation were studied on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. The 96th hour LC50 of DEP in fingerlings was found to be 48 mg/L. Compared to control, except increase (P < 0.01) in alkaline phosphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.1) and liver size, there was decrease (P < 0.01) in activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and testiculosomatic index following exposure to 1, 5 and 20 ppm DEP. Significant (P < 0.01) dose dependant vitellogenin induction was observed with exposure of fish to 0.1, 1 and 5 ppm DEP. The bioaccumulation of DEP in testis, liver, brain, gills and more importantly in muscle tissues of fish increased significantly (P < 0.01) with increase of dose from 1 to 5 ppm. Significant interaction (P < 0.01) of dose and duration of exposure indicated that exposure period of a week to two was sufficient to bring about changes in quantifiable parameters studied. Fish exposed to 20 ppm DEP became lethargic and discolored during onset of the 4th week. This is the first report describing metabolic changes and vitellogenin induction following exposure of C. carpio to DEP dose that is as low as 1/500th fraction of LC50.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of single, binary, and tertiary combination of few plant derived molluscicides alone or in combination with synergist on different enzymes (acetylcholinesterase—AChE, lactic dehydrogenase—LDH, and acid/alkaline phosphatase—ACP/ALP in the nervous tissue of the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata were studied. Sublethal in vivo 24 h exposure to 40 and 80% of LC50 of Azadirachta indica oil (AI), oleoresin of Zingiber officinale (OL), Cedrus deodara oil (CD), Allium sativum (AS), and Polianthes tuberosa (PT) bulb powder singly, their binary combination of AI + OL, AS + CD, AS + PT, CD + OL, CD + PT, OL + PT, and tertiary combination of these binary combinations with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PB) or MGK-264 significantly altered the activity of these enzymes. Tertiary combination with PB or MGK was very effective. Combination of CD + PT + MGK was more effective against AChE whereas, the combination of CD + OL + PB, CD + AS + PB, and CD + PT + PB were more effective against LDH, ACP, and ALP, respectively.  相似文献   

17.
Snail control is one of the important methods in the campaign to reduce the incidence of fascioliasis and schistosomiasis. In order to achieve this objective, the method of bait formulation containing an attractant and a molluscicide is an appropriate approach to lure the target snail population to the molluscicide. In the present study snail attractant pellets (SAP) were prepared from binary combination of carbohydrates (10 mM) and amino acids (20 mM) in 2% agar solution. These were tested on Lymnaea acuminata, an intermediate host of the digenean trematodes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The behavioral responses of snails to these binary combination were examined. The fraction of snails that was in contact with the SAP at different times was used as a measure of attraction. Among all the binary combination of carbohydrates; (sucrose + starch)—72.9%, binary combination of amino acids; (proline + serine)—48.0% and binary combination of carbohydrates and amino acids; (sucrose + serine)—69.5%, emerged as the strongest attractant pellets. Toxicity of these SAP containing different concentrations of molluscicides were used as bait against the snail, L. acuminata. Thymol containing SAP emerged as the strongest bait formulation (96 h LC50 0.540%, 0.318% and 0.305%) against L. acuminata.  相似文献   

18.
The present study was conducted to determine the 96 h-LC50 of benomyl to the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and to investigate the biochemical or hematological indices of blood and the alterations in the antioxidant enzymes of this fish in response to sublethal concentrations of benomyl. Fish weighing 71.61 ± 12.05 g were used in this study; they were subjected to fasting for 4 weeks before treatment. An aqueous solution of benomyl (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg L−1) was administered for 96 h to determine the LC50. The 96 h-LC50 value of benomyl was 4.39 (3.23-5.60) mg L−1 in the present study. For 5 weeks, the aqueous solution of benomyl (0, 100, 200, and 400 μg L−1) was administered to investigate its effect on the hematological parameters and antioxidant enzymes. The predominant hematological findings in fish exposed to benomyl were as follows: no significant change in the Hb (g dL−1) level, MCV (μm3), MCH (pg) and MCHC (%) as compared to the control. Benomyl exposure led to greater increases in the GPT, GOT (Karmen-unit), LDH (Wroblewski unit), total cholesterol, Fe, and Ca (mg dL−1) values, whereas the levels of ALP (KA unit), total protein, triglyceride, albumin, and Mg (mg dL−1) did not increase. Benomyl increased the in vivo HSI (%), GST (nmol min−1 mg protein−1), and SOD (U mg protein−1) values in the fish livers in the test group, unlike those in the control group for 5 weeks. At concentrations higher than 100 μg L−1, benomyl affected the GST and SOD levels of Nile tilapia in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The present findings suggest that the in vivo hepatotoxicity associated with benomyl may, in part, result from the hematological index, and antioxidants may provide limited protection against benomyl toxicity.  相似文献   

19.
Freshwater fish, Channa punctatus, commonly known as the snakehead fish, was exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.96 and 1.86 mg/L) (selected on the basis of 1/20 and 1/10 of 96 h LC50 value) of monocrotophos for two exposure periods (15 and 60 days). Effects of monocrotophos on Na+, K+-ATPase in liver, kidney, muscle, intestine, brain, heart and gills were determined. Results indicate that Na+, K+-ATPase activity in tissues decreased as concentration of monocrotophos and exposure period increased. Monocrotophos induced significant inhibitory effects on the Na+, K+-ATPase activity of C. punctatus, ranging from gills (70%) > Kidney (63%) > brain (57%) > intestine (52%) > liver (50%) > muscle (47%) > heart (44%) inhibition at a sublethal concentration of 0.96 mg/L. Significant inhibition was detected in Na+, K+-ATPase activity, ranging from gills (90%) > heart (78%) > kidney (78%) > muscle (74%) > intestine (71%) > brain (67%) > liver (63%) at sublethal concentration of 1.86 mg/L. After subacute exposure (15 days) only gills and brain showed significant inhibition after higher concentration (1.86 mg/L). However, it is evident that exposure duration is more important than dose in the inhibition of the activity of enzyme. At lower concentration initial stimulation of the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase activity was also noticed. It is suggested that the inhibition of the ATPase by monocrotophos blocked the active transport system of the gill epithelial as well as chloride cells, glomerular and epithelial cells of the tubules and thus altered the osmoregulatory mechanism of the fish. In fact, the impairment of the activity of enzymes which carry out key physiological roles could cause alterations of the physiology of the whole organism.  相似文献   

20.
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