共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
The van der Waals picture focuses on the differing roles of the strong short-ranged repulsive intermolecular forces and the longer ranged attractions in determining the structure and dynamics of dense fluids and solids. According to this physical picture, the attractive interactions help fix the volume of the system, but the arrangements and motions of molecules within that volume are determined primarily by the local packing and steric effects produced by the repulsive forces. This very useful approach, its limitations, and its successful application to a wide variety of static and dynamic phenomena in condensed matter systems are reviewed. 相似文献
2.
Forces between surfaces in liquids 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recent developments in the direct measurements of forces between surfaces in liquids at the ?ngstrom resolution level are reviewed. The results reveal a rich variety of interactions and interaction potentials that depend on the nature of the surfaces and intervening liquids. These results also shed new insights into liquid structure adjacent to surfaces and the interactions occurrig in complex systems, with implications in many different areas of chemical physics, biology, and technology. The origin of some important fundamental interactions, such as repulsive "hydration" forces and attractive "hydrophobic" forces, are still not understood and offer a challenge for experimental and theoretical work in this area. 相似文献
3.
单索循环轻型运材索道的钢索在每一工艺循环中,要承受静力和规则运动与不规则运动动态力的周期性作用。这种周期性拉应力与交变弯应力共同作用、使钢索出现早期疲劳断丝。运动状态拉力较静力有较大增加,瞬时冲击峰值拉力较设计拉力增大31.2％,应把这种峰值拉力作为钢索强度计算的主要依据。 相似文献
4.
Microstructured particles were synthesized by growing colloidal crystals in aqueous droplets suspended on fluorinated oil. The droplets template highly ordered and smooth particle assemblies, which diffract light and have remarkable structural stability. The method allows control of particle size and shape from spheres through ellipsoids to toroids by varying the droplet composition. Cocrystallization in colloidal mixtures yields anisotropic particles of organic and inorganic materials that can, for example, be oriented and turned over by magnetic fields. The results open the way to controllable formation of a wide variety of microstructures. 相似文献
5.
水稻播种质量检测技术的研究进展及展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水稻种植主要分直播和机械插秧两种方式,根据播种质量检测技术的特点,从方法上可分为排种器性能的动态监测和育秧盘内播种情况的静态检测。直播方式的播种质量主要采用动态监测方法,机插秧种植方式播种质量主要采用静态检测方法。文章介绍了国内外水稻播种质量动态和静态检测的方法,讨论播种质量检测技术发展中存在的问题。针对水稻育秧播种质量检测处于人工检测阶段,劳动强度大,不能满足机械高速作业要求等问题,提出水稻机插秧种植方式的育秧播种质量检测研究的方向与途径。 相似文献
6.
Green AE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,169(3949):933-941
GOPEB based upon known mesons have been found which realistically describe a massive accumulation of the experimental nuclear data up to 400 Mev. The N-N potential according to these models consists primarily of weak residual central terms surviving the cancellation of large repulsive and attractive vector and scalar static components; relativistic interactions arising from the exchange of pseudoscalar, vector, and scalar mesons and dipole type terms arising from the rho meson. The major dynamic terms are direct analogs of magnetic interactions illustrated in Fig. 1. Allowance must be made for the effective dependence of the coupling constants upon spin and isospin states. The nucleons are distributed sources which give rise to nonsingular generalized Yukawa functions in N-N potentials. 相似文献
7.
Both biotic interactions and abiotic random forcing are crucial influences on population dynamics. This frequently leads to roughly equal importance of deterministic and stochastic forces. The resulting tension between noise and determinism makes ecological dynamics unique, with conceptual and methodological challenges distinctive from those in other dynamical systems. The theory for stochastic, nonlinear ecological dynamics has been developed alongside methods to test models. A range of dynamical components has been considered-density dependence, environmental and demographic stochasticity, and climatic forcing-as well as their often complex interactions. We discuss recent advances in understanding ecological dynamics and testing theory using long-term data and review how dynamical forces interact to generate some central field and laboratory time series. 相似文献
8.
A diffusion cloud chamber has been used to qualitatively study some dynamic properties of liquid drops by suspending them in an electric field at the plane of saturation (p/ps = 1, where p is the actual partial pressure of the vapor at a given elevation and ps is the equilibrium pressure at that temperature characteristic of that elevation). By varying the strength of the electric field, it is possible to change the size of the suspended droplets and even, if desired, to isolate a single drop. 相似文献
9.
The movement of liquid drops on a surface with a radial surface tension gradient is described here. When saturated steam passes over a colder hydrophobic substrate, numerous water droplets nucleate and grow by coalescence with the surrounding drops. The merging droplets exhibit two-dimensional random motion somewhat like the Brownian movements of colloidal particles. When a surface tension gradient is designed into the substrate surface, the random movements of droplets are biased toward the more wettable side of the surface. Powered by the energies of coalescence and collimated by the forces of the chemical gradient, small drops (0.1 to 0.3 millimeter) display speeds that are hundreds to thousands of times faster than those of typical Marangoni flows. This effect has implications for passively enhancing heat transfer in heat exchangers and heat pipes. 相似文献
10.
The viscosity of colloidal suspensions varies with shear rate, an important effect encountered in many natural and industrial processes. Although this non-Newtonian behavior is believed to arise from the arrangement of suspended particles and their mutual interactions, microscopic particle dynamics are difficult to measure. By combining fast confocal microscopy with simultaneous force measurements, we systematically investigate a suspension's structure as it transitions through regimes of different flow signatures. Our measurements of the microscopic single-particle dynamics show that shear thinning results from the decreased relative contribution of entropic forces and that shear thickening arises from particle clustering induced by hydrodynamic lubrication forces. This combination of techniques illustrates an approach that complements current methods for determining the microscopic origins of non-Newtonian flow behavior in complex fluids. 相似文献
11.
Fugitive dust is one of the well known problems in agriculture and it affects both humans and machine producing quality.Dust problems can seriously cause harmful diseases to workers and ruin expensive equipments. In this study, a dust formation generated in open environment by vehicles was analyzed on unpaved roads. Formed dust was measured by calculating total forces on the PM10 (airborne particles smaller than 10 mm) of dust particles, such as air velocity, gravity forces and air turbulence generated by the moving vehicle. The water fogger nozzle discharge was measured to determine the approximate droplets quantity in the air. The loggers were used to suppress the generated dust in an open environment via installing a proposed automatic suppression system which opens automatically when vehicles pass under the system.The relationship between water droplet speed and ability of collecting fugitive dust showed that high air temperature above 40℃ and wind speed above 10 m s-1 have negative effects on the system's ability of collecting dust due to evaporation of small radius droplets and/or drifting water droplets away from the effective area. The overall system efficiency was found to be 85% and the proposed dust suppression system was found to be a satisfying solution for reducing fugitive dust hazards. 相似文献
12.
Droplets of one liquid suspended in a second, immiscible liquid move through a microfluidic device in which a channel splits into two branches that reconnect downstream. The droplets choose a path based on the number of droplets that occupy each branch. The interaction among droplets in the channels results in complex sequences of path selection. The linearity of the flow through the microchannels, however, ensures that the behavior of the system can be reversed. This reversibility makes it possible to encrypt and decrypt signals coded in the intervals between droplets. The encoding/decoding device is a functional microfluidic system that requires droplets to navigate a network in a precise manner without the use of valves, switches, or other means of external control. 相似文献
13.
We present systematic and detailed measurements of interparticle contact forces inside three-dimensional piles of frictionless liquid droplets. We measured long-range chainlike correlations of the directions and magnitudes of large forces, thereby establishing the presence of force chains in three dimensions. Our correlation definition provides a chain persistence length of 10 mean droplet diameters, decreasing as load is applied to the pile. We also measured the angles between contacts and showed that the chainlike arrangement arises from the balance of forces. Moreover, we found that piles whose height was comparable to the chain persistence length exhibited substantially greater strain hardening than did tall piles, which we attributed to the force chains. Together, the results establish a connection between the microscopic force network and the elastic response of meso- or macroscopic granular piles. The conclusions drawn here should be relevant in jammed systems generally, including concentrated emulsions and piles of sand or other heavy particles. 相似文献
14.
Faults in complex tectonic environments interact in various ways, including triggered rupture of one fault by another, that may increase seismic hazard in the surrounding region. We model static and dynamic fault interactions between the strike-slip and thrust fault systems in southern California. We find that rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga thrust fault system is unlikely to trigger rupture of the San Andreas or San Jacinto strike-slip faults. However, a large northern San Jacinto fault earthquake could trigger a cascading rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga system, potentially causing a moment magnitude 7.5 to 7.8 earthquake on the edge of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. 相似文献
15.
在温度低到一定程度时,含蜡原油存在着屈服应力。介绍了动屈服应力物理意义及概念的引伸,指出动屈服应力是维持物料继续流动所需要的最小剪切应力,由平衡流变曲线外延确定,反映了含蜡原油经过破坏后不能完全恢复的残余结构的强度,不是唯一值。对含蜡原油动屈服应力的测量,通常采用的方法有直接法和间接法,间接法中的应力松弛法被认为是一种较好的测量方法。胜利油田原油动、静屈服应力的测量值与预剪切过程中选用的剪切率有关,由平衡流变曲线外延得到的动、静屈服应力之间存在着很大差别。介绍了动屈服应力在含蜡原油低温输送和含蜡原油停输后再启动过程中的应用。 相似文献
16.
动态测试与静态测试最大的区别在于动态测试包含了对多种频率成分的动态信号记录问题，频域分析是时域分析的一种必要的、有益的补充，能够更好地指导我们的现场测试．帮助我们选择更好的安装方法．在对基桩动态响应的频谱特性进行分析基础上，讨论了基桩低应变动测曲线的额域分析方法，并介绍了计算桩底土的单位剐度和桩身动刚度的方法． 相似文献
17.
以多级好氧折流沟串联沉降装置为基础，最大限度地保留沼液中氮素养分的同时，去除沼液废水中悬浮物。根据材料静态条件下等温吸附及解吸率结果，筛选氨氮低吸附填料，接着在动态条件下考察好氧折流沟内填料深度及运行时间对沼液中悬浮物去除效果与氨氮浓度的影响。结果显示，在人工沸石、河砂、石英砂和沙漠砂四种材料中，河砂的吸附强度、吸附指标及解吸值最低。选取河砂作为动态好氧折流沟填料，在水力负荷0.75 L/h、滞留时间24 h条件下，无填充、低填充、中填充及高填充对沼液废水中悬浮物最大去除量分别为4.8 g/L、5.1 g/L、8.1g/L和8.4g/L，最大去除率分别为38.0%、51.2%、86.1%和88.7%，而中、高两种填料深度对沼液废水中悬浮物去除量及去除率在第三、四取水口处无明显差异性(P>0.05)。介于应用中材料选取、用量及去除效果比较，河砂填料对沼液废水中氨氮浓度影响最小，建议采用河砂中填料深度的好氧折流沟处理沼液中悬浮物。 相似文献
18.
Delineating the driving forces behind plate motions is important for understanding the processes that have shaped Earth throughout its history. However, the accurate prediction of plate motions, boundary-zone deformation, rigidity, and stresses remains a difficult frontier in numerical modeling. We present a global dynamic model that produces a good fit to such parameters by accounting for lateral viscosity variations in the top 200 kilometers of Earth, together with forces associated with topography and lithosphere structure, as well as coupling with mantle flow. The relative importance of shallow structure versus deeper mantle flow varies over Earth's surface. Our model reveals where mantle flow contributes toward driving or resisting plate motions. Furthermore, subducted slabs need not act as strong stress guides to satisfy global observations of plate motions and stress. 相似文献
19.
一种基于构件的可动态更新的体系结构模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
当前软件体系结构的研究主要集中于静态体系结构，这种体系结构不能在系统运行时更改。许多系统，尤其是长期运行或具有重要使命的系统，需要在运行时更新演化，这样的系统不能用静态体系结构来建模和分析。而动态体系结构由于其可以在系统运行时发生更改，可以用来解决这些问题。本文详细分析了动态体系结构的特性，提出了一种基于构件的可动态更新的体系结构模型，井以一个客户机，服务器系统动态更新实例来分析和验证该模型。 相似文献
20.
A well-known organic host compound undergoes single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transitions upon guest uptake and release. Despite a lack of porosity of the material, guest transport through the solid occurs readily until a thermodynamically stable structure is achieved. In order to actively facilitate this dynamic process, the host molecules undergo significant positional and/or orientational rearrangement. This transformation of the host lattice is triggered by weak van der Waals interactions between the molecular components. In order for the material to maintain its macroscopic integrity, extensive cooperativity must exist between the molecules throughout the crystal, such that rearrangement can occur in a well-orchestrated fashion. We demonstrate here that even weak dispersive forces can exert a profound influence over solid-state dynamics. 相似文献