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1.
Evolution can be predicted in the short term from a knowledge of selection and inheritance. However, in the long term evolution is unpredictable because environments, which determine the directions and magnitudes of selection coefficients, fluctuate unpredictably. These two features of evolution, the predictable and unpredictable, are demonstrated in a study of two populations of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos island of Daphne Major. From 1972 to 2001, Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) and Geospiza scandens (cactus finch) changed several times in body size and two beak traits. Natural selection occurred frequently in both species and varied from unidirectional to oscillating, episodic to gradual. Hybridization occurred repeatedly though rarely, resulting in elevated phenotypic variances in G. scandens and a change in beak shape. The phenotypic states of both species at the end of the 30-year study could not have been predicted at the beginning. Continuous, long-term studies are needed to detect and interpret rare but important events and nonuniform evolutionary change. 相似文献
2.
Beak shape is a classic example of evolutionary diversification. Beak development in chicken and duck was used to examine morphological variations among avian species. There is only one proliferative zone in the frontonasal mass of chickens, but two in ducks. These growth zones are associated with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) activity. By "tinkering" with BMP4 in beak prominences, the shapes of the chicken beak can be modulated. 相似文献
3.
北太平洋柔鱼角质颚形态及生长年间差异 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
根据2010年、2015年和2016年在北太平洋海域所采集的柔鱼样本,分析其胴长、体质量及角质颚形态的年间差异和性别差异,并计算角质颚的月平均生长率,结合不同年份各月索饵场海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)和叶绿素a浓度(chlorophyll a,Chl.a)的分布,研究环境对角质颚形态和生长的影响。研究发现,3年的个体胴长和体质量均存在显著差异(P0.01),2016年的个体和角质颚的形态值最大,2015年的个体和角质颚形态值最小。不同年份间角质颚的各项参数均存在显著差异(P0.01)。分析角质颚形态值与胴长的关系发现,2010年生长参数b最大,2015年则最低。不同年份的角质颚月生长率中,2010年角质颚在8—9月有着较高的生长率,而2015年同期的生长率则最低。分析渔汛期索饵场SST和Chl.a的变化发现:2015年8—9月的SST相对其他年份较低,而2010年8—9月索饵场的Chl.a值较为分散,但高浓度(0.7 mg/m~3)所占比例较高;2016年由于适宜的SST和适宜的Chl.a,使得其个体有着形态较大的角质颚,同时个体也相对较大。不同年份间角质颚形态存在一定的差异,同时8—9月的SST和Chl.a的变化是影响该年度个体角质颚形态的主要因素之一。 相似文献
4.
Radinsky L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1983,221(4616):1189-1191
Allometric analysis of skull proportions in 25 species of fossil equids indicates that both scaling effects (allometry) and reorganization were factors in the evolutionary transformation of horse skulls. A relatively longer preorbital portion of the skull resulted from the ventral and forward displacement of the tooth row relative to the jaw joint and the orbit when high-crowned teeth evolved. Correlated with the increased distance between jaw joint and tooth row is an increase in the relative size of the attachment areas of masseter and internal pterygoid muscles. 相似文献
5.
Gerrienne P Meyer-Berthaud B Fairon-Demaret M Streel M Steemans P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5697):856-858
The emergence of the seed habit in the Middle Paleozoic was a decisive evolutionary breakthrough. Today, seed plants are the most successful plant lineage, with more than 250,000 living species. We have identified a middle Givetian (385 million years ago) seed precursor from Belgium predating the earliest seeds by about 20 million years. Runcaria is a small, radially symmetrical, integumented megasporangium surrounded by a cupule. The megasporangium bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the multilobed integument. This extension is assumed to be involved in anemophilous pollination. Runcaria sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed. 相似文献
6.
基于角质颚的东、黄海头足类科类判别 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
角质颚具有稳定的结构特征,是头足类分类的良好材料之一。根据在东、黄海采集的分属3个科6个种类样本(中国枪乌贼Loligo chinensis、杜氏枪乌贼Uroteuthis duvauceli、虎斑乌贼Sepia pharaonic、神户乌贼Sepia kobiensis、短蛸Octopus ocellatus和长蛸Octopus variabilis),通过测量其角质颚的形态参数,对不同科类的角质颚进行判别分析,并将原始数据和标准化数据的分析结果进行对比分析。结果发现:中国枪乌贼和虎斑乌贼的角质颚参数原始数据分别大于杜氏枪乌贼和神户乌贼,而标准化后的结果正好相反;短蛸的角质颚参数无论在标准化前后均大于长蛸;在角质颚原始数据中选出10个用于最终的判别分析,上头盖长、下脊突长、下翼长贡献了绝大部分差异。3个科总判别成功率为92.8%;在角质颚标准化数据中选出7个用于最终的判别分析,上头盖长/胴长、下侧壁长/胴长、下翼长/胴长贡献了绝大部分差异,3个科总判别成功率为98.1%。由此可见,对角质颚数据进行标准化处理,能够有效地提升判别正确率。 相似文献
7.
The distribution of species body size within taxonomic groups exhibits a heavy right tail extending over many orders of magnitude, where most species are much larger than the smallest species. We provide a simple model of cladogenetic diffusion over evolutionary time that omits explicit mechanisms for interspecific competition and other microevolutionary processes, yet fully explains the shape of this distribution. We estimate the model's parameters from fossil data and find that it robustly reproduces the distribution of 4002 mammal species from the late Quaternary. The observed fit suggests that the asymmetric distribution arises from a fundamental trade-off between the short-term selective advantages (Cope's rule) and long-term selective risks of increased species body size in the presence of a taxon-specific lower limit on body size. 相似文献
8.
Darwin's finches are a classic example of species diversification by natural selection. Their impressive variation in beak morphology is associated with the exploitation of a variety of ecological niches, but its developmental basis is unknown. We performed a comparative analysis of expression patterns of various growth factors in species comprising the genus Geospiza. We found that expression of Bmp4 in the mesenchyme of the upper beaks strongly correlated with deep and broad beak morphology. When misexpressed in chicken embryos, Bmp4 caused morphological transformations paralleling the beak morphology of the large ground finch G. magnirostris. 相似文献
9.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying differences in beak morphology likely involve interactions among multiple embryonic populations. We exchanged neural crest cells destined to participate in beak morphogenesis between two anatomically distinct species. Quail neural crest cells produced quail beaks in duck hosts and duck neural crest produced duck bills in quail hosts. These transformations involved morphological changes to non-neural crest host beak tissues. To achieve these changes, donor neural crest cells executed autonomous molecular programs and regulated gene expression in adjacent host tissues. Thus, neural crest cells are a source of molecular information that generates interspecific variation in beak morphology. 相似文献
10.
The rise and diversification of the dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, from 230 to 200 million years ago, is a classic example of an evolutionary radiation with supposed competitive replacement. A comparison of evolutionary rates and morphological disparity of basal dinosaurs and their chief "competitors," the crurotarsan archosaurs, shows that dinosaurs exhibited lower disparity and an indistinguishable rate of character evolution. The radiation of Triassic archosaurs as a whole is characterized by declining evolutionary rates and increasing disparity, suggesting a decoupling of character evolution from body plan variety. The results strongly suggest that historical contingency, rather than prolonged competition or general "superiority," was the primary factor in the rise of dinosaurs. 相似文献
11.
Over the past 50 million years, successive clades of large carnivorous mammals diversified and then declined to extinction. In most instances, the cause of the decline remains a puzzle. Here we argue that energetic constraints and pervasive selection for larger size (Cope's rule) in carnivores lead to dietary specialization (hypercarnivory) and increased vulnerability to extinction. In two major clades of extinct North American canids, the evolution of large size was associated with a dietary shift to hypercarnivory and a decline in species durations. Thus, selection for attributes that promoted individual success resulted in progressive evolutionary failure of their clades. 相似文献
12.
通过数量聚类和演化趋势分析的方法,讨论了以前的分类学处理和演化趋势。研究结果表明,黄荆种以下分类群组成2个类型:花序展开型,包括变型laxipaniculata和变型alba,和花序狭窄型,包括其他5个变种。在黄荆中,花序类型表现出一定的分类学重要性,将变型laxipaniculata和变型alba归并为黄荆异名的分类处理在本研究中没有被支持。本文还通过原始性状与衍生性状的比较,确定了黄荆种以下分类群是以黄荆为原始分类群,形态特征向着4个方向演化,形成目前种以下分类群的格局。本文还报道了原变种黄荆在河北省东部的地理分布与荆条小叶羽状分裂这一形态特征的新资料。 相似文献
13.
Many evolutionary studies use comparisons across species to detect evidence of natural selection and to examine the rate of character evolution. Statistical analyses in these studies are usually performed by means of a species phylogeny to accommodate the effects of shared evolutionary history. The phylogeny is usually treated as known without error; this assumption is problematic because inferred phylogenies are subject to both stochastic and systematic errors. We describe methods for accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty in evolutionary studies by means of Bayesian inference. The methods are computationally intensive but general enough to be applied in most comparative evolutionary studies. 相似文献
14.
Average species durations were estimated for 131 commonly occurring modern species. The duration of species occurring at depths of less than 200 meters is 16 million years, while for those at greater than 200 meters and at all depths it is 25 to 26 million years. Species (less than 200 meters) distributed from Florida to Newfoundland and from Florida to Cape Hatteras have about the same durations (18 to 20 million years). The duration for species restricted to north of Cape Hatteras is only 7 million years. The data suggest that evolutionary rates are greater in shallower than in deeper depths and greatest in the shallower northern area. 相似文献
15.
Schluter D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,266(5186):798-801
Interspecific competition driving divergence in adaptive radiation has not previously been tested experimentally. Natural selection on a morphologically variable species of stickleback fish was contrasted in the presence and absence of a close relative. Selection was nondirectional when the target species was alone, whereas addition of the second species favored individuals most different from it morphologically and ecologically. Disproportionately severe competition between similar phenotypes indicates frequency-dependent selection, verifying a crucial element of theory of competition and character divergence. The findings help resolve outstanding debates on the ecological causes of diversification and the evolutionary consequences of competitive interactions. 相似文献
16.
Primates living today are believed to share a common ancestor that originated in either Africa or Asia. Fossil examples of such anthropoid ancestors have been found in both continents, so pushing back the origins to a single location has been controversial. In their Perspective, Jaeger and Marivaux discuss results reported in the same issue by Seiffert et al. that may put part of the controversy to rest. Seiffert et al. describe the earliest and most complete African anthropoid fossils from the Fayum desert region of Egypt. Cranial and dental fossils of two different small species were found, and their character, especially the features of the fossil teeth, suggests an ancient evolutionary history in Africa. At the same time, the phylogenetic analysis of Seiffert et al. is consistent with the view that African anthropoids immigrated from Asia at a very early date, probably before the late Paleocene (60 million years ago), possibly followed by later waves of immigration. 相似文献
17.
The variability of bird beak morphology reflects diverse foraging strategies. One such feeding mechanism in shorebirds involves surface tension-induced transport of prey in millimetric droplets: By repeatedly opening and closing its beak in a tweezering motion, the bird moves the drop from the tip of its beak to its mouth in a stepwise ratcheting fashion. We have analyzed the subtle physical mechanism responsible for drop transport and demonstrated experimentally that the beak geometry and the dynamics of tweezering may be tuned to optimize transport efficiency. We also highlight the critical dependence of the capillary ratchet on the beak's wetting properties, thus making clear the vulnerability of capillary feeders to surface pollutants. 相似文献
18.
我国西部地区芥菜型油菜农艺性状典型相关分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]探讨我国西部地区芥菜型油菜农艺性状间的相互关系,为西部地区芥菜型油菜育种提供科学依据。[方法]以39份西部地区芥菜型油菜材料为对象,运用典型相关分析方法,对其产量性状（5个变量）、主茎性状（6个变量）、分枝性状（3个变量）、角果性状（4个变量）4组生态性状（共含18个变量）间的典型相关关系进行了研究。[结果]西部地区芥菜型油菜单株产量主要靠每株有效角果数取胜,每株角果总数、每角果粒数、千粒重的影响不明显;影响西部地区芥菜型油菜产量性状最重要的性状是主茎性状,其次是分枝性状和角果性状;西部地区芥菜型油菜产量性状、主茎性状、分枝性状、角果性状4组性状间均有密切的联系。[结论]要提高我国西部地区栽培芥菜型油菜产量性状,重点要抓好主茎性状,其次是分枝性状和角果性状;要选择每株角果总数、每株有效角果数优良的油菜品种应重点从有效分枝数、株高、主花序角果数、主花序果柄数等性状方面选择,要选择每角果粒数、千粒重优良的油菜品种应重点从果喙长度等性状方面选择。 相似文献
19.
Martin TE Martin PR Olson CR Heidinger BJ Fontaine JJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,287(5457):1482-1485
The evolutionary causes of small clutch sizes in tropical and Southern Hemisphere regions are poorly understood. Alexander Skutch proposed 50 years ago that higher nest predation in the south constrains the rate at which parent birds can deliver food to young and thereby constrains clutch size by limiting the number of young that parents can feed. This hypothesis for explaining differences in clutch size and parental behaviors between latitudes has remained untested. Here, a detailed study of bird species in Arizona and Argentina shows that Skutch's hypothesis explains clutch size variation within North and South America. However, neither Skutch's hypothesis nor two major alternatives explain differences between latitudes. 相似文献
20.
The beak of the Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas represents one of the hardest and stiffest wholly organic materials known. As it is deeply embedded within the soft buccal envelope, the manner in which impact forces are transmitted between beak and envelope is a matter of considerable scientific interest. Here, we show that the hydrated beak exhibits a large stiffness gradient, spanning two orders of magnitude from the tip to the base. This gradient is correlated with a chemical gradient involving mixtures of chitin, water, and His-rich proteins that contain 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (dopa) and undergo extensive stabilization by histidyl-dopa cross-link formation. These findings may serve as a foundation for identifying design principles for attaching mechanically mismatched materials in engineering and biological applications. 相似文献