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Innate immunity in higher plants invokes a sophisticated surveillance system capable of recognizing bacterial effector proteins. In Arabidopsis, resistance to infection by strains of Pseudomonas syringae expressing the effector AvrRpt2 requires the plant resistance protein RPS2. AvrRpt2 was identified as a putative cysteine protease that results in the elimination of the Arabidopsis protein RIN4. RIN4 cleavage serves as a signal to activate RPS2-mediated resistance. AvrRpt2 is delivered into the plant cell, where it is activated by a eukaryotic factor that we identify as cyclophilin. This activation of AvrRpt2 is necessary for protease activity. Active AvrRpt2 can then directly cleave RIN4. 相似文献
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Plant resistance proteins detect the presence of specific pathogen effectors and initiate effector-triggered immunity. Few immune regulators downstream of resistance proteins have been identified, none of which are known virulence targets of effectors. We show that Arabidopsis ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1), a positive regulator of basal resistance and of effector-triggered immunity specifically mediated by Toll-interleukin-1 receptor-nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NB-LRR) resistance proteins, forms protein complexes with the TIR-NB-LRR disease resistance proteins RPS4 and RPS6 and with the negative immune regulator SRFR1 at a cytoplasmic membrane. Further, the cognate bacterial effectors AvrRps4 and HopA1 disrupt these EDS1 complexes. Tight association of EDS1 with TIR-NB-LRR-mediated immunity may therefore derive mainly from being guarded by TIR-NB-LRR proteins, and activation of this branch of effector-triggered immunity may directly connect to the basal resistance signaling pathway via EDS1. 相似文献
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The Pseudomonas syringae protein AvrPtoB is translocated into plant cells, where it inhibits immunity-associated programmed cell death (PCD). The structure of a C-terminal domain of AvrPtoB that is essential for anti-PCD activity reveals an unexpected homology to the U-box and RING-finger components of eukaryotic E3 ubiquitin ligases, and we show that AvrPtoB has ubiquitin ligase activity. Mutation of conserved residues involved in the binding of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes abolishes this activity in vitro, as well as anti-PCD activity in tomato leaves, which dramatically decreases virulence. These results show that Pseudomonas syringae uses a mimic of host E3 ubiquitin ligases to inactivate plant defenses. 相似文献
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水稻条斑病菌xopQ1_(Xoc)在病程中功能的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】基因组学揭示,水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola,Xoc)中存在与丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato,Pst)中通过Ⅲ型分泌系统分泌的HopQ1-1同源的XopQ1Xoc,但其是否为T3S效应分子以及在病菌致病性中的功能并不清楚。【方法】通过基因敲除技术,获得了水稻条斑病菌xopQ1Xoc的突变体。【结果】致病性测定结果发现,xopQ1Xoc突变后,病菌在水稻上的毒性增强,细菌生长能力增强。非常有意义的是,xopQ1Xoc突变体菌液浓度为3×108CFU/mL时仍能在烟草上激发过敏反应,但在浓度为104CFU/mL时,8d后可在烟草上产生坏死症状。功能互补结果显示,xopQ1Xoc能够恢复突变体在水稻上的毒性至野生型水平和在烟草上丧失产生坏死病斑的能力。Western杂交结果显示,XopQ1Xoc不能通过T3S装置进行分泌。【结论】XopQ1Xoc是水稻条斑病菌T3S效应分子,可能作用于植物的免疫系统,有利于病害的发展。为进一步揭示水稻-黄单胞菌互作的分子机理提供了科学线索。 相似文献
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Guttman DS Vinatzer BA Sarkar SF Ranall MV Kettler G Greenberg JT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5560):1722-1726
Type III secreted "effector" proteins of bacterial pathogens play central roles in virulence, yet are notoriously difficult to identify. We used an in vivo genetic screen to identify 13 effectors secreted by the type III apparatus (called Hrp, for "hypersensitive response and pathogenicity") of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Although sharing little overall homology, the amino-terminal regions of these effectors had strikingly similar amino acid compositions. This feature facilitated the bioinformatic prediction of 38 P. syringae effectors, including 15 previously unknown proteins. The secretion of two of these putative effectors was shown to be type III--dependent. Effectors showed high interstrain variation, supporting a role for some effectors in adaptation to different hosts. 相似文献
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Swartz TE Tseng TS Frederickson MA Paris G Comerci DJ Rajashekara G Kim JG Mudgett MB Splitter GA Ugalde RA Goldbaum FA Briggs WR Bogomolni RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5841):1090-1093
Histidine kinases, used for environmental sensing by bacterial two-component systems, are involved in regulation of bacterial gene expression, chemotaxis, phototaxis, and virulence. Flavin-containing domains function as light-sensory modules in plant and algal phototropins and in fungal blue-light receptors. We have discovered that the prokaryotes Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus, Erythrobacter litoralis, and Pseudomonas syringae contain light-activated histidine kinases that bind a flavin chromophore and undergo photochemistry indicative of cysteinyl-flavin adduct formation. Infection of macrophages by B. abortus was stimulated by light in the wild type but was limited in photochemically inactive and null mutants, indicating that the flavin-containing histidine kinase functions as a photoreceptor regulating B. abortus virulence. 相似文献
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Mukhtar MS Carvunis AR Dreze M Epple P Steinbrenner J Moore J Tasan M Galli M Hao T Nishimura MT Pevzner SJ Donovan SE Ghamsari L Santhanam B Romero V Poulin MM Gebreab F Gutierrez BJ Tam S Monachello D Boxem M Harbort CJ McDonald N Gai L Chen H He Y;European Union Effectoromics Consortium Vandenhaute J Roth FP Hill DE Ecker JR Vidal M Beynon J Braun P Dangl JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6042):596-601
Plants generate effective responses to infection by recognizing both conserved and variable pathogen-encoded molecules. Pathogens deploy virulence effector proteins into host cells, where they interact physically with host proteins to modulate defense. We generated an interaction network of plant-pathogen effectors from two pathogens spanning the eukaryote-eubacteria divergence, three classes of Arabidopsis immune system proteins, and ~8000 other Arabidopsis proteins. We noted convergence of effectors onto highly interconnected host proteins and indirect, rather than direct, connections between effectors and plant immune receptors. We demonstrated plant immune system functions for 15 of 17 tested host proteins that interact with effectors from both pathogens. Thus, pathogens from different kingdoms deploy independently evolved virulence proteins that interact with a limited set of highly connected cellular hubs to facilitate their diverse life-cycle strategies. 相似文献
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病原菌和植物相互作用时分泌效应蛋白（effectors）抑制植物的防卫反应。枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌引起的真菌病害,尖孢镰刀菌和寄主相互作用时分泌几个特定的富含半胱氨酸的小分子量蛋白（15.8～29.9 kD）进入木质部启动致病力,称为SIX（secreted in xylem）蛋白,其中,SIX6蛋白是一个效应蛋白。西瓜枯萎病是由西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.Niveurn,Fon）引起的真菌病害。为了明确FonSIX6在侵染西瓜时的作用,克隆了该基因的上下游序列,以潮霉素为筛选标记构建了该基因的缺失突变体载体pDH\|SIX6;将构建好的基因缺失载体转入农杆菌AGL\|1中,通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化和转化子的筛选获得了FonSIX6基因的缺失突变体。 相似文献
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SR Scofield CM Tobias JP Rathjen JH Chang DT Lavelle RW Michelmore BJ Staskawicz 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,274(5295):2063-2065
Transient expression of the Pseudomonas syringae avirulence gene avrPto in plant cells resulted in a Pto-dependent necrosis. The AvrPto avirulence protein was observed to interact directly with the Pto resistance protein in the yeast two-hybrid system. Mutations in the Pto and avrPto genes which reduce in vivo activity had parallel effects on association in the two-hybrid assay. These data suggest that during infection the pathogen delivers AvrPto into the plant host cell and that resistance is specified by direct interaction of Pto with AvrPto. 相似文献
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ROP蛋白是植物特有的一类小G蛋白,在植物信号传导途径中起重要作用.拟南芥共编码11种ROP蛋白,为明确ROP蛋白在拟南芥抗病反应中的作用,将病原细菌Pseudomonas syringaepv.tomatoDC3000接种于各AtROP的激活和失活突变体后,观察其增殖情况.结果表明,AtROP2和AtROP11抑制病原菌的增殖,而AtROP10则促进病原菌的增殖,其他At-ROP对Pst.DC3000的增殖没有影响. 相似文献
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Kim BH Shenoy AR Kumar P Das R Tiwari S MacMicking JD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6030):717-721
Immune interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is essential for mammalian host defense against intracellular pathogens. IFN-γ induces nearly 2000 host genes, yet few have any assigned function. Here, we examined a complete mouse 65-kilodalton (kD) guanylate-binding protein (Gbp) gene family as part of a 43-member IFN-γ-inducible guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) superfamily in mouse and human genomes. Family-wide loss-of-function analysis found that at least four Gbps--Gbp1, Gbp6, Gbp7, and Gbp10--conferred cell-autonomous immunity to listerial or mycobacterial infection within macrophages and gene-deficient animals. These Gbps solicited host defense proteins, including the phagocyte oxidase, antimicrobial peptides, and autophagy effectors, to kill intracellular bacteria. Thus, specific 65-kD Gbps coordinate a potent oxidative and vesicular trafficking program to protect the host from infection. 相似文献
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Pan X Lührmann A Satoh A Laskowski-Arce MA Roy CR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5883):1651-1654
Specialized secretion systems are used by many bacteria to deliver effector proteins into host cells that can either mimic or disrupt the function of eukaryotic factors. We found that the intracellular pathogens Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii use a type IV secretion system to deliver into eukaryotic cells a large number of different bacterial proteins containing ankyrin repeat homology domains called Anks. The L. pneumophila AnkX protein prevented microtubule-dependent vesicular transport to interfere with fusion of the L. pneumophila-containing vacuole with late endosomes after infection of macrophages, which demonstrates that Ank proteins have effector functions important for bacterial infection of eukaryotic host cells. 相似文献
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Plant development: regulation by protein degradation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Many aspects of eukaryotic development depend on regulated protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This highly conserved pathway promotes covalent attachment of ubiquitin to protein substrates through the sequential action of three enzymes called a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). Most ubiquitinated proteins are then targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Recent studies have also shown that the ubiquitin-related protein RUB/Nedd8 and the proteasome-related COP9 signalosome complex cooperate with the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to promote protein degradation. Most of these components are conserved in all three eukaryotic kingdoms. However, the known targets of the pathway in plants, and the developmental processes they regulate, are specific to the plant kingdom. 相似文献
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To establish infection in the host, malaria parasites export remodeling and virulence proteins into the erythrocyte. These proteins can traverse a series of membranes, including the parasite membrane, the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, and the erythrocyte membrane. We show that a conserved pentameric sequence plays a central role in protein export into the host cell and predict the exported proteome in Plasmodium falciparum. We identified 400 putative erythrocyte-targeted proteins corresponding to approximately 8% of all predicted genes, with 225 virulence proteins and a further 160 proteins likely to be involved in remodeling of the host erythrocyte. The conservation of this signal across Plasmodium species has implications for the development of new antimalarials. 相似文献
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【目的】克隆葡萄霜霉菌（Plasmopara viticola）糖基水解酶（glycosyl hydrolase,GH）基因（PvGH）,分析其特征以及在葡萄霜霉菌侵染葡萄叶片过程中的表达模式,研究其抑制/促进烟草叶片程序性细胞死亡（PCD）以及影响烟草疫霉（Phytophthora nicotianae）侵染的能力,为深入探究调控寄主植物免疫的机制提供理论依据。【方法】以葡萄霜霉菌Pv5-27菌株作为试材,采用RT-PCR方法扩增获得8个PvGH基因全长,并对其基因及编码蛋白进行生物信息学分析;利用酵母信号肽诱捕系统（SST）验证PvGH的分泌活性;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测葡萄霜霉菌侵染葡萄叶片过程中PvGH的表达模式;同时利用农杆菌介导的PVX病毒表达系统在本氏烟上瞬时表达PvGH效应蛋白,分析其对INF1和BAX触发的烟草PCD的抑制能力以及促进烟草疫霉侵染的能力。【结果】8个PvGH基因序列与通过全基因组预测的序列完全一致,长度为1 092—1 392 bp,分别编码364—464个氨基酸,与其他卵菌同源蛋白相似性高达60.62%—86.36%。8个PvGH均不含跨膜结构... 相似文献
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T Koga A Wand-Württenberger J DeBruyn M E Munk B Schoel S H Kaufmann 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,245(4922):1112-1115
Heat shock proteins are evolutionarily highly conserved polypeptides that are produced under a variety of stress conditions to preserve cellular functions. A major antigen of tubercle bacilli of 65 kilodaltons is a heat shock protein that has significant sequence similarity and cross-reactivity with antigens of various other microbes. Monoclonal antibodies against this common bacterial heat shock protein were used to identify a molecule of similar size in murine macrophages. Macrophages subjected to various stress stimuli including interferon-gamma activation and viral infection were recognized by class I-restricted CD8 T cells raised against the bacterial heat shock protein. These data suggest that heat shock proteins are processed in stressed host cells and that epitopes shared by heat shock proteins of bacterial and host origin are presented in the context of class I molecules. 相似文献
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Variations on conserved signaling pathways in biocontrol and development:G protein and MAPK genes of Trichoderma. atroviride and T. virens 
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下载免费PDF全文 Benjiamin A Horwitz 《浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》2004,30(4):444-444
Filamentous fungi employ conserved eukaryotic signaling pathway to detect and respond to environmental signals, including the presence of the host. Genetic experiment in which a particular signaling protein is lost, or its activity enhanced, have defined some of the function of heterotrimeric G proteins and MAP kinases in development and virulence. A hallmark of these studies is that orthologs in different species may have different functions. Antagonistic fungal-fungal interactions form … 相似文献
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Lilic M Galkin VE Orlova A VanLoock MS Egelman EH Stebbins CE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5641):1918-1921
Like many bacterial pathogens, Salmonella spp. use a type III secretion system to inject virulence proteins into host cells. The Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA) binds host actin, enhances its polymerization near adherent extracellular bacteria, and contributes to cytoskeletal rearrangements that internalize the pathogen. By combining x-ray crystallography of SipA with electron microscopy and image analysis of SipA-actin filaments, we show that SipA functions as a "molecular staple," in which a globular domain and two nonglobular "arms" mechanically stabilize the filament by tethering actin subunits in opposing strands. Deletion analysis of the tethering arms provides strong support for this model. 相似文献