首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
于 2005年 3月 5日 ~5月 3日连续监测了海水观赏鱼居室养殖循环系统的水质，研究该系统中三态氮的变化规律以及添加硝化细菌后对水质的影响。结果表明：1)试验初期氨氮的质量分数迅速上升， 在 1周内达到高峰(峰值2．56mg/L)，并在1．50mg/L的范围内维持 1周左右，此后迅速下降至0．01mg/L 左右，并一直维持在该水平直至试验结束。亚硝态氮的质量分数在氨氮的质量分数迅速回落时(约试验开始后 2周)呈现出直线上升的趋势，并在 3~3．5mg/L左右的水平上维持 2~3周时间(峰值为3．65 mg/L)，此后迅速下降至0．01mg/L以下，并一直维持在低水平直至试验结束。而硝酸盐的质量分数在整个试验期间基本保持稳定上升的趋势，至本试验末期，NO3 - -N的质量分数达到 15mg/L左右。2)系统的生物滤器需要 4~5周左右时间才能基本成熟，即氨氮和亚硝酸氮均降至 ＜0．01mg/L，到达安全的质量分数，适合海水观赏鱼健康生长。3)添加硝化细菌的试验组，氨氮和 NO3 - -N的质量分数变化与对照组基本相似，而 NO2 - -N的质量分数变化与对照组明显不同。试验组从高质量分数水平迅速下降的时间比对照组提前了约 1周。  相似文献   

2.
This study determined effects of nitrate (NO3?)‐induced stress on faecal cortisol levels in koi (Cyprinus carpio). NO3? was presented in two formats: (1) bulk increase followed by dilution to assess cortisol response and recovery and (2) bulk increase followed by incremental increases to assess cortisol response limit. Fish were maintained group‐wise in treatment and control aquaria (n=6 per group), and 0.5 g L?1 NO3? (as NaNO3) was added to the water. Faecal samples were collected daily and blood samples were taken pretreatment and 72‐h posttreatment and were assayed for cortisol via ELISA. NO3? increased plasma and faecal cortisol 4.4‐fold and 3.9‐fold respectively. Plasma cortisol was not measured further. After a 74% NO3? decrease by dilution, faecal cortisol decreased to baseline within 24 h, and restimulation by NO3? (1.0 g L?1) elevated faecal cortisol to maximal study levels. In a separate experiment, exposure to 0.4 g L?1 NO3? increased faecal cortisol 6.9‐fold. However, three additional 0.4 g L?1 NO3? increments across 9 days did not further increase cortisol. This study demonstrates that faecal cortisol measurement in fish via an ELISA can be useful as an indicator of NO3?‐induced stress in the aquatic environment.  相似文献   

3.
A total of 360 Nile tilapia at an average initial body weight of 3.9 g were randomly allocated to four treatments, each of which had three replicates of 30 fish per tank and used to investigate the effects of Cu2+‐exchanged montmorillonite (Cu‐MMT) on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities. The dietary treatments were: (i) basal diet, (ii) basal diet + 1.5 g kg?1 MMT; (iii) basal diet + 30 mg kg?1 copper as CuSO4 (equivalent to the copper in the Cu‐MMT treatment group), or (iv) basal diet + 1.5 g kg?1 Cu‐MMT. The results showed that supplementation with Cu‐MMT significantly improved growth performance as compared with the control and fish fed with Cu‐MMT had higher growth performance than those fed with MMT or CuSO4. Supplementation with Cu‐MMT reduced (P < 0.05) the total intestinal aerobic bacterial counts and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligence, Enterobacteriaceae decreasing as compared with the control. Addition of MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, and the activities of intestinal amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. Addition of Cu‐MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash, and the activities of total protease, amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. While supplementation with CuSO4 had no (P > 0.05) effect on intestinal microflora, digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities the results showed that Cu‐MMT exhibited antibacterial activity in vivo resulting in a positive effect on digestive enzyme activities, and then promoted the digestion and absorption of dietary nutrition.  相似文献   

4.
Reduction of the bacterial load in live prey is paramount to achieving efficient microbiological control during fish larval rearing. Several methods have been tested using physical and chemical disinfection procedures. Nevertheless, chemicals are difficult to deal with because of the frequent problems encountered when disposing of their residual products and because of the sensitivity of the live prey. Hydrogen peroxide is a good disinfectant that has been used for a long time in other fields of research and decomposes in non‐toxic products. However, it has not been applied for disinfection in aquaculture until recent years. The effects of a hydrogen peroxide‐based product, Ox‐Aquaculture©, on rotifers and Artemia nauplii survival and on their associated microbial population have been tested in the present study, a disinfection protocol is proposed, and its effects on live prey fatty acids composition after enrichment were checked. More than 80% survival and a 90% reduction of total heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrionaceae were obtained in rotifers exposed for 15 min to 40 mg L?1 of the product. In the case of Artemia nauplii, 90% survival and 94.5% reduction of heterotrophic bacteria were obtained after 5 min exposure to 8000 mg L?1 with a further 82.8% reduction of Vibrionaceae. No differences in the fatty acid composition of the live prey were detected after disinfection with hydrogen peroxide. No oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed. A short time exposure and easy removal of the product from the treated live prey make hydrogen peroxide an interesting chemical for industrial application.  相似文献   

5.
Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum were fed a pelleted diet (14.3% wet weight lipid) containing 9 p.p.m. 3, 5, 3′‐triiodo‐l ‐thyronine (T3) for 1 month and then transferred from fresh water to brackish water (average 22 p.p.t. salinity), where they were maintained untreated for 22 days. Trout fed a control diet were subjected to the same protocol. For both treated and control trout, liver lipid and fatty acid composition, mitochondrial respiratory activity and oxidative phosphorylation and (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase activity were monitored in fish sampled periodically throughout the trial. No differences between treated and control trout occurred in liver total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol content or fatty acid composition. Conversely, irrespective of T3 administration, the trout from the two habitats showed adaptive changes to salinity, differing in phospholipids and in the fatty acid composition of total and neutral lipids and selected phospholipids. Liver membrane permeability and mitochondrial respiratory activity were affected by both T3 treatment and salinity transfer. The latter was apparently greater than the former in affecting mitochondrial respiratory activity. The higher (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase activity in T3‐treated trout after 22 days in brackish water may reflect long‐term effects of the hormone linked to salinity adaptation.  相似文献   

6.
The effects of a single injection of mammalian superactive analogue [d ‐Ser(tBu)6,Pro9‐NEt]‐LHRHa (20 μg/ kg?1) combined with the dopamine antagonist, haloperidol (HAL, 0.5 mg kg?1), for induction of ovulation in the koi carp broodstocks were determined under routine hatchery conditions. The results were compared with classic carp pituitary extract (CPE, double injection) application (water temperature 22 °C). Physiological saline (0.7% NaCl)‐injected fish were used as a control group and no ovulation occurred in this group. The spawning ratio was high in the LHRHa+HAL treatment group and in the CPE treatment group (6/7 and 5/7 respectively). The latency period was 14–16 h in the LHRHa+HAL treatment group and 12–14 h in the CPE treatment group (after the second injection). There was no difference between the two ovulating groups with respect to the spawning index (the weight of eggs as a percentage of female body weight) and fertilization rate of eggs (P>0.05). As a result, ovulation can be induced successfully in koi carp broodstocks with 20 μg kg?1 [d ‐Ser(tBu)6,Pro9‐NEt]‐LHRHa+0.5 mg kg?1 HAL treatment in a single injection without decreasing the egg quality. Application of this combination can be useful for hatchery and broodstock management in koi carp culture.  相似文献   

7.
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailabilities of 14C‐astaxanthin and 14C‐canthaxanthin were studied in the blood of rainbow trout following intra‐arterial (i.a.) and oral (p.o.) administration. Sixteen months old 1 kg trout were cannulated in the dorsal aorta. [6,7,6′,7′‐14C]‐keto‐carotenoids were administered i.a. and p.o. at a dose of 573.5 kBq kg?1 fish body weight for astaxanthin and 836.2 kBq kg?1 fish body weight for canthaxanthin. After i.a. distribution, total body clearance (Cltot) was 17.30±20.29 mL kg?1 of fish h?1 for 14C‐canthaxanthin and 3.30±1.50 mL kg?1 of fish h?1 for 14C‐astaxanthin. The volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) was 208.32±124.79 mL kg?1 of fish and 71.84±64.15 mL kg?1 of fish for 14C‐canthaxanthin and 14C‐astaxanthin respectively. Less than 0.4% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine. Radioactivity (expressed as percent of the dose) excreted in the bile of fish that received 14C‐canthaxanthin by i.a. route was 20‐fold higher than that observed for fish treated p.o. This ratio was lower for 14C‐astaxanthin (7.6‐fold). The mean keto‐carotenoid bioavailabilities calculated were 10–15% for both compounds. Findings suggest one daily astaxanthin application is preferable, while 12‐h time intervals between applications are preferable for canthaxanthin.  相似文献   

8.
Triplicate groups of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), of initial weight 90 g, were fed four practical‐type diets in which the added oil was 1000 g kg?1 fish oil (FO) (control diet), 600 g kg?1 rapeseed oil (RO) and 400 g kg?1 FO, 600 g kg?1 linseed oil (LO) and 400 g kg?1 FO, and 600 g kg?1 olive oil (OO) and 400 g kg?1 FO for 34 weeks. After sampling, the remaining fish were switched to the 1000 g kg?1 FO diet for a further 14 weeks. Fatty acid composition of flesh total lipid was influenced by dietary fatty acid input but specific fatty acids were selectively retained or utilized. There was selective deposition and retention of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) and DHA were significantly reduced and linolenic (LNA; 18:3n‐3), linoleic (LA; 18:2n‐6) and oleic (OA; 18:1n‐9) acids significantly increased in flesh lipids following the inclusion of 600 g kg?1 RO, LO and OO in the diets. No significant differences were found among different treatments on plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2α. Evaluation of non‐specific immune function, showed that the number of circulating leucocytes was significantly affected (P < 0.001), as was macrophage respiratory burst activity (P < 0.006) in fish fed vegetable oil diets. Accumulation of large amounts of lipid droplets were observed within the hepatocytes in relation to decreased levels of dietary n‐3 HUFA, although no signs of cellular necrosis was evident. After feeding a FO finishing diet for 14 weeks, DHA and total n‐3 HUFA levels were restored to values in control fish although EPA remained 18% higher in control than in the other treatments. This study suggests that vegetable oils such as RO, LO and OO can potentially be used as partial substitutes for dietary FO in European sea bass culture, during the grow out phase, without compromising growth rates but may alter some immune parameters.  相似文献   

9.
Juvenile haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L. (initial weight, 13.5 ± 0.1 g) were fed practical diets containing digestible protein to digestible energy (DP DE?1) ratios of 25–30 g DP MJ DE?1as‐fed using three protein levels (450, 500 and 550 g kg?1) each at two lipid levels (110 and 160 g kg?1) for 63 days. The results showed mean weight gain and feed conversion ratio were highest for diets containing 28.5 and 30.2 g DP MJ DE?1. DP DE?1 ratio had no significant effect on protein efficiency ratio except at the lowest level (24.7 g DP MJ DE?1) indicating a protein sparing effect of higher lipid when dietary protein is below the requirement. Haddock appears to preferentially use protein as the prime source of DE. DP DE?1 ratio had little effect on apparent digestibility (AD) of protein while AD of lipid was significantly affected. Significant differences in AD of energy and organic matter were found to be inversely related to the carbohydrate level of the diet. DP DE?1 ratios of 28.5 g DP MJ DE?1 or lower resulted in significantly higher hepatosomatic indexes. The highest whole‐body nitrogen gains and energy retention efficiencies were achieved at 28.5 and 30.2 g DP MJ DE?1, whereas only slight differences in nitrogen retention efficiencies were observed. The highest levels of energy retained in the form of protein were achieved at 28.5 and 30.2 g DP MJ DE?1. The diet that provided the best growth, feed utilization and digestibility with minimal HSI contained 546 g kg?1 protein (513 g kg?1 DP), 114 g kg?1 lipid, 164 g kg?1 carbohydrate, 17.0 MJ kg DE?1 and a DP DE?1 ratio of 30.2 g DP MJ DE?1.  相似文献   

10.
In an attempt to improve post‐harvest skin colour in cultured Australian snapper Pagrus auratus, a two‐factor experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of a short‐term change in cage colour before harvest, followed by immersion in K+‐enriched solutions of different concentrations. Snapper supplemented with 39 mg unesterified astaxanthin kg?1 for 50 days were transferred to black (for 1 day) or white cages (for 1 or 7 days) before euthanasia by immersing fish in seawater ice slurries supplemented with 0, 150, 300, 450 or 600 mmol L?1 K+ for 1 h. Each treatment was replicated with five snapper (mean weight=838 g) held individually within 0.2 m3 cages. L*, a* and b* skin colour values of all fish were measured after removal from K+ solutions at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. After immersion in K+ solutions, fish were stored on ice. Both cage colour and K+ concentration significantly affected post‐harvest skin colour (P<0.05), and there was no interaction between these factors at any of the measurement times (P>0.05). Conditioning dark‐coloured snapper in white surroundings for 1 day was sufficient to significantly improve skin lightness (L*) after death. Although there was no difference between skin lightness values for fish held for either 1 or 7 days in white cages at measurement times up to 12 h, fish held in white cages for 7 days had significantly higher L* values (i.e. they were lighter) after 24 and 48 h of storage on ice than those held only in white cages for 1 day. K+ treatment also affected (improved) skin lightness post harvest although not until 24 and 48 h after removal of fish from solutions. Before this time, K+ treatment had no effect on skin lightness. Snapper killed by seawater ice slurry darkened (lower L*) markedly during the first 3 h of storage in contrast with all K+ treatments that prevented darkening. After 24 and 48 h of storage on ice, fish exposed to 450 and 600 mmol L?1 K+ were significantly lighter than fish from seawater ice slurries. In addition, skin redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were strongly dependent on K+ concentration. The initial decline in response to K+ was overcome by a return of a* and b* values with time, most likely instigated by a redispersal of erythrosomes in skin erythrophores. Fish killed with 0 mmol L?1 K+ maintained the highest a* and b* values after death, but were associated with darker (lower L*) skin colouration. It is concluded that a combination of conditioning snapper in white surroundings for 1 day before harvest, followed by immersion in seawater ice slurries supplemented with 300–450 mmol L?1 K+ improves skin pigmentation after >24 h of storage on ice.  相似文献   

11.
The results of reproduction of females from Lithuanian strain B carp after ovulation stimulation with carp pituitary homogenate (CPH; 0.3+2.7 mg kg?1; group I), Ovopel (1/5+1 pellet kg?1; group II) or [d ‐Tle6, ProNHEt9] GnRH‐a (Lecirelin) with metoclopramide (15 μg kg?1+10 mg kg?1 respectively; group III) were investigated. The lowest percentage of spawning females (71%) was recorded in the group treated with CPH. In case of Ovopel or Lecirelin induced ovulation, 86% of females spawned. No statistically significant effect of the ovulation stimulator (group) on the weight of eggs was found; however, the highest mean weight of eggs (expressed both in grams and in the percentage of female body weight) was recorded for the group treated with Ovopel (1400 g and 13%). After the treatment with CPH or Lecirelin, the weight of eggs was 1140 g (11%) and 1100 g (10%) respectively. The ovulation stimulator significantly affected the percentage of live embryos after 36 and 48 h incubation of eggs (P≤0.05; P≤0.01). After treatment with [d ‐Tle6, ProNHEt9] GnRH‐a, eggs of the best quality were obtained and after 36 and 48 h incubation the mean percentages of live embryos were significantly higher than the means calculated for the remaining two groups. No statistically significant differences were found between the percentage of living embryos after 36 and 48 h incubation of groups I and II.  相似文献   

12.
The investigation concerned the reproduction effects in carp females of the Hungarian strain 8, Polish strain 2 and French strain F of ovulation stimulation with carp pituitary homogenate (0.3 mg kg?1 and after 12 h 2.7 mg kg?1) or [D‐Tle6, ProNHEt9]GnRH (Lecirelin) with metoclopramide (15 μg kg?1 and 10 mg kg?1 respectively). The ovulation stimulators did not affect the weight of eggs (expressed in g and as the percentage of female body weight). However, in the group treated with pituitary homogenate (I) the least‐square means estimated for these parameters were higher than in the group treated with Lecirelin (II). A statistically significant (P≤0.05) difference in the mean percentage of living embryos after 48‐h incubation was observed between groups I and II, with the eggs obtained from females of group I being of better quality. The origin of females significantly (P≤0.05) affected the weight of eggs. The weight of eggs from females of Hungarian strain 8 was higher (P≤0.05) than the weight of eggs of the other two lines. With respect to parameters for egg quality (percentage of fertilized eggs and percentage of living embryos after 24‐, 36‐ and 48‐h incubation), no effect of the origin of females was observed. The interaction between the spawning agent and the origin of the females was not statistically significant with respect to the two parameters for the weight of the eggs. The least‐square means test for the investigated interaction showed that after the application of pituitary homogenate, the weight of eggs obtained from strains 8 and F was similar (respectively 711.2 g and 665.0 g). However, after the application of Lecirelin the females of strain 8 yielded eggs of a high weight (934.3 g) and those of strain F of a very low weight (373.2 g). A statistically significant (P≤0.05) interaction between ovulation stimulator and origin of females was recorded for the percentage of living embryos after 24‐ and 36‐h incubation. A dependence was found between the latency time and the reproduction effects.  相似文献   

13.
Vanadium compounds mimic most of the metabolic effects of insulin, suggesting that it might be useful to improve utilization of dietary carbohydrate. This work evaluated the effect of dietary ammonium metavanadate (H4NO3V) on the growth performance and energy metabolism of pacu, an omnivorous South America characin. Two hundred and eighty‐eight fish were distributed into four blocks according to the body weight (21.8±1.7, 28.5±2.0, 28.4±1.9, 35.7±1.9 g), stocked in 24 plastic tanks and fed twice daily with isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing six levels of H4NO3V (0, 10, 50, 100, 300 and 1000 mg kg?1) for 60 days. Increasing levels of dietary ammonium metavanadate did not improve growth (P>0.05), and the highest level of inclusion (1000 mg kg?1) reduced performance (P<0.05). Blood glucose levels decreased (P<0.05) in fish fed 300 and 1000 mg kg?1 H4NO3V, but no differences were observed in other blood metabolites. A slight increase in muscle lipid content was observed in fish fed a diet containing 300 mg kg?1 H4NO3V. Based on the results of this study, there is no benefit in supplementing pacu diets with metavanadate.  相似文献   

14.
The acute tolerance of juvenile Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus L. (mean weight±SE=8.1±0.5 g) to environmental unionized ammonia‐nitrogen (NH3‐N) and nitrite‐nitrogen (NO2‐N) at various salinities was determined via a series of static exposure trials. Median‐lethal concentrations (LC50 values) of NH3‐N and NO2‐N at 24, 48, and 96 h of exposure were calculated at salinities of 6.3, 12.5 and 25.0 g L?1 at 28 °C (pH=8.23–8.36). Tolerance of pompano to acute NH3‐N exposure was not affected by salinity, with 24, 48 and 96 h LC50 values ranging from 1.05 to 1.12, 1.00 to 1.08 and 0.95 to 1.01 mg NH3‐N L?1 respectively. Regarding NO2‐N, tolerance of pompano to this environmental toxicant was compromised at reduced salinities. Median‐lethal concentrations of NO2‐N to pompano at 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure ranged from 67.4 to 220.1, 56.9 to 140.7 and 16.7 to 34.2 mg NO2‐N L?1 respectively. The results of this study indicate that juvenile Florida pompano are relatively sensitive to acute NH3‐N and NO2‐N exposure, and in the case of the latter, especially at lower salinities.  相似文献   

15.
This study was performed to estimate the nitrite toxicity to southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in brackish water (7.5 ppt of salinity). For a LC50 test, 20 fingerlings (5.7 ± 0.4 cm) in each aquarium (15 L) were exposed to the concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg NO2?‐N/L in duplication for 10 d. Median lethal concentration at 96 h (96‐h LC50) was calculated as 81.6 mg NO2?‐N/L. For a verification test, young flounder (164.2 ± 9.1 g) were exposed to a simulated culture condition in recirculating systems (1000 L). Sodium nitrite was not added to control system, whereas it was added to Treatment system 1 (TS 1) and Treatment system 2 (TS 2) to maintain nitrite concentrations of 20 and 30 mg NO2?‐N/L, respectively. The plasma nitrite concentrations of the young flounder in TS 1 and TS 2 were 4.5 and 6.6 mg NO2?‐N/L, respectively, after 2 wk. At this time, the methemoglobin percentages in TS 1 and TS 2 reached 85.8 and 89.7%, and survival rates were 37.5 and 25.0%, respectively. The results of these tests indicate that southern flounder do not concentrate nitrite in blood from the environment, but they seem to be more sensitive to nitrite compared with other species that do not concentrate nitrite.  相似文献   

16.
Nitrite is usually found in aquatic environments where nitrification process occurs. This ion can cause several injuries to aquatic species, particularly fish. Nitrite reacts with haemoglobin yielding the non‐functional methaemoglobin, which leads to many physiological consequences such as functional anaemia and supposed hypoxia. Metabolism of the freshwater teleost matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus, exposed to environmental 0.6 mg L?1 of nitrite N‐NO2? for 96 h was studied, and the fermentative/oxidative preference was gauged. Concentrations of glycogen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate and ammonia, plus the activities of lactate, glutamate and malate dehydrogenase were assayed. The exposure resulted in a metabolic profile that allowed inferring the continuity of oxidative metabolism. Catabolism of amino acids prevailed or was apparently exacerbated by inferred branchial injury and consequent impairment of nitrogen excretion. Moreover, the studied enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase from brain and heart were little affected by nitrite. The expected fermentative metabolism due to the high methaemoglobin formation was not observed.  相似文献   

17.
  • 1. Concentrations of major nutrients (NH4+‐N, NO3?‐N, NO2?‐N, HPO4?‐P, Si(OH)4‐Si) were measured, nutrient enrichment experiments (oxygen‐production bioassay) were conducted and phytoplankton were analysed at typical long‐line‐culture areas in Laizhou Bay and Sanggou Bay, northeastern China, from March 2001 to March 2002.
  • 2. Generally, much variation of nutrient indices was detected among the sampling stations, between the two bays and in different seasons: the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluctuated more violently and ranged much more widely in Sanggou Bay. N‐limitation was usually found in both bays, and the ranking of limiting potentials of major nutrients was N>Fe>P=Si in Laizhou Bay and N>P>Fe>Si in Sanggou Bay. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community in Sanggou Bay, but only dominated in eight months (with flagellates dominant in four months) in Laizhou Bay.
  • 3. Linear and nonparametric correlation analyses suggested that a large number of the nutrient and phytoplankton variables measured have intrinsic relationships within themselves. Much more complicated correlations between phytoplankton and nutrient indices were found in Laizhou Bay than in Sanggou Bay. This, together with the violent fluctuations of DIN concentrations, indicated a more fragile ecosystem stability in Sanggou Bay.
  • 4. The relatively exposed locations and less crowded settings of the rafts in the long‐line‐culture areas in Laizhou Bay allowed for a better water exchange, and the effect of aquaculture activity on the environment was not significant. Because of the intensity of aquaculture activities in Sanggou Bay, the biological, chemical and physical characteristics in the bay are greatly affected; a reduced cultivation density based on more comprehensive studies of carrying capacity of the bay is suggested.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
The present study examined the protective effects of water chloride (Cl?) towards nitrite toxicity in Atlantic salmon parr during 84‐day long nitrite exposure. Effects on growth, histology, blood indices and gene expression were studied at a fixed nominal Cl? concentration of 200 mg/L and at several water nitrite concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 5 and 10 mg/L NO2?–N). The specific growth rate was significantly reduced during the first three weeks at a Cl:NO2?–N ratio of 21:1, suggesting the activation of coping mechanisms at the later stages of the experiment. No significant effect of nitrite on gill histology and mortality was found. Nitrite accumulated in plasma; however, a Cl:NO2?–N ratio of 104:1 or higher prevented nitrite entry. The concentration of NO2?–N in plasma was significantly reduced at the end of the study, supporting the hypothesis of coping mechanisms. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr)‐1 showed a significant up‐regulation at highest nitrite concentration on day 22, and in three of the highest exposure groups at the end of the experiment. Our findings suggest that a Cl:NO2?–N ratio above 104:1 should be maintained through episodes of nitrite accumulation in water during the production of Atlantic salmon parr.  相似文献   

19.
Coral reef fish are collected from the wild and exhibited in aquaria worldwide. Some of the fish spawn in captivity; however, the eggs are usually neglected. In this study, we collected the eggs spawned naturally in the exhibit tanks, hatched and cultured them indoor in 2000‐L fibreglass tanks (initial density = 18 000 egg tank?1). We applied an inorganic fertilization method commonly used in freshwater fish culture in raising these coral reef fish larvae. We maintained inorganic phosphorus concentration at 100 μg P L?1 and inorganic nitrogen at 700 μg N L?1 daily in the fertilized group (n = 4), while the control tanks (n = 4) were fed with rotifers (10 ind mL?1). Chlorophyll a at particle sizes of both 0.45–20 μm and >20 μm, as well as NH3‐N, NO3‐N, and PO4‐P concentrations were significantly higher in the fertilized group than the control. Zooplankton in the size groups of 10–50 μm (mainly flagellates) and 50–100 μm (mainly ciliates) were abundant (about 10~60 ind mL?1) during 3–7 days in fertilized tanks. The average larval fish survival rate at 21 day after hatch in fertilized group was consistently higher than the control in two trials. The experiments demonstrated that the inorganic fertilization approach can be successfully adapted for coral reef fish culture in an aquarium to achieve sustainable exhibits.  相似文献   

20.
Two experimental modules with different stocking densities (M1 = 70 and M2 = 120 shrimp /m2) were examined weekly over a culture cycle in tanks with low‐salinity water (1.9 g/L) and zero water exchange. Results showed survival rates of 87.7 and 11.9% in M1 and M2, respectively. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and chlorophyll a were not significantly (p > .05) different between modules. In contrast, the concentrations of nitrogen compounds were significantly (p < .05) different between modules, except nitrite‐N (M2 were 2.31 ± 1.38 mg/L N‐TAN, 0.18 ± 0.49 mg/L N‐NO2? and 6.83 ± 6.52 mg/L N‐NO3?; in M1: 0.97 ± 0.73 mg/L N‐TAN, 0.05 ± 0.21 mg/L N‐NO2? and 0.63 ± 0.70 mg/L N‐NO3?). When waters of both modules reached higher levels of ammonia and nitrite, histological alterations were observed in gills. The histological alterations index (HAI) was higher in M2 (5‐112) than in M1 (2‐22).  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号