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1.
Accurate knowledge of the actual nutritional value of individual feed ingredients and complete diets is critical for efficient and sustainable animal production. For this reason, feed evaluation has always been in the forefront of nutritional research. Feed evaluation for poultry involves several approaches that include chemical analysis, table values, prediction equations, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, in vivo data and in vitro digestion techniques. Among these, the use of animals (in vivo) is the most valuable to gain information on nutrient utilization and is more predictive of bird performance. However, in vivo methods are expensive, laborious and time-consuming. It is therefore important to establish in vitro methods that are reliable, rapid and practical to assess the nutritional quality of feed ingredients or complete diets. Accuracy of the technique is crucial, as poor prediction will have a negative impact on bird performance and, increase feed cost and environmental issues. In this review, the relevance and importance of feed evaluation in poultry nutrition will be highlighted and the various approaches to evaluate the feed value of feed ingredients or complete diets will be discussed. Trends in and practical limitations encountered in feed evaluation science, with emphasis on in vitro digestion techniques, will be discussed.  相似文献   

2.
Pemphigus vegetans is a very rare cutaneous autoimmune blistering acantholytic disease of humans that combines features of both pemphigus foliaceus and mucosal lesions of pemphigus vulgaris. We report here the clinical, histopathological and immunological findings in a dog whose lesions resembled those of pemphigus vegetans of humans. A 4‐year old, greater Swiss mountain dog was presented with verrucous papules and crusts on the axillae and inguinal region. Within 3 months, lesions progressed to involve the thorax and ear pinnae, and then became generalized. Ulcers were observed in the oral cavity, anus and prepuce. Microscopic examination of mucosal and cutaneous biopsy specimens revealed a mixed pattern of deep intraepidermal neutrophilic and eosinophilic pustules with isolated and clustered acantholytic keratinocytes, along with suprabasal epidermal clefts leaving rounded basal keratinocytes at the bottom of the vesicles. These dual changes were also observed within the hair follicle epithelium. Dermal inflammation was mixed and perivascular. Direct immunofluorescence revealed IgG deposited around epidermal keratinocytes. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on normal canine gingival substrate uncovered antikeratinocyte IgG autoantibodies with a serum titre of 1:2500. Immunoblotting confirmed that circulating IgG autoantibodies recognized the extracellular segment of canine desmoglein‐1 and human desmoglein‐3. Treatment with azathioprine and oral glucocorticoids resulted in long‐lasting complete remission. In this dog, clinical signs, microscopic skin lesions and immunological findings were deemed analogous to those of human Neumann‐type pemphigus vegetans. Funding: Self‐funded.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract— The clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural features of a spayed female Siamese cat with a three-and-a-half year history of progressive cutaneous depigmentation are described. Clinically the condition was characterised by progressive leukoderma of the nose, pinna and footpad skin, and multifocal leukotrichia involving the whole body. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies confirmed the absence of melanocytes and melanin in the epidermis and hair follicles of affected areas. Immunohistochemical study revealed areas with absence of immune response to anti-vimentin antiserum, which was interpreted as a loss of dendritic cells, especially melanocytes. Diagnosis of vitiligo was based on the clinical signs and pathological features. This study adds a new case of this uncommon condition in the cat, and documents some previously non-reported features of feline vitiligo, such as the chronic progressive and generalised nature of the skin lesions, and its reversible character with partial lentiginous repigmentation on the pinna.  相似文献   

4.
Melanodermas and leukodermas are conditions involving skin pigment changes. Vitiligo, an acquired leukoderma, is an uncommon canine and feline skin disorder, with a likely autoimmune pathogenesis. It is seen more frequently in young adult purebred animals and has no apparent sex predisposition. In Brazil the first report of vitiligo was in 1986. In a 16-year period, 12 cases of vitiligo, including 11 dogs (six Rottweilers, two Doberman pinschers, one great dane, one boxer, and one mongrel dog) and one cat (Siamese), were diagnosed at our hospital. Diagnosis was based on history, physical examination, Wood´s lamp examination, and histopathologic evaluation (H&E and Masson-Fontana stains). Among the dogs, seven were male with a mean age of 34.5 months. The clinical evolution was known in five patients. Skin lesions included leukotrichia (100%) and leukoderma of the nose (100%), buccal mucosa (66.5%), lips (85.7%), and footpads (8.5%). Leukonychia was rarely seen. The only lesion in the cat was depigmented footpads.
Funding: Self-funded.  相似文献   

5.
The equine colon is the primary site of fibre digestion and water absorption. It is therefore not surprising that colitis and associated colonic dysfunction can result in severe nutritional derangements, which can be exacerbated by reduced feed intake in affected horses. Dietary management of colitis is important for optimum recovery. In broad terms, it should prioritise provision of nutrients to horses that otherwise have reduced appetites. In some forms, such as right dorsal colitis, as well as those with chronicity, nutritional recommendations include restricting or eliminating long‐stem roughage from the diet and feeding a complete pelleted diet. Voluntary enteral nutrition is preferred, but horses that are not ingesting enough to meet the minimum recommended requirements as outlined, should be fed via nasogastric tube (if tolerated – no reflux, no ileus and no colic present; faecal output present). Parenteral nutrition may be necessary in some cases, as some colitis cases do not tolerate enteral feeding for reasons such as colic, intestinal dysmotility or abdominal distension. Timing and constitution of nutritional intervention is vital and should be tailored to the individual patient to prevent further complications of the disease process.  相似文献   

6.
Melanodermas and leukodermas are conditions involving skin pigment changes. Vitiligo, an acquired leukoderma, is an uncommon canine and feline skin disorder, with a likely autoimmune pathogenesis. It is seen more frequently in young adult purebred animals and has no apparent sex predisposition. In Brazil the first report of vitiligo was in 1986. In a 16‐year period, 12 cases of vitiligo, including 11 dogs (six Rottweilers, two Doberman pinschers, one great dane, one boxer, and one mongrel dog) and one cat (Siamese), were diagnosed at our hospital. Diagnosis was based on history, physical examination, Wood´s lamp examination, and histopathologic evaluation (H&E and Masson‐Fontana stains). Among the dogs, seven were male with a mean age of 34.5 months. The clinical evolution was known in five patients. Skin lesions included leukotrichia (100%) and leukoderma of the nose (100%), buccal mucosa (66.5%), lips (85.7%), and footpads (8.5%). Leukonychia was rarely seen. The only lesion in the cat was depigmented footpads. Funding: Self‐funded.  相似文献   

7.
Extract

We were interested by the letter entitled “Vitiligo in a cow apparently associated with hepatosis” (Yeruham et al., 1998). There are several points about this case that should be discussed.  相似文献   

8.
Pemphigus vegetans is a very rare cutaneous autoimmune blistering acantholytic disease of humans that combines features of both pemphigus foliaceus and mucosal lesions of pemphigus vulgaris. We report here the clinical, histopathological and immunological findings in a dog whose lesions resembled those of pemphigus vegetans of humans. A 4-year old, greater Swiss mountain dog was presented with verrucous papules and crusts on the axillae and inguinal region. Within 3 months, lesions progressed to involve the thorax and ear pinnae, and then became generalized. Ulcers were observed in the oral cavity, anus and prepuce. Microscopic examination of mucosal and cutaneous biopsy specimens revealed a mixed pattern of deep intraepidermal neutrophilic and eosinophilic pustules with isolated and clustered acantholytic keratinocytes, along with suprabasal epidermal clefts leaving rounded basal keratinocytes at the bottom of the vesicles. These dual changes were also observed within the hair follicle epithelium. Dermal inflammation was mixed and perivascular. Direct immunofluorescence revealed IgG deposited around epidermal keratinocytes. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on normal canine gingival substrate uncovered antikeratinocyte IgG autoantibodies with a serum titre of 1:2500. Immunoblotting confirmed that circulating IgG autoantibodies recognized the extracellular segment of canine desmoglein-1 and human desmoglein-3. Treatment with azathioprine and oral glucocorticoids resulted in long-lasting complete remission. In this dog, clinical signs, microscopic skin lesions and immunological findings were deemed analogous to those of human Neumann-type pemphigus vegetans.
Funding: Self-funded.  相似文献   

9.
This case report describes a distinctive deep cutaneous lesion in a 1-year-old Quarter Horse filly with hyperelastosis cutis. The horse had a typical clinical presentation of hyperelastic skin associated with a 6-month history of cutaneous wounds that developed following minor cutaneous trauma. Punch biopsies of skin from the affected horse were thinner than similar biopsies from an age- and breed-matched control. Significant microscopic lesions were not seen in cutaneous punch biopsies stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome stains, but the ultrastructure of the dermis from the affected horse was characterized by variation in collagen fibre diameter and loose packing of collagen fibres within bundles. The horse was euthanized and necropsied, and full-thickness sections of skin were collected and examined microscopically. Affected skin was of normal thickness; however, the deep dermis contained a distinctive horizontal linear zone in which separation of collagen bundles resulted in the formation of large empty cleft-like spaces between the upper and lower regions of the deep dermis. We suggest the term 'zonal dermal separation' for this microscopic lesion. Incisional full-thickness skin biopsies should be taken in suspected cases of equine hyperelastosis cutis because punch biopsies may not obtain enough deep dermis to adequately represent pathological change in the skin of horses with this disorder.  相似文献   

10.
Although papillomaviral (PV) DNA is frequently present in feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), a causative association cannot be proven. Oncogenic human PVs cause neoplastic transformation by inhibiting retinoblastoma (pRb) and p53 activity. Therefore, absence of pRb and p53 immunostaining, along with increased p16 immunostaining, indicates a PV cause in some human SCCs. If PVs cause cutaneous feline SCCs, it was hypothesized that a similar immunohistochemistry profile, along with PV DNA, would be detectable. This was investigated using 5 feline viral plaques, 10 Bowenoid in situ carcinomas, 19 SCCs from ultraviolet-exposed (UV-exposed) skin, and 11 SCCs from UV-protected skin. Papillomaviral DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from 30 of 45 lesions. Reduced pRb immunostaining was present in 26 of 45; increased p16 immunostaining was in 30; and p53 immunostaining was in 19. Both reduced pRb immunostaining and increased p16 immunostaining were more frequent in lesions containing PV DNA. In contrast, no association was observed between p53 immunostaining and the presence of PV DNA. SCCs from UV-protected skin more frequently contained PV DNA, reduced pRb, and increased p16 than UV-exposed SCCs. UV exposure was not associated with p53 immunostaining within the SCCs. These results suggest that feline PVs alter cell regulation by degrading pRb. Unlike oncogenic human PVs, there was no evidence that feline PVs degrade p53. These results provide further evidence that PVs may cause feline cutaneous SCCs, especially those in UV-protected skin, and they suggest a possible mechanism of this oncogenic action.  相似文献   

11.
A highly successful surgical technique for removing cutaneous tumors in humans was used in seven horses with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (n = 3) or sarcoid (n = 4). In humans, the complete underside of the tumor is evaluated histologically by processing horizontal sections from the tumor base, and orientation between the wound surface and the undersurface of the excised tumor is maintained by mapping both surfaces. The technique ensures that small foci of residual tumor can be located accurately and removed. Based on our experience, three modifications of the human technique are suggested for its use in horses. The equine patient should be placed under general anesthesia rather than using local anesthesia if the tumor is in a difficult position for standing surgery or the patient is uncooperative; useful information can be obtained from tissue processed in buffered formalin if frozen sections are not available; and optimal tumor size for this procedure is no larger than 3 x 2 cm.  相似文献   

12.
An 11-year-old cat was evaluated because of dyspnea. Since 11 months of age, the cat had hyperextensibility of the skin consistent with cutaneous asthenia. Radiographic examination revealed a diaphragmatic hernia with intestinal loops in the thorax. Electron microscopic examination of skin specimens revealed collagen fibers of highly variable diameter, consistent with cutaneous asthenia. The diaphragmatic hernia was surgically repaired and healed well. Four weeks later, a left-sided perineal hernia was repaired surgically, and 4 months later, a right-sided perineal hernia was repaired surgically and colopexy and cystopexy were performed. All surgical procedures were successful and tissues healed well. Dermatosparaxis is a rare hereditary disorder that commonly results in cutaneous fragility and hyperextensibility in affected animals. The diagnosis depends on clinical findings and light and electron microscopic changes in affected tissues. Surgical repair can be performed successfully in an affected cat, and healing of incisions can occur without complications.  相似文献   

13.
The laboratory evaluation of abdominal, thoracic, and pericardial effusions is a useful diagnostic tool for the assessment of disease states that result in fluid accumulation. Although the numeric values pertaining to cell count and protein content are important, the microscopic evaluation is a critical aspect of the diagnostic procedure; not only does it allow complete classification of the fluid but it allows identification of specific cell types or microorganisms that might be responsible for the fluid accumulation. These findings should always be interpreted in conjunction with the history, signalment, physical findings, and other diagnostic aids in making a definitive diagnosis.  相似文献   

14.
The focus of this review is maternal nutrition during the periconceptual period and offspring developmental outcomes in beef cattle, with an emphasis on the first 50 d of gestation, which represents the embryonic period. Animal agriculture in general, and specifically the beef cattle industry, currently faces immense challenges. The world needs to significantly increase its output of animal food products by 2050 and beyond to meet the food security and agricultural sustainability needs of the rapidly growing human population. Consequently, efficient and sustainable approaches to livestock production are essential. Maternal nutritional status is a major factor that leads to developmental programming of offspring outcomes. Developmental programming refers to the influence of pre-and postnatal factors, such as inappropriate maternal nutrition, that affect growth and development and result in long-term consequences for health and productivity of the offspring. In this review, we discuss recent studies in which we and others have addressed the questions, “Is development programmed periconceptually?” and, if so, “Does it matter practically to the offspring in production settings?” The reviewed studies have demonstrated that the periconceptual period is important not only for pregnancy establishment but also may be a critical period during which fetal, placental, and potentially postnatal development and function are programmed. The evidence for fetal and placental programming during the periconceptual period is strong and implies that research efforts to mitigate the negative and foster the positive benefits of developmental programming need to include robust investigative efforts during the periconceptual period to better understand the implications for life-long health and productivity.  相似文献   

15.
The normal structure and function of the piscine integument reflects the adaptation of the organism to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the aquatic environment, and the natural history of the organism. Because of the intimate contact of fish with the environment, cutaneous disease is relatively more common in fish than in terrestrial vertebrates and is one of the primary disease conditions presented to the aquatic animal practitioner. However, cutaneous lesions are generally nonspecific and may be indicative of disease that is restricted to the integument or a manifestation of systemic disease. Regardless, a gross and microscopic examination of the integument is simple to perform, but is highly diagnostic and should always be included in the routine diagnostic effort of the aquatic animal practitioner, especially since various ancillary diagnostic procedures are either not practical or lack predictive value in fish. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of normal cutaneous biology prior to consideration of specific cutaneous diseases in fish.  相似文献   

16.
A genodermatosis affecting the German shepherd breed has been recognized in 26 dogs in Ontario since 1991. Clinical signs, first noted in young puppies, are manifested as pyrexia and lethargy. The main cutaneous lesions are footpad swelling and depigmentation, but there is also crusting and ulceration of ear tips and tail tips, and focal depigmentation of the nasal planum. Affected puppies show no consistent abnormalities in hematological or biochemical parameters, and immunological tests (antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor titer, immunoglobulin levels, and CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte percentages) are normal. Bone marrow analysis has shown myeloid hyperplasia in 5 of 7 cases and myelofibrosis has been detected in 1 case. All but 3 of the 19 clinical cases have been strongly positive for platelet factor-3; however, normal puppies routinely develop positive platelet factor-3 tests. Furthermore, affected pups all had normal numbers of platelets on repeat complete blood counts. Light microscopic examination of footpad biopsies reveals a multifocal nodular dermatitis in which neutrophils and mononuclear inflammatory cells surround foci of dermal collagenolysis, and degenerative and inflammatory vessel lesions. Depigmented lesions have a mild, cell-poor, interface dermatitis, characterized by single cell necrosis of the basal cells, in addition to the nodular dermatitis. Similarities and differences between this disease, a condition known as collagen disorder of the footpads of German shepherds and other forms of cutaneous vasculitis in the dog are discussed. The cause and the pathogenesis of the disease are yet to be elucidated; however, pedigree analysis indicates an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

17.
Lymphangiosarcoma is a rare tumour in domestic animals arising from lymphatic endothelial cells. Occasionally, microscopic differentiation with haemangiosarcoma may be difficult. The aim of the present study was to describe a lymphangiosarcoma in a 1-year-old female Doberman Pinscher dog and to characterize its lectinhistochemical binding pattern as compared with that of haemangiosarcoma. The dog was presented because of a cutaneous painful swelling located in the left axilla. Histological diagnosis confirmed lymphangiosarcoma. The dog was killed. Necropsy revealed mediastinal lymph nodes' involvement. Twenty lectins were tested in tissue sections of this case as well as in four haemangiosarcomas from other dogs. Staining intensity was issued upon optical density determinations. Percentage of lectinhistochemical staining area was also conducted. RCA-I showed the most intense and wide distributed labelling pattern for lymphangiosarcoma. PHA-E was the counterpart for haemangiosarcoma. Should similar results be obtained in further studies, such differences could aid in the differential diagnosis between lymphangiosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma when histological pictures were not conclusive.  相似文献   

18.
Two green iguanas, with a dietary supplement of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus, had gross and microscopic lesions of hypervitaminosis D characterized by massive deposition of calcium salts in the media of elastic arteries and terminal nephritis. Hypervitaminosis is a malady that should be kept in mind in dealing with captive wild animals, especially when exact nutritional requirements are not known.  相似文献   

19.
The clinical, light microscopic and ultrastructural features of twelve cases of primary cutaneous plasmacytomas are described (11 dogs and one cat). The tumours were solitary in all but one case, tended to grow rapidly but did not recur after removal and had a predilection for the feet, lips and ear canal. Primary cutaneous plasmacytomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of round cell tumours of the canine and feline skin. They appear to be benign tumours unrelated to the malignant disease of myelomatosis.  相似文献   

20.
A 2-year-old intact female miniature Pinscher weighing 1.7 kg with a body condition score of 2/5 was presented for acute vomiting, lethargy for 2 days, and large petechial skin lesions on the hip region including the tail. Acute pancreatitis was diagnosed by clinical signs, strong positive cPLI test, laboratory test and ultrasound appearance. While the clinical signs associated with acute pancreatitis had improved in 3–5 days, lesion of petechial appeared on the left hip region 7 days after the presentation, with a fast progression into a necrotic tissue along the left side hip. Allogenic platelet rich plasma (PRP) with Weibrich and Kleis method was administered to promote skin healing and regeneration. Gradual and complete improvement in the dog’s wound lesions was noted approximately 1 month after applying allogeneic topical PRP. In this case report, allogeneic PRP was applied to a large regional cutaneous defect caused by coagulopathy induced by acute pancreatitis. Topical application of PRP in this case was unique in that allogeneic PRP was used instead of autologous PRP for the first time in cutaneous soft-tissue wound management in the veterinary medical field.  相似文献   

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