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1.
Three years of N application to a Cambic arenosol (Typic Udorthent) in two lysimeter series, one with and one without young saplings of Pinus sylvestris L. have produced significant changes in soil solution and leachate chemistry. An application of 30 kg N/ha*yr?1 significantly increased NO3 ? leaching from the soil. This N load was also sufficient to significantly increase the mobility of the phyto-toxic elements Al3+ and Mn2+, likewise to increase leaching of the important plant nutrients Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+. At a N load of 90 kg N/ha*yr?1 significant increase in NH4 + leaching was observed, but total leaching of NH4 + was still very low compared to NO3 ? leaching. No significant treatment effects were found for SO4 2?, Fe2+ and Cl? in the leachate. Trees grown in the lysimeters buffered the acidifying effect of N application and increased the leachate pH by 0.2 pH units compared to lysimeters without trees.  相似文献   

2.
The responses of nitrogen transformations and nitrate (NO_3 -) leaching to experimentally increased N deposition were studied in forested sub-catchments (1500 m2) with Gleysols in Central Switzerland. The aim was toinvestigate whether the increase in NO3 - leaching,due to elevated N deposition, was hydrologically driven orresulted from N saturation of the forest ecosystem.Three years of continuous N addition at a rate of 30 kgNH4NO3-N ha-1 yr-1 had no effects on bulksoil N, on microbial biomass N, on K2SO4-extractableN concentrations in the soil, and on net nitrification rates.In contrast, N losses from the ecosystem through denitrification and NO3 - leaching increased significantly. Nitrate leaching was 4 kg N ha-1yr-1at an ambient N deposition of 18 kg N ha-1 yr-1.Leaching of NO3 - at elevated N deposition was 8 kg Nha-1 yr-1. Highest NO3 - leaching occurredduring snowmelt. Ammonium was effectively retained within theuppermost centimetres of the soil as shown by the absence ofNH4 + in the soil solution collected with microsuction cups. Quantifying the N fluxes indicated that 80% ofthe added N were retained in the forest ecosystem.Discharge and NO3 - concentrations of the outflow from the sub-catchments responded to rainfall within 30 min. The water chemistry of the sub-catchment outflow showed thatduring storms, a large part of the runoff from this Gleysol derived from precipitation and from water which had interactedonly with the topsoil. This suggests a dominance of near-surface flow and/or preferential transport through this soil. The contact time of the water with the soil matrix wassufficient to retain NH4 +, but insufficient for a complete retention of NO3 -. At this site with soilsclose to water saturation, the increase in NO3 - leaching by 4 kg N ha-1 yr-1 through elevated N inputsappeared to be due to the bypassing of the soil and the rootsystem rather than to a soil-internal N surplus.  相似文献   

3.
On acid sandy soils of Niger (West Africa) fertilizer N recovery by pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is often more than 100 per cent in years with normal or above average rainfall. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by N2-fixing bacteria may contribute to the N supply in pearl millet cropping systems. For a long-term field experiment comprising treatments with and without mineral fertilizer (F) and with and without crop residue application (CR) a N balance sheet was calculated over a period of six years (1983-1988). After six years of successive millet cropping total N uptake (36-77 kg N ha?1 yr?1) was distinctly higher than the amount of fertilizer N applied (30 kg N ha?1 yr?1). The atmospheric input of NH4-N and NO3-N in the rainwater was about 2 kg N ha?1 yr?1, 70 % in the form of NH4-N. Gaseous NH3 losses from urea (broadcast, incorporated) were estimated from other experiments to amount to 36 % of the fertilizer N applied. Nitrogen losses by leaching (15 to > 25 kg N ha?1 yr?1) were dependent on the treatment and on the quantity and distribution of single rainfall events (>50 mm). Decline in total soil N content (0-60 cm) ranged from 15 to 48 kg N ha?1 yr?1. The long-term N balance (1983-1988) indicated an annual net gain between 6 (+CR-F) and 13 (+CR+F) kg N ha?1 yr?1. For the control (-CR-F) the long-term N balance was negative (10 kg N ha?1 yr?1). In the treatment with crop residues only, the N balance was mainly determined by leaching losses, whereas in treatments with mineral fertilizer application the N balance depended primarily on N removal by the millet crop. The annual net gain in the N balance increased from 7 kg ha?1 with mineral fertilizer to 13 kg ha?1 in the combination mineral fertilizer plus crop residues. In both the rhizosphere and the bulk soil (0-15 cm), between 9 and 45% of the total bacterial population were N2-fixing (diazotrophic) bacteria. The increased N gain upon crop residue application was positively correlated with an increase in the number of diazotrophic and total bacteria. The data on bacterial numbers suggest that the gain of N in the longterm N balance is most likely due to an N input by biological nitrogen fixation. In addition, evidence exists from related studies that the proliferation of diazotrophs and total bacteria in the rhizosphere due to crop residue application stimulated root growth of pearl millet, and thus improved the phosphorus (P) acquisition in the P deficient soil.  相似文献   

4.
We estimated the total inorganic fluxes of nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), chloride (Cl?, sodium (Na+, calcium (Ca2+, magnesium (Mg2+, potassium (K+ and hydronium (H+. The resistance deposition algorithm that is programmed as part of the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system was used to generate spatially-distributed deposition velocities, which were then combined with measurements of urban and rural concentrations of gas and particle species to obtain dry deposition rates. Wet deposition rates for each species were determined from rainfall concentrations and amounts available from the National Acid Deposition Program (NADP) monitoring network databases. The estimated total inorganic nitrogen deposition to the Tampa Bay watershed (excluding Tampa Bay) was 17 kg-N ha?1 yr?1 or 9,700 metric tons yr?1, and the ratio of dry to wet deposition rates was ～2.3 for inorganic nitrogen. The largest contributors to the total N flux were ammonia (NH3 and nitrogen oxides (NO x at 4.6 kg-N ha?1 yr?1 and 5.1 kg-N ha?1 yr?1, respectively. Averaged wet deposition rates were 2.3 and 2.7 kg-N ha?1 yr?1 for NH4 + and NO3 ?, respectively.  相似文献   

5.
Intensive vegetable crop systems are rapidly developing, with consequences for greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions, nitrogen leaching and soil carbon. We undertook a field trial to explore the effect of biochar application (0, 10, 20 and 40 t ha−1) on these factors in lettuce, water spinach and ice plant rotation. Our results show that the 20 and 40 t ha−1 soil treatments resulted in the SOC content being 26.3% and 29.8% higher than the control (0 t ha−1), respectively, with significant differences among all treatments (p < .05). Biochar application caused N2O emissions to decrease during the lettuce and water spinach seasons, by 1.5%–33.6% and 12.4%–40.5%, respectively, compared the control, with the 20 t ha−1 application rate resulting in the lowest N2O emissions. Biochar also decreased the dissolved nitrogen (DN) concentration in leachate by 9.8%–36.2%, following a 7.3%–19.9% reduction in dissolved nitrogen in the soil. Similarly, biochar decreased the nitrate (NO3−) concentrations in leachate by 3.9%–30.2%, following a 3.8%–16.7% reduction in the soil nitrate level. Overall, straw biochar applied at rate of 20 t ha−1 produced the lowest N2O emissions and N leaching, while, increasing soil carbon.  相似文献   

6.
A column lysimeter study was conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the impact of moderately saline irrigation water on NO3 leaching from turfgrass. Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. ‘NuMex Sahara’) was fertilized at three N levels (25, 50 and 75 kg NH4NO3-N ha?1 month?1) and irrigated with saline water (0, 3.0 and 6.0 dS m?1) in a factorial arrangement. Leachate was analyzed for salinity and NO3, and clippings were collected and analyzed for total N. Nitrate leaching was not affected by either N level or salinity. Nitrate concentrations in the leachate were low, averaging approximately 0.3 mg N L?1; less than 1% of the applied N leached. Longer-term N allocation to leaf growth accounted for up to 98% of applied N, whereas short-term allocation, determined using 15N, ranged from 46–67%. Salinity had no affect on clipping yield, the biomass of root and verdure, or root distribution. These data indicate the potential for moderately saline irrigation water to be used on bermudagrass turf without increasing NO3 contamination of groundwater, as long as leaching is adequate to prevent rootzone salinity reaching damaging levels.  相似文献   

7.
Atmospheric nitrogen species (NH4-N and (NO3+NO2)-N) were determined in weekly samples of atmospheric bulk deposition (dry plus wet), collected in France at seven sites over the course of a year. Rural, semi-rural and industrialised-urban sites were chosen in the Seine river watershed from the Seine estuary to upstream from Paris. Mean NH4-N concentrations varied from 0.7 to 1.7 mg L-1. Mean (NO3+NO2)-N concentrations were approximately 0.5 mg L-1 for all sites except Paris (0.7 mg L-1), which has a local impact on the fallout contamination from urban emissions. The relation between concentration and rainfall amount obeys a power law, in the form of y = ax b. When the nitrogen sources are very local, this relationship turns into a dilution law. Annual atmospheric nitrogen deposition (NH4-N+(NO3+NO2)-N) was calculated and varied from 7.8 kg ha-1 yr-1 in the neighbourhood of a rural town to 17.3 kg ha-1 yr-1 in a very industrialised harbour. 58% of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition occurred during ‘spring + summer’ period. The total nitrogen atmospheric input to the Seine estuary, via direct deposition + indirect input via the watershed, was estimated to about 5% of the total nitrogen load within the Seine river basin.  相似文献   

8.
Results are presented from a 3-year investigation into nitrate leaching from grassed monolith lysimeters treated with double (15NH415NO3) or single (15NH4NO3) labelled ammonium nitrate at three rates, 250, 500 and 900 kg N ha?1 a?1. Over the 3 years of the experiment, 0.14%, 3.1% and 18.1% of the applied fertilizer was recovered in the leachate at 250, 500 and 900kg N ha?1 respectively. This represented 9%, 39% and 75% of the overall nitrate leaching at the three application rates. A significant proportion of the fertilizer leached as nitrate at the three application rates was derived, via nitrification, from the fertilizer ammonium. Increasing fertilizer applications caused a rise in the leaching of both soil and fertilizer derived nitrogen, although whether the increase reflected a true priming effect was not clear.  相似文献   

9.
The study was carried out to investigate the balance and lossesof nutrients at a paddy field plot located at the southwest ofcentral Korea from May 1, 1997 to September 30, 1999. The soilof experimental paddy field was in Jisan series (SiL; fine loamy, mixed mesic family of Fluventic Haplaguepts) and its area was 5,000 m2 (100 m × 50 m). The water balance in experimental paddy field was measured as follows.They were 3,693 mm for precipitation, 2,449 mm for irrigationwater, 3,081 mm for runoff water, 1,354 mm for evapotranspitration, and 1,683 mm for infiltration water. Theinput amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus into paddy field weremeasured as follows. They were 155–210 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 30–52 kg P2O5ha-1 yr-1 by chemical fertilizer, 30–39 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 0.4–0.7 kg P ha-1 yr-1 by precipitation, and 22–30 kg N ha-1 and 0.4–0.5 kg P ha-1 by irrigationwater, respectively. The output amounts of nitrogen andphosphorus from paddy field were measured as follows. Theywere 107–138 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 3.4–4.6 kg Pha-1 yr-1 by runoff water, and 18–20 kg N ha-1and 0.14–0.16 kg ha-1 by infiltration water. The runoffloading was the highest in June may be because of the higherconcentrations of chemical components due to applied fertilizer. When the loss ratio of nutrient was calculated based on the amounts of applied chemical fertilizer, the nitrogen and phosphorus by runoff water and infiltration werefound 57.0–65.7% and 8.8–9.4% and 9.7–12.4% and 0.3–0.5%, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
The beneficial effect of sewage sludge in crop production has been demonstrated, but there is concern regarding its contribution to nitrate (NO3) leaching. The objectives of this study were to compare nitrogen (N) rates of sewage sludge and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) on soil profile (0–180 cm), inorganic N [ammonium nitrate (NH4‐N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3‐N)] accumulation, yield, and N uptake in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). One field experiment was established in 1993 that evaluated six N rates (0 to 540 kg·ha‐1·yr‐1) as dry anaerobically digested sewage sludge and ammonium nitrate. Lime application in 1993 (4.48 Mg ha‐1) with 540 kg N ha‐1·yr‐1 was also evaluated. A laboratory incubation study was included to simulate N mineralization from sewage sludge applied at rates of 45, 180, and 540 kg N ha‐1·yr‐1. Treatments did not affect surface soil (0–30 cm) pH, organic carbon (C), and total N following the first (1994) and second (1995) harvest. Soil profile inorganic N accumulation increased when ≥270 kg N ha‐1 was applied as ammonium nitrate. Less soil profile inorganic N accumulation was detected when lime was applied. In general, wheat yields and N uptake increased linearly with applied N as sewage sludge, while wheat yields and N uptake peaked at 270 kg N ha‐1 when N was applied as ammonium nitrate. Lime did not affect yields or N uptake. Fertilizer N immobilization was expected to be high at this site where wheat was produced for the first time in over 10 years (previously in native bermudagrass). Estimated N use efficiency using sewage sludge in grain production was 20% (average of two harvests) compared to ammonium nitrate. Estimated plant N recovery was 17% for sewage sludge and 27% for ammonium nitrate.  相似文献   

11.
High nitrogen, especially ammonium, input has been observed in Schichinohe, Aomori Prefecture, northeastern Japan. A monitoring study on precipitation, throughfall, and stream water has been carried out to estimate the stage of nitrogen saturation since 1996. Fifty-two to 70% of nitrogen input in throughfall was retained in forest ecosystems. Nitrate concentration in stream water tended to decrease throughout the study. There was no symptom of nitrogen saturation at Japanese cedar stands in Shichinohe, although high nitrogen input in open bulk has been observed. Ammonium (NH4 +) was retained in the canopy. The ratio of NH4 + input in throughfall to that by open bulk was 0.40 – 0.47. Total inorganic nitrogen input under the canopy amounted 0.68 – 0.72 kmolc ha?1 yr?1 (9.6 – 10.0 kg N ha?1 yr?1). Our results suggests that atmospheric nitrogen input has benefitted the three growth.  相似文献   

12.
The contributions of different acidifying processes to the total protonload (TPL) of the soil in control plots (C) and ammonium sulphate treatedplots (NS) were studied in a Norway spruce stand in Southwest Sweden during 1988–1998. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen and sulphate was on average 18 kg N and 20 kg S ha-1. In addition the NS treated plots received 100 kg N and 114 kg S ha-1 annually. The amounts of nutrients added to the ecosystem by wet and dry deposition and the leaching at 50 cm depth were calculated. The net atmosphericproton load, the proton load by nitrogen transformations in the soil, the sulphate sorption/desorption in the soil and the excess base cation accumulation in biomass were calculated. There was no leaching of inorganic nitrogen from control plots during the study period. The net atmospheric proton deposition, originating from sulphuric and nitric acid deposition, was the main contributor to TPL in control plots. The addition of ammonium sulphate increased the leaching of ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, magnesium and calcium but not of potassium. The TPL in NS plots was about ten times that in control plots. The nitrogen transformation processes were the main contributors to TPL to NS soil, in the beginning by ammonium uptake and later also by nitrification. The pH decreased by 0.4 units in the mineral soil. The between-year variation in TPL during the eleven year period in C plots (200–1500 molc ha-1 yr-1) and in NS plots (1000–13000 molc ha-1 yr-1) was mainly dependent on the sorption or release of sulphate. Both in C and NS, the TPL was buffered mainly by dissolving solid aluminium compounds, most probably some Al(OH)3 phase.  相似文献   

13.
施用辐照处理的污水污泥对作物产量和土壤氮的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A field experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge as a fertilizer for the growth of wheat and rice. The irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge were applied at rates of 0 (CK), 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg N ha-1 for wheat, and 0 (CK), 112.5, 225, 337.5 and 450 kg N ha-1 for rice, respectively. (NH4)2SO4 at a rate of 150 kg N ha-1 for wheat, and 225 kg N ha-1 for rice were added to the control treatments. Additionally, 20 kg 15N ha-1 in the form of (NH4)2SO4 was added to each treatment for wheat to study the effect of sewage sludge on chemical nitrogen fertilizer recovery. The results showed that the irradiation of sewage sludge by gamma ray at a dosage of 5 kGy increased crop yield by 11%~27% as compared to the non-irradiated treatments. Irradiation stimulated mineralization of organic nitrogen in the sludge and improved seedling growth. It was found that addition of irradiated sludge could reduce the leaching loss of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. Both irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge could increase the content of soil total nitrogen. Based on the preliminary results, it was concluded that irradiated sewage sludge could partly substitute for chemical nitrogen fertilizer in crop production.  相似文献   

14.
Piirainen  S.  Finér  L.  Starr  M. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,105(1-2):165-174
Nitrogen deposition, leaching, and retention were monitored in a mature spruce (Picea abies Karsten) dominated mixed boreal forest in eastern Finland. Bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and percolation through the podzolic soil profile were monitored from 1993 to 1996. Mean annual bulk deposition of total N was 3.83 kg ha-1, of which 33% was NH4 +, 26% was NO3 - , and 41% was organic N. Throughfall+stemflow flux of total N was 2.93 kg ha-1 yr-1. Sixty-four % of NH4 + and 38% of NO3 - in bulk precipitation was retained by tre three canopy. Organic N was released (0.27 kg ha-1 yr-1) from the tree canopy. Nitrate-N was retained and organic N was leached as the water passed through the ground vegetation and soil O-horizon. Ammonium-N and organic N were retained mainly in the E-horizon. The output of total N from the E-horizon was only 5% of the total N deposition in the forest stand during the study period and it was mainly as organic N. The output of inorganic N forms from under B-horizon was seasonal and occurred mainly at spring snowmelt.  相似文献   

15.
Critical loads for N and S on Dutch forest ecosystems have been derived in relation to effects induced by eutrophication and acidification, such as changes in forest vegetation, nutrient imbalances, increased susceptibility to diseases, nitrate leaching, and Al toxicity. The criteria that have been used are N contents in needles, nitrate concentrations in groundwater (drinking water), and NH4/K ratios, Ca/Al ratios, and Al concentrations in the soil solution. Assuming an equal contribution of N and S, all effects seem to be prevented at a total deposition level below 600 molc ha?1 yr?1 due to N uptake by stemwood and acid neutralization by base cation weathering. The most serious effects will probably be prevented at total deposition levels between 1500 and 2000 molc ha?1 yr?1. The current average deposition in the Netherlands is 4900 molc ha?1 yr?1.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of three sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) residue-management plans on nitrogen losses in surface runoff and sub-surface leachate was studied for 3 years. The three management plans evaluated were conventional burning (CB), compost application with burning (COMB), and remaining green cane trash blanketing (GCTB) treatment. In the CB treatment, sugarcane residue was burned after harvest. The COMB treatment consisted of compost applied at ‘off bar’ with sugarcane residue burned immediately after harvest. Compost was applied in the amount of 13.4 Mg ha?1 annually. Surface runoff was collected with automatic refrigerated samplers and sub-surface leachate was collected with pan lysimeters over a period of 3 years. Total nitrogen (TN), NO3/NO2–N, and NH4–N were measured. The mean losses of nitrogen (TN, NO3/NO2–N, and NH4–N) from the COMB treatment after the burning procedure (post-harvest, years 2 and 3) were on average 2.7 times higher than those before harvest and burning (pre-harvest, year 1). Mean leaching losses of NO3/NO2–N were 0.36, 0.82, and 0.10 kg ha?1 for the CB, COMB, and GCTB treatment, respectively. The losses of NO3/NO2–N from the GCTB treatment in surface runoff and sub-surface leachate were significantly reduced compared to the CB and COMB treatment.  相似文献   

17.
Phosphorus and nitrogen can leach from porous golf greens potentially causing degradation of ground water quality. Agreenhouse experiment was carried out with 52 cm columns (15 cm diam.) made to USGA green specifications and sodded to `Tifdwarf' bermudagrass to determine the effects of fertilizer sources at various rates on P and N leaching. Fertilizers were balanced soluble and controlled-release (polyand sulfur coated) sources at N rates of 0, 12, 24, and 49 kg N ha-1 and at P rates of 0, 5, 11, and 21 kg ha-1 every other week for a total of 6 applications. Controlled-release N was from NH4 and urea and the soluble source N was from KNO3, urea, and (NH4)PO4. Irrigation rate was 0.63 cm per day initially and increased to 1.25 cm per day at week 7. Weeklyleachate collections for 23 weeks were analyzed for P andNO3-N. Concentrations of N and P were lower in the leachatefor the controlled-release source than for the soluble source. Leaching of P continued for the entire 23 weeks of theexperiment, whereas N was essentially exhausted by week 15indicating that P leaches at a slower rate than N. For the low Prate (5 kg ha-1) for the controlled-release source there was no increase in P concentration in the leachate compared to control. Thus, low P rates will not result in degradation of water quality due to increased P. For the controlled-release source at the low rate <10% of the P added leached, whereasthe values for N were in the range of 20 to 45% for all ratesand sources. Control treatments resulted in N concentrations in the leachate as high as 26 mg L-1. Results show thatP leaching is a potential problem only at high rates of solublesources and high irrigation, whereas N is more readily leached.  相似文献   

18.
Morales  J. A.  Albornoz  A.  Socorro  E.  Morillo  A. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,128(3-4):207-221
In order to make an estimation of thewet deposition levels of the major nitrogen compoundsin Lake Maracaibo system, the precipitation wascollected by events at five sites located on shorearound the Lake from 1991 to 1994. Also the phosphorusconcentrations were determined in rain samples. RainpHs averaged about 5 to 6. NH4 + levels weresignificantly higher (up to 1.44 mg L-1NH4-N) than NO3 -plus NO2 -ions which resulted in the highest pHs values in thestrait Maracaibo. The strait is the nearest zone toAmmonia Plant located upwind at the TablazoPetrochemical Complex. At the strait, theinorganic-nitrogen ((NH4 + NO3 +NO2)-N) concentrations were greater than organicnitrogen levels, but at the other sites were lower.Phosphorus levels were low, ranging from undetectableto 1.5 mg L-1; organic-P was estimated to accountfor about 40% of total-P. Total mean nitrogen wetdepositions were 6.93 kg ha-1 yr-1 (≈59% asNH4-N) at the strait and 9.85–16.84 kg ha-1yr-1 (≈55% as organic-N) around the lakeshore.Inorganic and organic nitrogen account for about equalportions of the total nitrogen loading. These amountsrepresents ≈24% of the annual total-N inputsby the tributary rivers to the lake and aresubstantially higher than those reported in the shoreof Lake Valencia (north-central part of Venezuela) andother tropical areas. The contribution ofprecipitation to P in lake is very small; ≈0.6 kg ha-1 of total-P are added annually. The N and Pinputs were greater than the sewage contributions. Themean molar ratio N/P is ≈22 at the straitsite whilst at lake sites the N/P ratio isconsistently >22 (about 35～1 to 100～1). The results of this preliminary study show that the atmosphere represents a significant factor for the total nitrogen loading to Lake Maracaibo system.  相似文献   

19.
Atmospheric deposition of N and S on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems causes effects induced by eutrophication and acidification. Effects of eutrophication include forest damage, NO3 pollution of groundwater and vegetation changes in forests, heathlands and surface waters due to an excess of N. Effects of acidification include forest damage, groundwater pollution, and loss of fish populations due to Al mobilization. Critical loads (deposition levels) for N and S on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Netherlands related to these effects have been derived by empirical data and steady-state acidification models. Critical loads of N generally vary between 500 and 1500 mol c ha?1 yr?1 for forests, heathlands and surface waters and between 1500 and 3600 for phreatic groundwaters. Critical loads of total acid (S and N) vary between 300 to 500 mol c ha?1 yr?1 for phreatic groundwaters and surface waters and between 1100 to 1700 mol ha?1 yr?1 for forests. On the basis of the various critical loads a deposition target for total acid of 1400 mol c ha?1 yr?1 has been set in the Netherlands from which the N input should be less than 1000 mol c ha?1 yr?1. This level, to be reached in the year 2010, implies an emission reduction of 80–90% in SO2, NO x and NH3 in the Netherlands and of about 30% in neighboring countries compared to 1980 emissions.  相似文献   

20.
稻田土壤中氮素淋失的研究   总被引：88，自引：3，他引：88  
本文应用稻田大型原状土柱渗漏计，研究了双季稻田土壤中氮素随渗漏水流淋失的形态、数量、季节性变化以及若干农化因子的影响。明确了稻田中氮素淋失的基本形态是硝态氮（ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ），估算出双季稻田中氮素淋失总量可接近３０ｋｇＮ／ｈａ，同时肯定了农田施用氮肥对地下水体环境可能的ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ污染，建议双季稻田中每季水稻的氮肥用量宜控制在１５０ｋｇＮ／ｈａ；本文还证实氮肥用量对氮素淋失有明显影响，不同氮肥品  相似文献   

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