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1.
We evaluated heartwood, sapwood and bark content in teak trees. A total of 27 sample plots were laid out in teak plantations raised by State Forest Department in Karnataka covering different age groups... 相似文献
2.
The amount of heartwood and sapwood in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. wood was determined in commercial pulpwood plantations at harvest age (12 to 15 years) in four ites in central portugal. twelve trees were sampled in each site at nine stem height levels. Heartwood was present in all the trees up to 82%–87% of the total tree height and amounted to 38%–41% of the total tree volume. The heartwood proportion in the stem cross-section decreased from the base upwards, representing 53.3% and 26.1% of the total area respectively at the base and 55% height level. The sapwood width remained relatively constant along the stem at a mean 38 mm up to the 55% height level. The trees within the site, the height level and their interaction were highly significant sources of variation for heartwood proportion and sapwood width. The heartwood diameter and sapwood width were positively correlated with radial tree growth. 相似文献
3.
观光木的生材性质研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对观光木的生材密度、含水率、树皮率及心材率进行测定分析,结果表明:观光木的生材密度从髓心向外呈先减小再增大的趋势,随着树高的增加,亦呈先减小再增大的趋势,其平均值为0.873 g.cm-3;基本密度自髓心向外逐渐增大,随着树高增加,呈先减小后增大再减小的趋势,其平均值为0.423 g.cm-3;含水率从髓心向外呈减小的趋势,随着树高的增加,呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势,其平均值为108.4%;树皮的体积百分率及质量百分率均随着树高的增加而增加,其平均值分别为13.5%、15.8%;心材率随着树高的增加而减少,心材百分率平均值为15.6%。 相似文献
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5.
采用排水法、体积法及质量法对阴香树的生材密度、含水率、树皮率及心材率进行测定.结果表明：阴香的生材密度从髓心向外北向呈现先降低后增大的变化趋势,而南向则呈现逐渐降低的趋势,在树高方向生材密度变化较为波动,但基本上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,其平均值为1.210g/cm3.阴香木的基本密度从髓心出现先降低后增大的规律,在树的高度方向上表现出先减小后增大再减小的趋势,阴香木基本密度的平均值为0.548g/cm3.阴香木的生材含水率从髓心位置向外逐渐减小,测试的生材含水率平均值为122.5％.树皮体积百分率及质量百分率的变化规律是均随着树高的增加而增加,其平均值分别为13.86％和15.2％.随着树木高度的增加,心材率反而降低,其平均值为42.0％. 相似文献
6.
Inter-clonal, intra-clonal and within tree variations in specific gravity and wood anatomical properties of 8-year-old grown
ramets of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. have been investigated. Radial and location-wise intra-clonal variations were non-significant for anatomical properties
and specific gravity for all six clones at all three sites. However, inter-clonal variations in wood anatomical properties
and specific gravity were significantly different. Inter-clonal variations in anatomical properties and specific gravity were
also significant due to sites, which indicated that site-characteristics overshadowed the genetic priority of different clones
for wood anatomical properties. Average fiber-characteristics of all clones showed the best performance at Lalkuan, Haldwani
(site III), while average specific gravity performed well at Brandis Road, Dehradun (site I) followed by site III (Lalkuan,
Haldwani) and site II (Lachchiwala, Dehradun). Within tree variations in anatomical properties like fiber length, fiber diameter,
wall thickness, vessel member length and vessel member diameter due to vertical or radial direction and location (pith to
periphery) are non-significant. Radial direction, location and height showed no impact on wood element variation. It indicated
that there is no impact of juvenile wood, sapwood and heartwood ratio, and reaction wood on wood anatomical properties of
8-year-old ramet of D. sissoo. It further indicated that clone raised ramet of 8-year-old D. sissoo showed the characteristics of mature wood. Within tree variations in specific gravity were significant due to height, which
may be related to differential sapwood and heartwood ratio in the vertical direction. Different wood elements viz. fiber length,
fiber diameter, wall thickness, vessel member length and vessel member diameter showed significant correlations with each
other and with specific gravity. 相似文献
7.
J. Wilkes 《Wood Science and Technology》1991,25(2):85-90
Summary The rate of heartwood development was examined at four heights in stems of Pinus radiata D. Don from 18 mature stands in south-eastern Australia. While the diameter of heartwood tended to be greatest at stump and breast heights, formation commenced earlier (i.e. with fewer sapwood rings) and/or progressed more rapidly 10–20 m above ground level. Appreciable variation in heartwood development was detected between trees in the same and different stands, with both environmental and genetic factors apparently important. Regression analyses involving three parameters of heartwood development (number of rings, diameter and percentage area) and stem characteristics including height, diameter and ring width suggested that heartwood formation is affected little by tree vigour in the post-juvenile growth phase. Rather it seems that the rate at which annual increments are included in heartwood is largely fixed for any particular height level and stem. Thus the amount (but not necessarily the percentage) or heartwood in a stem is substantially dependent on diameter growth early in tree life.The expert technical assistance of Mr. R. Colley is gratefully acknowledged. Valuable assistance in the measurement of heartwood dimensions was also provided by Ms. V. Kurz and Mr. C. Slatyer. Dr. R. K. Bamber and Mr. A. P. Wilkins offered particularly helpful advice 相似文献
8.
Indiscriminate use of natural resources in the past has lead to fuelwood shortages in many parts of the tropical world. To surmount this domestic energy crisis, not only degraded sites must be planted with trees having high fuel value potential, but also agroforestry promoted on arable lands. To enable choice of species for such energy plantations/agroforests in the humid tropics of peninsular India, we assessed the heat of combustion and physical properties that determine combustion of phytofuels, such as ash content, specific gravity and moisture content. Bark and wood samples of 45 multipurpose tree species in the homegardens of Kerala, India and three fuel materials of local importance (coconut [Cocos nucifera] endocarp, dried coconut spathe and dehiscent rubber [Hevea braziliensis] pericarp) were evaluated. Variations abound in the calorific values and physical properties of species and tissue-types. In general, heat of combustion and specific gravity followed the sequence: heartwood > sapwood > bark, while mean ash percentage followed a reverse order (bark > sapwood > heartwood). Ash content had a negative correlation with heat of combustion, but specific gravity exerted a positive influence. Furthermore, ash content and wood specific gravity were inversely related. Although green moisture content increased in the order: bark < heartwood < sapwood, it failed to show any predictable relationship with heat of combustion.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):41-53
Abstract This study focused on the amount of sapwood and its variation by means of computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Twenty-four trees were selected from four Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stands in north-eastern France, varying in age, density and fertility. In each stand, sampled trees represented the dominant, co-dominant and suppressed strata. The heartwood/sapwood boundary was detected from the CT images, and the heartwood and sapwood amount and their variations were then evaluated. At the within-tree level sapwood width was relatively constant along the tree stem above the butt swelling and below the living crown. The between-tree sapwood width variations were partially explained by the total cross-sectional area of living branches. This result opens up the possibility of investigating within-tree allometric relationships. Sapwood width was found to be highly correlated with tree slendemess (tree height/breast height diameter) and with the relative height of the crown. This suggests that sapwood width could be readily predicted from conventional forest inventory measurements. The number of sapwood rings within the stem was largely dependent on cambial age, and could be determined dynamically using the concept of mean lifetime of sapwood rings. 相似文献
10.
为探明白桦树干导管特征的分布情况,由髓心向树皮逐年轮测定10株解析木树干不同高度的导管直径、管孔密度和导管组织比量。结果表明:随树干高度增加,导管直径减小,管孔密度和导管组织比量增加。由髓心向树皮,导管直径先迅速增加,在达到某一年龄后(伐根处20 a,胸径处15 a,枝下高处10 a)趋于平稳;管孔密度在伐根处基本以线性递减,在胸径处和枝下高处是先迅速减少,然后分别在15 a和10 a后趋于平稳;导管组织比量略有降低。这些结果表明白桦导管特征在树干内的分布具有空间差异。 相似文献
11.
Sofia Knapic Vanda Oliveira Marika Makkonen Isabel Pinto-Seppä Helena Pereira 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(6):1007-1014
Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) is an important timber and pulpwood species covering about 4 million ha in Portugal, Spain and France. This work studied the cross-sectional distribution of heartwood and sapwood along the stem using 3D modelling on 20 trees. The target was to assess the potential of this species for the industrial production of heartwood sawn products. The maritime pine stems were characterized by wide sapwood of 10 cm, in average, and the presence of heartwood at all height levels with constant diameter up to 35 % tree height, decreasing afterwards. In the radial section, the heartwood follows a circumferential-like shape which changes along the stem. Pith eccentricity index values were low and homogeneous regarding to stem and higher for heartwood. Heartwood cross-sectional shape was constant up to 45 % of total height of the tree and more elongated upwards. The constant heartwood diameter, low taper and pith eccentricity index, and an approximate circular shape up to 10 m height indicated these species’ potential to produce solid wood products made out of heartwood. 相似文献
12.
Junji Matsumura Yoko Yamasaki Kazuyuki Oda Yoshitake Fujisawa 《Journal of Wood Science》2005,51(4):328-333
Nine trees of Cryptomeria japonica from six elite tree clones with a broad range of heartwood colors were selected. The profiles of pit aspiration percentage (ASP) of earlywood and latewood from pith to bark for green and air-dry conditions were determined to study the relationship between heartwood color and pit aspiration. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observations showed that the ASP of earlywood was low in sapwood and high in heartwood in the green condition. Pit aspiration increased in intermediate wood when compared with sapwood. On the other hand, latewood pits did not aspirate during heartwood formation. Comparing the air-dry condition with the green condition, sapwood pits aspirated during drying in both earlywood and latewood; however, there was no significant difference in pit aspiration of heartwood. There was no significant difference between samples with red and black heartwoods for ASP. The difference in ASP between individual trees was larger than that by heartwood color. The general advantage of CLSM over light microscopy is that serial optical sections along the Z axis can be obtained for any moisture condition, without the need for thin sectioning or embedding. 相似文献
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14.
Wei Wang Yuichi Hanai Chisato Takenaka Rie Tomioka Kazuya Iizuka Hajime Ozawa 《Journal of Forest Research》2016,21(5):251-258
Absorption of radiocesium (137Cs and 134Cs) through bark, and its subsequent translocation into wood and needles, has been suggested as a potential source of tree contamination, but the process is not well understood. Field experiments were conducted to confirm whether Cs could enter a Japanese cedar tree through the bark and how Cs moves within a tree. Stable Cs (133Cs) was applied to the bark at 1.2-m height on 10- and 26-year-old Japanese cedars. The 133Cs concentrations were determined in the bark, sapwood, and heartwood (for 26-year-old cedar only) of stem disks from several heights, as well as in current-year needles from the canopy. The 133Cs concentrations were considerably higher in the sapwood and heartwood of stem disks from 1.2-m height in treated trees than in untreated trees, suggesting that 133Cs penetrated the bark to enter the wood. The average 133Cs concentrations were higher in the heartwood than the sapwood, indicating 133Cs accumulation in the heartwood. High 133Cs concentrations in the needles of treated trees implied acropetal movement of 133Cs to actively growing organs. Our results demonstrate that Cs can enter Japanese cedar trees through the bark and that Cs is transported radially to the heartwood and vertically to the apex. 相似文献
15.
Leaf area is commonly estimated as a function of sapwood area. However, because sapwood changes to heartwood over time, it has not previously been possible to reconstruct either the sapwood area or the leaf area of older trees into the past. In this study, we report a method for reconstructing the development of the sapwood area of dominant and codominant balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). The technique is based on establishing a species-specific relationship between the number of annual growth rings in the sapwood area and tree age. Because the number of annual growth rings in the sapwood of balsam fir at a given age was found to be independent of site quality and stand density, the number of rings in sapwood (NRS) can be predicted from the age of a tree thus: NRS = 14.818 (1 - e(-0.031 age)), unweighted R(2) = 0.80, and NRS = 2.490 (1 - e(-0.038 age)), unweighted R(2) = 0.64, for measurements at breast height and at the base of the live crown, respectively. These nonlinear asymptotic regression models based only on age, were not improved by adding other tree variables such as diameter at breast height, diameter at the base of the live crown, total tree height or percent live crown. 相似文献
16.
１６年生火炬松纸浆材性状研究表明：管胞长度径向呈递增稳定的模式，纵向呈递减变化；其长宽比变异类似于管胞长度的变化；管胞长度变化范围为１．４０３～４．４５６ｍｍ，长宽比为４６．７～７０．１，腔径比为０．７１１～０．７８６，壁腔比为０．３８１～０．４９６。基本密度径向由０．３２４ｇ／ｃｍ３递增到０．４２８ｇ／ｃｍ３；纵向递减，其均值变动于０．３１４～０．４０１ｇ／ｃｍ２；株间木材密度均值与管胞长度两性状不相关。纤维素含量由髓心附近３７．０４％递增到树皮附近４３．９１％，木素、多缩戊糖含量分别由２８．７８％、１４．５９％递减到２５．７４％、１２．０５％，其苯醇抽出物含量变化在２．１２％～８．３８％之间。火炬松木材幼龄期约为１０～１３ａ。基于火炬松木材各树龄材性的变化，结合生长量指标，确定其短周期纸浆林适宜采伐树龄约为１２～１３ａ。 相似文献
17.
Increases in plant size and structural complexity with increasing age have important implications for water flow through trees. Water supply to the crown is influenced by both the cross-sectional area and the permeability of sapwood. It has been hypothesized that hydraulic conductivity within sapwood increases with age. We investigated changes in sapwood permeability (k) and anatomy with tree age and height in the broad-leaved evergreen species Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Sapwood was sampled at breast height from trees ranging from 8 to 240 years old, and at three height positions on the main stem of 8-year-old trees. Variation in k was not significant among sampling height positions in young trees. However, k at breast height increased with tree age. This was related to increases in both vessel frequency and vessel diameter, resulting in a greater proportion of sapwood being occupied by vessel lumina. Sapwood hydraulic conductivity (the product of k and sapwood area) also increased with increasing tree age. However, at the stand level, there was a decrease in forest sapwood hydraulic conductivity with increasing stand age, because of a decrease in the number of trees per hectare. Across all ages, there were significant relationships between k and anatomy, with individual anatomical characteristics explaining 33-62% of the variation in k. There was also strong agreement between measured k and permeability predicted by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. The results support the hypothesis of an increase in sapwood permeability at breast height with age. Further measurements are required to confirm this result at other height positions in older trees. The significance of tree-level changes in sapwood permeability for stand-level water relations is discussed. 相似文献
18.
Xingchang Wang Chuankuan Wang Quanzhi Zhang Xiankuai Quan 《Annals of Forest Science》2010,67(4):410-410
19.
Improving models of forest nutrient export with equations that predict the nutrient concentration of tree compartments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Laurent Augusto Céline Meredieu Didier Bert Pierre Trichet Annabel Porté Alexandre Bosc Frédéric Lagane Denis Loustau Sylvain Pellerin Frédéric Danjon Jacques Ranger Jacques Gelpe 《Annals of Forest Science》2008,65(8):808-808
20.
以8年生尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blake)无性系林为试材,就材性指标在株内、株间和无性系之间变异进行了研究分析。结果表明:纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比、管孔弦向直径、纤维双壁厚度和纤维壁腔比在树干水平方向上的不同部位具有极显著性差异,呈由内向外逐渐增大的规律;微纤丝角度、单位面积管孔数和纤维腔径比在树于水平方向上的不同部位亦具有极显著性差异,但呈由内向外逐渐减小的规律;而木材胞壁率、木纤维比量、导管比量、射线比量、轴向薄壁组织比量和木纤维胞腔直径在树干水平方向上没有显著性变异;主要材性指标在同一无性系内的植株之间无显著性差异,但在无性系之间的差异均达到显著或极显著性水平。 相似文献