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1.
不同精粗料比全混合日粮对奶牛瘤胃指标的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
将安装瘤胃瘘管的18头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为试验1~6组,每组3头牛,试验1~6组依次饲喂不同精粗料比全混合日粮(TMR)的TMR1(20∶80)、TMR2(30∶70)、TMR3(40∶60)、TMR4(50∶50)、TMR5(60∶40)和TMR6(70∶30),探讨不同精粗料比TMR对奶牛瘤胃甲烷(CH4)释放量、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度及产奶性能的影响。结果表明,随着TMR中精料比的提高,瘤胃乙酸和丁酸逐渐降低,丙酸明显提高,饲喂TMR3和TMR4的奶牛瘤胃NH3-N浓度比试验5组和6组极显著降低,CH4释放量和CH4能/总能的含量分别比试验1组和2组显著减少,比试验5组和6组极显著减少,标准乳(FCM)、乳干物质含量和乳脂率比试验1组显著提高,明显提高产奶性能和有效减少空气的甲烷污染。 相似文献
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将18头荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为试验6组,每组3头,试验Ⅰ～Ⅵ组奶牛依次饲喂不同精粗料比（精料：粗料）的TMR1（20∶80）、TMR2（30∶70）、TMR3（40∶60）、TMR4（50∶50）、TMR5（60∶40）、TMR6（70∶30）的日粮,探讨不同精粗料比TMR对奶牛粪尿、N、P的排泄量和CH4释放量的影响。结果,饲喂TMR4与饲喂TMR1和TMR6的奶牛相比,每头奶牛每年CH4释放量减少15.20Kg和89.84Kg;粪便排泄量减少1.37t和1.41t;N降低3.71kg和17.50kg;P减少2.59kg和4.07kg,比TMR1FCM提高10.54%（P〈0.05）;乳脂率增加9.67%（P〈0.05）;乳糖增加7.26%（P〈0.05）,能减少奶牛对土壤水源及空气的污染,提高奶牛的生态效益和经济效益。 相似文献
3.
不同日粮对奶牛瘤胃发酵模式及泌乳性能的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
选用4头安装永久瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的泌乳奶牛(体重为483 kg±21 kg,泌乳日龄为175 d±6 d),研究4种日粮,分别为30∶70CW(粗料由羊草组成)、30∶70CCA(粗料为玉米青贮+苜蓿+羊草混合型)、50∶50CCA、65∶35CCA日粮对泌乳奶牛瘤胃内pH、NH3 N浓度、VFA的动态变化及奶牛生产性能的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,每期23 d。结果表明,精粗比为65∶35CCA日粮条件下奶牛瘤胃内pH显著低于其它组(P<0 01), 65∶35CCA及50∶50CCA日粮组瘤胃内NH3 N浓度显著高于精粗比30∶70 日粮组(P<0 01),瘤胃内乙酸浓度随精料比例的提高而降低(P= 0 10),丙酸浓度、丁酸浓度及乙酸/丙酸比例差异均为极显著(P<0 01);在不同精粗比日粮条件下,乳脂率差异显著(P<0 01),以30∶70CCA组为最高;产奶量、乳蛋白率及非乳脂固形物含量均呈极显著差异(P<0 01),均以高精料组65∶35CCA组为最高。 相似文献
4.
选用3头3月龄左右装有瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶公犊,按3×3完全拉丁方试验设计,喂给3种日粮,日粮组成按精粗比分别表示为:Ⅰ组70∶30、Ⅱ组60∶40、Ⅲ组50∶50,研究不同日粮组成下高寒地区小黑麦的DM、CP以及NDF在断奶初期奶公犊瘤胃内动态降解。试验结果表明:精粗比为60∶40日粮时,其CP的消失率和降解参数明显低于精粗比为70∶30和50∶50的日粮,差异显著(P<0.05);其DM和NDF的消失率和降解参数明显高于精粗比为70∶30和50∶50的日粮,差异显著(P<0.05)。 相似文献
5.
选用3头3月龄左右装有瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶公犊,按3×3完全拉丁方试验设计,喂给3种日粮,日粮组成按精粗比分别表示为:Ⅰ组70∶30、Ⅱ组60∶40、Ⅲ组50∶50,研究不同日粮组成下苜蓿干草的DM、CP以及NDF在断奶初期奶公犊瘤胃内动态降解。试验结果表明:精粗比为60∶40日粮时,其CP的消失率和降解参数明显低于精粗比为70∶30和50∶50的日粮,差异显著(P<0.05);其DM和NDF的消失率和降解参数明显高于精粗比为70∶30和50∶50的日粮,差异显著(P<0.05)。 相似文献
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选用3头三月龄左右装有瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶公犊,按3×3完全拉丁方试验设计,喂给三种日粮,日粮组成按精粗比分别表示为:Ⅰ、70∶30;Ⅱ、60∶40;Ⅲ、50∶50,研究不同日粮组成下苜蓿干草的DM、CP以及NDF在断奶初期奶公犊瘤胃内动态降解。试验结果表明:精粗比为60∶40日粮时,其CP的消失率和降解参数明显低于精粗比为70∶30和50∶50的日粮,差异显著(P<0.05);其DM和NDF的消失率和降解参数明显高于精粗比为70∶30和50∶50的日粮,差异显著(P<0.05)。 相似文献
9.
旨在研究不同精粗比混合饲粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响,确定泌乳中期奶牛饲粮的适宜精粗比。本研究采用单因素完全随机区组设计,将45头产奶量相近的泌乳中期健康荷斯坦奶牛随机分成3组,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别饲喂精饲料与粗饲料比例为40∶60、50∶50、60∶40的混合日粮,试验期为60d,通过测定各组平均日采食量、平均日产奶量、料奶比、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率、乳体细胞数、IgG含量、IgA含量、IgM含量等检测指标,比较分析不同精粗比饲粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响。结果显示Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比较,平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率、IgG含量、IgM含量均显著提高(P0.05),体细胞数显著降低(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比较,平均日采食、平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、IgG含量、IgA含量、IgM含量均显著提高(P0.05),料奶比、体细胞数显著降低(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组相比较,平均日产奶量、IgG含量、IgA含量均显著提高(P0.05),体细胞数显著降低(P0.05)。表明饲喂不同精粗比饲料对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛的产奶性能、乳品质、免疫力的影响较大,日粮中精粗比为60∶40的饲喂效果最好,精粗比为50∶50次之,精粗比为40∶60最差。 相似文献
10.
选用3头三月龄左右装有瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶公犊,按3×3完全拉丁方试验设计,喂给三种日粮,日粮组成按精粗比分别表示为70∶30、60∶40和50∶50,研究不同日粮组成下苜蓿干草的DM、CP以及NDF在断奶初期公犊瘤胃内的动态降解规律。试验结果表明:精粗比为60∶40日粮时,其CP的消失率和降解参数明显低于精粗比为70∶30和50∶50的日粮,差异显著(P<0.05);其DM和NDF的消失率和降解参数明显高于精粗比为70∶30和50∶50的日粮,差异显著(P<0.05)。 相似文献
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The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data. 相似文献
13.
Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed. 相似文献
14.
Yong Wu Na-Jiao Zhao Yan Cao Zhuo Sun Qin Wang Zhao-Ying Liu Zhi-Liang Sun 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2020,43(2):208-214
Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (Cmax, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their Cmax (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (Css) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance. 相似文献
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Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
C. R. KILROY W. F. HALL D. P. BANE R. F. BEVILL G. D. KORITZ 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1990,13(1):49-58
Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97). 相似文献
16.
2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。 相似文献
17.
b. bengtsson s-o. jacobsson j. luthman & a. franklin 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1997,20(4):258-261
Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug. 相似文献
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug. 相似文献
18.
The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims. 相似文献
19.
Rectal swabs were collected from 437 household and 491 stray dogs in northern Taiwan from May 2003 to June 2005 to investigate
the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonellae and campylobacters. The results revealed that 2.1% of household
dogs and 6.3% of stray dogs were positive for salmonellae, with Salmonella Duesseldorf being the most dominant serotype in both. Additionally, 2.7% of the household dogs and 23.8% of the stray dogs
were positive for campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species (86.8%), followed by C. upsaliensis (9.3%) and C. coli (3.9%). Both salmonella and campylobacter isolation rates from the stray dogs were significantly higher than those from the
household dogs (p < 0.01). The susceptibility of 33 C. jejuni isolates to eight antimicrobials was studied by the E-test. A high rate of resistance was observed to azithromycin (93.9%), clindamycin (87.9%), erythromycin (81.8%), tetracycline
(78.8%), chloramphenicol (69.7%), nalidixic acid (51.5%), gentamicin (33.3%), and ciprofloxacin (18.2%). The susceptibility
of 40 Salmonella isolates to 15 antimicrobials was also studied by the disc-diffusion method. All the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance was observed most frequently to tetracycline (77.5%),
chloramphenicol (52.5%), and ampicillin (50%). 相似文献