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1.
Yoshihiro Kishigami DVM Arata Yoshizaki DVM Daisuke Saito DVM Hirokazu Seo DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2000,41(1):9-18
In conventional radiography systems, it is apparent that only the area immediately around the central x-ray beam can be evaluated accurately. Consequently in some instances, spinal radiography for example, several exposures are needed at various points along the body to create an accurate image for diagnosis. However, if the film and body part are in a concave shape such that the radius of the curve is equal to the film focal distance, the x-ray beam will penetrate the body and strike the film at two-dimensionally right angles in all areas. Using the spine as an example we found the curved technique had three major advantages over the traditional flat technique: lack of distortion, more uniform beam intensity due to a constant focal film distance, and improved resolution at the periphery of the radiograph because of lack of a cross over effect. It was concluded that an accurate evaluation of larger body parts can be made with minimal distortion utilizing the principles of a curved table technique. 相似文献
2.
Dehydration and increased risk of respiratory problems are common outcomes of transport, and both appear to be related to journey duration, emotional effects, such as fear, and challenging environmental conditions. Welfare may be improved by familiarising equines with transport vehicles and loading procedures before travel starts, and by providing thermally comfortable and well ventilated conditions during the journey. For long road journeys, rest breaks with drinking water should be given. Both trained and unhandled animals should have sufficient space and freedom to adjust their posture and to lower their heads, but maximum safe space allowances are unknown. Mares and foals should be transported together. Injury during transport is relatively common, particularly in groups of horses travelling to slaughter, and is usually associated with driver error, internal fittings and vehicle type or design, but also with mixing of animals of different sex and weight leading to fighting. There needs to be better training and monitoring to prevent such avoidable risks to horse welfare. There is also a need for more research into appropriate prophylaxis and post transport therapy as knowledge of accumulated stress and depressed immune function following prolonged and repeated transport is poorly understood. 相似文献
3.
K G Mathews 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2001,31(2):271-290
Accurate diagnosis of canine vaginal abnormalities often requires general anesthesia, vaginoscopy, and contrast radiography. Abdominal ultrasonography, thoracic radiography, computed tomography, and histopathology may also be advised for the workup of mass lesions before surgery. Many procedures such as episioplasty and resection of pedunculated vaginal masses or edematous tissue are easily performed with proper planning and equipment (e.g., electrocautery). Consideration should be given to referring more complicated procedures such as resection of large vaginal masses or vaginal stenoses to a board-certified surgeon. Finally, preoperative placement of a fentanyl patch and pre- or postoperative epidural analgesia are highly recommended for any vulvovaginal surgical procedure. 相似文献
4.
Allen MJ 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2003,32(3):101-113
Routine assessment of the skeleton's response to disease and injury traditionally has consisted of plain-film radiography supplemented with advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear scintigraphy, and bone densitometry. Although these techniques provide increased sensitivity as compared with radiography, they still are limited by the fact that they can only document the net results of past skeletal activity. In contrast, serum and urinary biomarkers of bone formation and resorption provide near real-time information about bone cell activity. In this review, I describe the scientific rationale behind the use of these markers in humans and detail the efforts that have been made to adapt this technology to veterinary medicine and animal research. Commercial assay kits that are applicable to different animal species are described, and the potential limitations of the technology are discussed. The goal of this review is to provide clinical pathologists and researchers with the information needed to decide whether the use of bone markers is likely to be helpful and to select the most appropriate marker (or panel of markers) to answer a particular question. 相似文献
5.
Angela Marolf Margaret Blaik Norman Ackerman Elizabeth Watson Nicole Gibson Margret Thompson 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2008,49(3):227-232
The role of digital imaging is increasing as these systems are becoming more affordable and accessible. Advantages of computed radiography compared with conventional film/screen combinations include improved contrast resolution and postprocessing capabilities. Computed radiography's spatial resolution is inferior to conventional radiography; however, this limitation is considered clinically insignificant. This study prospectively compared digital imaging and conventional radiography in detecting small volume pneumoperitoneum. Twenty cadaver dogs (15-30 kg) were injected with 0.25, 0.25, and 0.5 ml for 1 ml total of air intra-abdominally, and radiographed sequentially using computed and conventional radiographic technologies. Three radiologists independently evaluated the images, and receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis compared the two imaging modalities. There was no statistical difference between computed and conventional radiography in detecting free abdominal air, but overall computed radiography was relatively more sensitive based on ROC analysis. Computed radiographic images consistently and significantly demonstrated a minimal amount of 0.5 ml of free air based on ROC analysis. However, no minimal air amount was consistently or significantly detected with conventional film. Readers were more likely to detect free air on lateral computed images than the other projections, with no significant increased sensitivity between film/screen projections. Further studies are indicated to determine the differences or lack thereof between various digital imaging systems and conventional film/screen systems. 相似文献
6.
A T Fischer 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》1989,5(2):335-350
Evaluation of the horse with colic has always been challenging since the patient's large size precludes many of the diagnostic imaging procedures commonly used in human medicine. Diagnostic methods such as radiography, laparoscopy, endoscopy, and peritoneal fluid analysis can serve to increase the accuracy of presurgical evaluation. Prognosis in individual cases can be best predicted by careful analysis of selected clinicopathological data, physical examination findings, and surgical biopsies. However, no predictive model is 100 per cent accurate, and clinicians must continue to rely on clinical evidence and instinct and to use these diagnostic and prognostic procedures only as guides for case management. 相似文献
7.
A technique for intraoral radiography of the maxillary cheek teeth in large animals using strips of nonscreen and commercial dental x-ray film is described. The method was initially tested using horse cadaver heads and subsequently on three large animal patients with signs of dental disease. Limitations of the described technique include necessity for general anesthesia, special x-ray film and manual developing. Additionally, the need for very accurate adjustment of incident beam angle, beam centering point and depth in the oral cavity provide a major technical challenge. After becoming famillar with the technique, the major limitation was increased time for manual film developing. The images provided by nonscreen technique were subjectively superior. The anatomic detail of the apical and periodontal regions of the teeth was better than on survey radiographs. Nonscreen intraoral technique should be considered for anesthetized large animal patients with signs of dental disease. 相似文献
8.
Weisse C Weber ES Matzkin Z Klide A 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,221(2):280-3, 240-1
An adult black sea bass was examined because of abdominal distention and decreased appetite. A large abdominal swelling was evident and was firm on palpation. Differential diagnoses included neoplasia, abscess or granuloma, hematoma, or swim bladder abnormality. Diagnostic tests included survey radiography, positive-contrast radiography, and computed tomography. The sea bass was anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate. A ventral midline abdominal incision was made, and adhesions to the mass were gently dissected. The fish recovered without complications. Radiography was repeated 8 weeks after surgery, and there was no evidence of mass regrowth. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a barium enema being performed in a fish. Although surgical procedures are performed more commonly on fish for research, a few reports of clinical surgical cases have been described. Our experience supports the conclusions of other reports that certain surgical procedures can be performed safely in fish. 相似文献
9.
Strubbe DT Brooks DE Schultz GS Willis-Goulet H Gelatt KN Andrew SE Kallberg ME MacKay EO Collante WR 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2000,3(2-3):111-119
Ulcerative keratitis is a common and potentially blinding ocular disease of horses, capable of progressing to corneal perforation in as little as 24 h. This rapid stromal degeneration is mediated in part by exogenous and endogenous proteinases. We measured and compared the concentrations of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and a serine proteinase (neutrophil elastase) present in the precorneal tear film of normal horses and horses with rapidly progressing ulcerative keratitis. Precorneal tear film samples were collected from 23 ulcerated and 21 unaffected eyes of 23 horses with unilateral ulcerative keratitis, and from 33 normal eyes of 17 control horses. MMP-2, MMP-9, and neutrophil elastase were identified by casein and gelatin zymography and quantified by computerized image analysis. Median MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in the precorneal tear film of young control horses vs. older control horses ( P = 0.005). Median MMP-2, MMP-9, and neutrophil elastase levels were significantly higher in the precorneal tear film of ulcerated eyes when compared to age-matched normal controls ( P = 0.004, P = 0.001, and P = 0.012, respectively). Median MMP-2 levels were also significantly higher in the precorneal tear film of contralateral eyes of affected horses when compared to age-matched normal controls ( P = 0.004). No significant differences in median proteinase levels were detected between 'sterile' ulcers and those from which bacteria or mixed infections (bacteria and fungi) were isolated. However, median MMP-2 and neutrophil elastase levels were significantly higher in the precorneal tear film of eyes with 'sterile' ulcers when compared with ulcerated eyes from which fungi were isolated ( P < 0.05). The results of this study support the use of topical antiproteinase therapy which targets both MMPs and serine proteinases in progressive equine ulcerative keratitis. 相似文献
10.
This is the first article in a series on imaging. An overview of principles involved in imaging by survey radiography, contrast radiography, and fluoroscopy is presented. Anatomic and functional information available by these imaging modes are compared. Survey radiography is convenient and relatively inexpensive but often provides limited anatomic and functional information. Contrast radiography often increases anatomic information and, when used with sequential exposures, enhances functional assessment of various organs. Fluoroscopy provides a continuous but non-permanent image used in evaluation of organ motion or as a localizing tool. Permanent records are obtained by spot radiographs, spot film cameras, cine fluorography, and/or video tape/ disc systems. 相似文献
11.
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY ARTIFACTS 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
WM TOD DROST DAVID J. REESE WILLIAM J. HORNOF 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2008,49(S1):S48-S56
Radiographic artifacts may mimic a clinical feature, impair image quality, or obscure abnormalities. With the development of digital radiography (DR), a new set of artifacts is introduced. Regardless of the technology, the classic technical errors that occur with film screen radiography still occur using DR. Artifacts created using computed radiography, DR, and incorrect image processing are discussed. Methods for correction of the artifacts are presented. 相似文献
12.
Eric G Johnson Erik R Wisner 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2007,37(5):879-900, vi
Although conventional radiography is still the first diagnostic imaging approach to respiratory disease, CT is proving to be invaluable as an adjunctive procedure in characterizing nasal and thoracic pathologic findings. CT eliminates superimposition of overlying structures and offers superior contrast resolution as compared with conventional radiography. These advantages allow for more precise characterization and localization of lesions and are invaluable for guiding rhinoscopic, bronchoscopic, and surgical procedures. 相似文献
13.
Hannah R. Leventhal Anna M. Hassebroek Francisco Carvallo Harold C. McKenzie 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2021,33(6):1123
A 14-y-old pony mare was referred after 30-d duration of intermittent pyrexia, anorexia, weight loss, and change in manure consistency. Physical examination revealed a palpable but reducible ventral abdominal mass. Transabdominal ultrasonography revealed multiple distended, hypomotile, and thickened small intestinal loops in close approximation with numerous, well-defined, hyperechoic masses. There was a large amount of echogenic peritoneal fluid; abdominocentesis revealed a neutrophilic and macrophagic inflammatory exudate, and a mixed bacterial population was cultured. Given the poor prognosis, the mare was euthanized. The autopsy findings included a large abdominal abscess, serosanguineous peritoneal fluid with fibrin strands, and ~50 outpouches communicating with the lumen and extending from the anti-mesenteric aspect of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. These structures were classified as pseudodiverticula based on the histologic absence of the tunica muscularis layer of the intestinal wall. Pseudodiverticula should be included as a differential etiology in horses when clinical signs consistent with colic, diarrhea, or weight loss are recognized and, when on examination, one or more organized masses are palpated or visualized on transabdominal ultrasound, as well as visualization of small intestinal loops with thickened walls. 相似文献
14.
In this paper an overview of principles involved in nuclear imaging is presented. Nuclear images are picotrial representations of the distribution of systemically administered radiopharmaceuticals. Although many radionuclides are available. 99mTc is the most commonly used radionuclide, either in ionic form (99mTcO4) or bound to other pharmaceuticals. Distribution within the body is by physiologic processes, dependent on the radiopharmaceutical used. Most distribution processes are organ specific rather than disease specific. Scintillation detectors are used to record the activity and disribution of an administered radiopharmaceutical and to create a representative image on film. A rectilinear scanner is an imaging system with a small detector that moves systematically, point by point, over an organ of interest. A gamma (scintillation) camera is an imaging system with a large stationary detector that encompasses a larger field of view. Nuclear imaging provides information based primarily on physiologic principles, and radiography provides infromation based primarily on anatomic or geometric principles. Examples of some scanning procedures are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Gonzalo Maraon DVM PhD Brbara Muoz-Escassi DVM PhD William Manley DVM PhD Cruz García PharmD PhD Rosa Len DVM Begoa Olbarri DVM Patricia Cayado DVM PhD Cristina Domínguez DVM Mercedes Snchez de la Muela DVM PhD Maria Suarez DVM PhD Elena Vara BD PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2009,29(8):627-632
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of exercise on nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and cyclic guanosyl monophosphate (cGMP) levels in jumping and dressage horses involved in competition. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 100 horses involved in jumping or dressage competition at three time points: baseline at rest, on reaching the schooling but before exercise, and over a jump or dressage course. Fourteen healthy horses not involved in competition were used as control group. Exercise increased plasma CO concentration in both jumping and dressage horses, and this effect was more apparent in dressage horses. Exercise also increased NO plasma concentration in jumping horses, whereas it did not significantly modify NO plasma concentration in dressage horses. After exercise, plasma cGMP concentration was higher in both groups. Our results show that different signaling pathways are initially activated by exercise and that this activation is specific to the different modes of exercise. This information can be used to optimize warm-up and cool-down procedures for sport horses or to optimize training programs for equine athletes. 相似文献
16.
Mirjana Baban Ino Curik Boris Antunovic Mato Cacic Nidal Korabi Pero Mijic 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2009
Besides being well known for their use in classical dressage, Lipizzaner horses are today becoming more and more popular for use in driving sport, with Croatia as the largest breeder in the world. To estimate their phenotypic predisposition for driving sport, this research analyzes the correlation between body measurements and traits of length and speed of walk and hand-led trot in 18 stallions (LS) and 53 mares (LM) by using a digital camera. Statistical analysis of the data concerning phenotypic correlations among the indicated traits has revealed the potential of documenting a large number of structural exterior body characteristics and quantitative measurements in Lipizzaner horses, and technical equipment has been found to be useful in research of stride traits. Higher withers height (WH) achieved through breeding was found to be negatively correlated with the number of strides per second during walk and trot, but positively correlated with walk stride length, especially in LS. Higher values for chest girth (CG) and cannon bone circumference (CBC) were found to be positively correlated with speed, as well as with stride length in LS, and negatively correlated with the number of strides per second during walk and trot in both LS and LM. Because for many years the goal of breeding Lipizzaners in Croatia has been to obtain a bigger body format and longer stride, leading to better results in a driving sport, these findings confirm breeding goals in selection work guided toward better stride length and extended stride as the most desirable traits for driving sport. 相似文献
17.
18.
Marcello R. Roza Luiz Antonio F. Silva Mauricio Barriviera Alessandro L. Janu��rio Ana Cristina B. Bezerra Maria Clorinda S. Fioravanti 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2011,12(4):387-392
The development of veterinary dentistry has substantially improved the ability to diagnose canine and feline dental abnormalities. Consequently, examinations previously performed only on humans are now available for small animals, thus improving the diagnostic quality. This has increased the need for technical qualification of veterinary professionals and increased technological investments. This study evaluated the use of cone beam computed tomography and intraoral radiography as complementary exams for diagnosing dental abnormalities in dogs and cats. Cone beam computed tomography was provided faster image acquisition with high image quality, was associated with low ionizing radiation levels, enabled image editing, and reduced the exam duration. Our results showed that radiography was an effective method for dental radiographic examination with low cost and fast execution times, and can be performed during surgical procedures. 相似文献
19.
A question frequently asked by clinicians who are treating small animals suspected of having gastrointestinal foreign bodies is whether one imaging test such as survey radiography or ultrasonography is sufficient to make the diagnosis. A study was undertaken to try and answer this question. Survey abdominal radiography and ultrasonography was performed on 16 small animals (11 dogs, five cats) with clinical signs of an obstruction because of a confirmed gastrointestinal foreign body. The majority of the foreign bodies (14/16) were confirmed by surgical removal and were located in the small intestine. A gastric foreign body was retrieved endoscopically and a colonic foreign body was passed in the feces. Radiographically identifiable foreign bodies were evident in nine animals. Small intestinal overdistension was present radiographically in seven animals. Ultrasonography detected a foreign body in all 16 animals. The foreign bodies were identified by their distal acoustic shadowing and variable degrees of surface reflection. An intestinal perforation was detected sonographically but not radiographically. The value of additional sonographic findings including thickening of the gastrointestinal wall and loss of layering, free peritoneal fluid, and lymphadenopathy in these animals is discussed. The findings in this series suggest that in a small animal with a gastrointestinal foreign body, ultrasonography alone could be used to make the diagnosis and may be a more appropriate choice than survey radiography. 相似文献
20.
Joubert KE McReynolds MJ Strydom F 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2005,76(3):159-162
Spirocercosis is an emerging disease in veterinary medicine. A strong suspicion of spirocercosis is usually evident after a thorough clinical examination and radiography of the chest has been performed. Lesions seen on radiography include an oesophageal mass, spondylitis and oesophageal air. Unfortunately, radiography is not diagnostic and additional diagnostic procedures are required to confirm the diagnosis. Endoscopy is commonly performed to diagnose the condition. The dog presented in this study had radiographic and clinical signs consistent with spirocercosis and definitive diagnosis was required. Shortly after sedation with medetomidine, the dog went into cardiac arrest and failed to respond to resuscitative measures. On post mortem, the diagnosis of spirocercosis was confirmed and the cause of death was identified as acute aortic rupture. Aortic aneurysms are not an uncommon finding and cause of acute death in dogs with spirocercosis. The acute rupture of the aorta in this case is most probably the result of cardiovascular changes associated with the administration of medetomidine. Medetomidine causes an acute rise in systemic vascular resistance with hypertension. The increase in shear stress across the weakened aortic wall resulted in rupture. Caution with the use of medetomidine in patients with spirocercosis is advised. 相似文献