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1.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Previous reports of clostridial myonecrosis have either focused on individual case reports or have been small retrospective studies reporting very high mortality rates. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe the outcome of cases of clostridial myonecrosis submitted to 2 referral equine hospitals in the United States over a 15 year period. METHODS: A retrospective study of case material selected on the basis of positive Clostridium spp. culture or the identification of Clostridium spp. by specific fluorescent antibody testing from soft tissue wounds was performed at Cornell and Wisconsin. RESULTS: 37 cases of clostridial myonecrosis were documented. Twenty-seven horses survived, 8 were subjected to euthanasia and 2 died during treatment for an overall survival rate of 73%. Twenty-five cases (68%) were associated with Clostridium perfringens alone, 6 cases (16%) with Cl. septicum alone, 4 cases with mixed clostridial infections (11%), 1 case with Cl. sporogenes and 1 with an unspeciated Clostridium spp. The highest survival rate of 81% was documented for those cases from which Cl. perfringens alone was isolated. The most common antecedent condition prior to referral was colic. The myonecrotic lesion occurred within 6-72 h of a soft tissue injection in 34 cases but was associated with a wound or laceration in the remaining 3 cases. Of the 34 cases associated with recent injections, 24 were associated with i.m. injections in the cervical region, 4 in the semimembranosus/semitendinosus region, 3 in the gluteal region, 2 with perivascular leakage of drugs administered into the jugular vein and 1 case developed simultaneously in the gluteal and neck region following injections at both sites. CONCLUSIONS: Clostridial myonecrosis can occur following the i.m. or inadvertent perivascular administration of a wide variety of commonly administered drugs. It is most common in the neck musculature. Aggressive treatment can be associated with survival rates of up to 81% for cases due to Cl. perfringens alone. Survival rates for other Clostridial spp. tend to be lower. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: A combination of high dose i.v. antibiotic therapy and surgical fenestration/debridement is the best approach to cases of clostridial myonecrosis. With rapid diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, horses may have up to an 81% chance of survival.  相似文献   

2.
A gangrenous dermatitis model was developed in broiler chickens, in which birds previously vaccinated at 14 days of age with a bursal disease virus vaccine were challenged at 4 wk of age with various bacterial combinations with the combination of subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. Gangrenous dermatitis lesions were not produced in birds injected with one of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates, either alone or in combination with various Clostridium septicum isolates. Other S. aureus isolates produced significant levels of gangrenous dermatitis either alone or in combination with the same C. septicum isolates. These same C. septicum isolates when given alone did not produce gangrenous lesions. Data from this experiment show the highest level of mortality occurred in birds challenged with a mixture of C. septicum and S. aureus isolates, whereas lower or no mortality was associated with the same isolates given separately. The data clearly demonstrate that the pathogenicity of isolates responsible for gangrenous dermatitis varies widely, indicating that the frequency and severity of lesion production, as well as the occurrence of mortality, are largely dependent upon the specific isolate or isolates with which the birds are challenged.  相似文献   

3.
Infection was found in 14.5% of dead lambs classified as delayed or late post-parturient deaths or in 7.5% of the 4,417 lambs autopsied. Eighteen species of bacteria were isolated from these acquired neonatal infections. Many infections resulted from umbilical contamination at birth, some by ingestion, some were superimposed complications upon an already existing condition such as starvation, others occurred as post-marking sequellae. Neonatal infections were divided into hebdomadal (first week) and post-hebdomadal (7 to 28 days). The microorganisms isolated from hebdomadal deaths were Cl. septicum, C. pyogenes, Staph, aureus, Past. haemolytica, Past, multocida , and E. coli , from post-hebdomadal deaths Staph, aureus, F. necrophorum, C. pyogenes, Corynebacterium spp, E. coli, Cl. septicum, Cl. perfringens, Past, haemolytica. Streptococcus spp, pleomorphic gram-negative rod, A. lignieresii, Dermatophilus congolensis and miscellaneous species. It was estimated that acquired neonatal infections were responsible for one-thirteenth of the perinatal lamb deaths in the agricultural area of Western Australia or for approximately 1% of births.  相似文献   

4.
Five strains of Clostridium septicum were used to prepare bacterins, bacterin-toxoids, toxoid, and combinations of bacterins or bacterin-toxoids. These preparations were tested for immunogenicity in guinea pigs vaccinated subcutaneously with 1.0 ml of product. Usually, a second vaccination was given 21 to 24 days later. The immunity of groups of vaccinated guinea pigs was challenged with as many as 22 strains of C septicum. When challenge exposed with homologous strains at 21 to 24 days after one vaccination or 10 t0 18 days after a second vaccination, 60% to 100% of the guinea pigs in each group survived. Demonstrable cross-protection among strains of C septicum varied from none to 100% protection in vaccinated guinea pigs. A combination of bacterin-toxoid prepared from four selected strains protected 70% to 100% of the vaccinated guinea pigs challenge exposed with 21 strains. Duration-of-immunity studies demonstrated a twofold to fourfold decrease in protection when the vaccination-to-challenge interval was extended an additional 3 weeks. Strains of C septicum do not have an effective common immunogen and the stimulated immunity appears to be of short duration. Antitoxin was demonstrated to be less important than other factors in protecting against C septicum infection.  相似文献   

5.
Amplification of the 16S-23S rDNA spacer region by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the rapid detection of Clostridium chauvoei and C septicum. To assess its specificity, PCR was performed with total DNA from 42 strains of clostridia and three strains of other genera. PCR products specific to C chauvoei or to C septicum were generated from homologous cultures only. Clostridium chauvoer-specific or C septicum-specific amplicons were also generated from tissues of cows experimentally infected with C chauvoei or C septicum and in DNA samples from cows clinically diagnosed as having blackleg or malignant oedema. These results suggest that a species-specific PCR may be useful for the rapid and direct detection of C chauvoei and C septicum in clinical specimens.  相似文献   

6.
The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents against a total of 33 isolates of Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium septicum and Clostridium sordellii from cattle affected with malignant edema in Japan was determined. The low MIC activities of benzylpenicillin confirm the place of benzylpenicillin as the antibiotics of choice for treatment of malignant edema. Five (22%) of 23 C. septicum strains, five (71%) of seven C. perfringens strains and all strains of C. sordellii showed resistance to oxytetracycline. These oxytetracycline-resistant strains carried tetracycline-resistance genes [tetA(P), tetA408(P), tetB(P) and tetM]. The sequences of the tetracycline-resistance genes of some C. septicum strains were completely or nearly completely identical to those of strains belonging to other clostridiual species. This is the first report of resistance of C. septicum to tetracycline.  相似文献   

7.
AIM: To test the non-inferiority of a novel combination intramammary product containing penicillin and cloxacillin to a reference intramammary product containing oxytetracycline, oleandomycin, neomycin and prednisolone with regard to bacteriological cure and clinical cure.

METHODS: Clinical cases of mastitis were sourced from 30 spring-calving dairy farms in the Southland region of New Zealand. Affected quarters were infused three times at 24 hourly intervals with either the novel combination product containing 1?g penicillin and 200?mg cloxacillin, or a reference product containing 200?mg oxytetracycline, 100?mg oleandomycin, 100?mg neomycin and 5?mg prednisolone. Cows were enrolled when a farmer detected a case of clinical mastitis. Milk samples were collected for microbiological culture immediately before treatment (Day 0) and on Days 9, 16 and 23. Bacteriological cure was compared for 187 and 178 quarters treated with the reference and novel product, respectively, and clinical cure was compared for 235 and 223 quarters, respectively. Non-inferiority was assessed by calculating the difference in cure rates between the two products and constructing a 95% CI around the difference, using the variance inflation factor to account for herd level clustering. The non-inferiority margin was 20% for both bacteriological and clinical cure. Generalising estimating equation models were used to determine predictor variables.

RESULTS: The bacteriological cure percentage, adjusted to account for herd-level clustering, was 8.5 (95% CI=?1.7–21.8)% higher for quarters treated with the novel than the reference product. The adjusted clinical cure percentage was 0.3 (95% CI=?11.2–12.0)% higher for clinical quarters treated with the novel than the reference product. Bacterial species was the only covariate for bacteriological cure (p=0.003), and quarter score at enrolment (indicating udder inflammation) was the only covariate for clinical cure (p=0.032) in the multivariable models.

CONCLUSION: The novel combination product was demonstrated to be non-inferior to the reference product with regards to both bacteriological cure and clinical cure.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians treating mastitis now have access to this novel combination intramammary product, and demonstration of its non-inferiority compared to the existing reference product will provide options for treatment approaches. The novel product contains fewer antimicrobials; which are of a narrower spectrum of activity.  相似文献   

8.
Fecal samples of 150 dogs and 175 cats originating from different veterinary practices were investigated for assessing the occurrence of Clostridium (Cl.) difficile by using a selective medium for cultural isolation. From dogs without enteric symptoms 7 (9.3%) of 75 samples were positive for Cl. difficile, with 2 strains being cytotoxic for bovine embryonic lung fibroblast cells, which could be neutralized by Cl. difficile-antitoxin. In samples of 75 dogs with enteric symptoms Cl. difficile could be isolated in 2 cases (2.7%). In cats 9 (9%) of 100 fecal samples deriving from animals without enteric symptoms contained Cl. difficile, while in 75 cats with enteric symptoms, the isolation rate was 6.7% (5 strains). Of either group only 1 Cl. difficile-strain showed cytotoxicity for tissue culture. The results of this study allow to conclude, that in contrast to the significance for man Cl. difficile is neither for dogs nor for cats an important enteric agent. However these pets can harbour and shed strains of Cl. difficile, even cytotoxigenic ones, in faeces. In view of these findings the possibility of occasional human infections by household dogs or cats needs attention and further investigation.  相似文献   

9.
Omphalophlebitis, generally referred to as navel ill, is a common post-mortem meat inspection finding in very young calves slaughtered in New Zealand, and a gross pathological, histopathological and bacteriological evaluation of 147 carcasses condemned for this condition at routine post-mortem meat inspection was undertaken. Localised lesions restricted to the umbilicus alone were present in 29.9% of cases. The majority of cases included gross pathological change in the umbilical vessels and other tissue sites beyond the umbilicus. Most hepatic nodes were grossly normal but histological examination revealed that 61.5% of nodes from other than localised cases of navel ill were hyperplastic. However, there was little difference in the prevalence of hyperplastic hepatic nodes from cases of localised navel ill (21.4%) compared with normal calves (15.9%). Despite the wide range of bacteria isolated from umbilical lesions, Salmonella typhimurium recovered from the navel, liver and hepatic nodes of a single extended case of navel ill was the only isolation of known public health importance. Given the separation of cases of navel ill into different gross pathological, histopathological and microbiological categories, current meat inspection judgments whereby all calves with navel ill are condemned should be revised. In particular, routine condemnation of the carcass and viscera in all cases of localised navel ill (lesions restricted to the umbilicus alone) should be reassessed.  相似文献   

10.
AIMS: To assess the efficacy of a commercial intramammary preparation containing cefuroxime as a treatment for clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. METHODS: Clinical mastitis cases (n=440) were identified during early to mid lactation on 36 seasonally-calving commercial dairy herds in south-western Victoria, Australia, that ranged in size from 140 to 550 cows. A milk sample for bacterial culture was collected from each affected quarter prior to treatment. Cases were treated using a commercial intramammary antibiotic product containing either 250 mg cefuroxime or 200 mg cloxacillin, according to the manufacturer's recommendations, and the recommended milk with-holding period was observed. The assessment of clinical cure of each case was made by the farm owner/manager at the end of the milk with-holding period. Post-treatment milk samples were taken from clinically cured quarters at each of three consecutive milkings, commencing 7 days after the end of the milk with-holding period and submitted for bacterial culture. RESULTS: Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 252/416 (60.6%) pre-treatment milk samples submitted from eligible cases. Streptococcus uberis was the most frequent isolate, being cultured from 31.7% of cases. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 18.3% of pre-treatment samples, and Esherichia coli from 7.0%. The clinical cure rate for all eligible cases was 81.7%. There was no significant difference in clinical cure rates between cases treated with cefuroxime (186/225=82.7%) and cases treated with cloxacillin (154/191=80.6%). The trial had 80% power to detect a significant difference if the actual cure rates differed by at least 12.6%. There was a superior clinical response rate (p=0.04) for mastitis cases from which E. coli was isolated that were treated with cefuroxime (18/19=95%) compared with cloxacillin 6/10=60%), but case numbers were low (n=29). The overall bacteriological cure rate for the trial was 70% (69/98 cases assessed). There was no significant difference (p=0.27) in bacteriological cure rate between cases treated with cefuroxime (42/56=75%) and cases treated with cloxacillin (27/42=64%). CONCLUSIONS: This trial demonstrated that cefuroxime was an effective intramammary treatment for clinical mastitis and had similar clinical and bacteriological cure rates to cloxacillin, an accepted industry-standard product. Activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was demonstrated for cefuroxime which, along with the economic benefits of less discarded milk compared with other antibiotic preparations, indicated that cefuroxime is likely to be an appropriate intramammary antibiotic for the treatment of clinical mastitis in commercial dairy herds during early to mid lactation in Victoria, Australia.  相似文献   

11.
Two hundred eighteen genital tracts of slaughtered female camels were collected and examined. Infundibular cysts were observed in 35 tracts (16%); these were either unilateral (22 cases) or bilateral (13 cases) all containing fluids of different consistencies. The morphological and histological structures of the cysts were recorded. The bacteriological investigation and physicochemical analysis of cyst contents were carried out. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from 68.5% of cases. Rectal palpation and ultrasound technique were compared for the diagnosis of the cysts antemortem.  相似文献   

12.
Serum electrolyte values from 100 rhesus monkeys with diarrhea were reviewed. The most frequent finding was hyponatremia (88%), with hypochloremia next most frequently detected (80%). Metabolic acidosis was less common (59%) and usually associated with high anion gap values. Associations between electrolyte abnormalities and age, housing, or case outcome were not found. Bacteriologic culturing was performed on fecal specimens from 90 monkeys. Campylobacter coli or C jejuni alone was isolated from 42 (46.7%) specimens, C coli and Shigella flexneri were isolated from 25 (27.8%) specimens, and S flexneri alone was isolated from 6 (6.7%) specimens. A pathogen was not isolated from 17 (18.9%) specimens. Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, acidosis, and high anion gap values were most severe in monkeys infected with Campylobacter sp, either alone or with concurrent S flexneri infection. Serum sodium concentrations less than 132 mEq/L and serum Cl concentrations less than 93 mEq/L were consistently associated with Campylobacter sp infection.  相似文献   

13.
AIM: To compare the bacteriological and clinical cure rates for clinical and subclinical mastitis in New Zealand dairy cows following treatment with either an intramammary penicillin-dihydrosptreptomycin preparation or a subcutaneous injection of penethamate hydriodide. METHODS: Milk samples were collected from clinical and subclinical cases of mastitis before and 14 and 21 days after initiation of treatment for bacteriological culture, somatic cell count determination and conductivity testing. RESULTS: No significant differences in the bacteriological cure rate of major Gram-positive pathogens, clinical cure rate, somatic cell count or conductivity were found between treatments. However, the bacteriological cure rate of coagulase-negative staphylococcus infections and the overall bacteriological cure rate was lower for quarters treated with penethamate than with penicillin-dihydrosptreptomycin. CONCLUSIONS: The bacteriological cure rate of mastitis caused by major Gram-positive pathogens, the clinical cure rate, somatic cell count and conductivity did not differ between the two antibiotic treatments. .  相似文献   

14.
The protective effect of an alpha-toxoid vaccine of Clostridium septicum purified alpha-toxin was investigated in guinea pigs. Purified alpha-toxin was treated with formalin to make toxoid, and alpha-toxoid vaccine was prepared by mixing alpha-toxoid (4 to 64 microg/dose) with an aluminum phosphate gel as adjuvant. Guinea pigs were immunized twice with different doses of alpha-toxoid vaccine, and challenged with spores of C. septicum. The guinea pigs surviving after challenge had been immunized with 8 microg/dose or more of alpha-toxoid. All these animals produced titers of 20 units or higher of antitoxin at the challenge. The results suggest that C. septicum alpha-toxin plays an important role in protection against challenge with spores in guinea pigs.  相似文献   

15.
Six commercially available clostridial vaccines comprising one oil-emulsion, two alum-precipitated and three aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted preparations, each containing between two and seven antigenic components, were administered to groups of 10 rabbits and eight sheep in accordance with manufacturers' recommendations. Serum antitoxic values to Cl welchii beta, Cl welchii epsilon, Cl septicum, Cl oedematins and Cl tetani toxins were determined 14 days after completion of each vaccination course. The overall pattern of mean antitoxic values was found to be similar in sheep and rabbits, a vaccine eliciting a comparatively high antibody titre to any given antigen component in sheep also inducing a comparatively high titre in the corresponding group of rabbits. Similarly, comparatively poor responses in sheep were associated with poor responses in rabbits. The degree of variation in response within groups of animals was greater in sheep than in rabbits for all five antigenic components assayed. Sheep consistently developed higher titres than rabbits to Cl oedematins component but consistently lower titres to both Cl welchii beta and epsilon components irrespective of the type of vaccine used. The response of both species to Cl tetani antigen was similar in terms of serum antitoxic values. It was concluded that rabbits provide a suitable model for the assessment of potency of sheep clostridial vaccines.  相似文献   

16.
Serum agglutination (SAT), complement fixation (CFT), indirect ELISA (iELISA), competitive ELISA (cELISA), Rose Bengal (RBT) and EDTA-modified agglutination (EDTA) tests were used in parallel on serological samples from 19,935 cattle in 301 herds. The study herds were selected according to putative exposure to Brucellaabortus with cases defined by bacteriological culture or test agreement. No single test identified all infected cattle and, at diagnostic thresholds, relative sensitivity was highest in the iELISA (67.9%) or RBT (78.1%), using bacteriological culture or test agreement, respectively, to define cases. As screening tests, the relative sensitivity of the SAT was highest (75.9% by culture or 84.9% by test agreement), with an optimal threshold of 31 IU. The relative specificity of the diagnostic tests ranged from 99.6% (SAT 31IU) to 100% (iELISA, RBT and CFT). The trial confirmed the value of the SAT as a screening test and the value of parallel testing.  相似文献   

17.
A total of 143 secretions from clinical cases of summer mastitis (SM) in grazing cattle and from 89 cases of pyogenes mastitis (PM) in stabled cattle were examined bacteriologically. The typical bacteriological finding was a mixed flora in which the predominant organisms were Actinomyces pyogenes (SM-70%, PM-85%), Peptostreptococcus indolicus (54%, 54%), a microaerophilic coccus (Stuart-Schwan coccus) (26%, 25%), Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar B (22%, 12%), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (20%, 9%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (21%, 5%). All except six cases occurred in non-lactating animals or within three weeks after parturition. The majority of animals (about 90%) had only one quarter affected and no differences in quarter distribution were observed between the two groups.  相似文献   

18.
Clostridium septicum infection causing 5.0 to 5.2% mortality is reported for the first time in the literature from six-week-old growing geese in three flocks comprising 5,200, 5,500 and 5,900 geese, respectively. The affected birds exhibited weakness, uncoordinated movement, ataxia and, frequently, oblique position of the head and neck (torticollis) as well as signs indicative of dysequilibrium. The affected birds died within 18-24 h. Gross pathological examination revealed anaemia, hepatitis with map-like necroses of irregular outline (Fig. 1), acute enteritis, pulmonary oedema and cardiac dilatation. Light and electron-microscopic examination showed that the sinusoids of the liver were markedly dilated (Fig. 2) and filled with serous exudate and gas (Figs 2 and 3), and the hepatocytes surrounding them exhibited severe oedema (Fig. 4). Among the hepatocytes, ciliated bacteria 7-10 mu in length and 1-3 mu in width, bounded by a well-defined cell wall and often showing signs of spore formation were observed (Figs 5 and 6). By bacteriological examination the pathogen was isolated, its properties were studied, and the clinical entity of malignant oedema was experimentally reproduced by intramuscular injection of guinea-pigs and rabbits. The applied antibiotic (oxytetracycline) and furazolidone therapy proved effective.  相似文献   

19.
A vaccine against pneumonic pasteurellosis was evaluated for efficacy at two dilutions in lambs transported by sea from New Zealand to Saudi Arabia. The experimental vaccine was a killed Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 and A2 preparation. There was no evidence of either dilution of the vaccine leading to a lower pneumonia death or lesion rate than for the control group. However, bacteriological examinations to establish the causality of the pneumonia cases showed Pasteurella multocida to be the dominant organism, while P. haemolytica types A1 and/or A2 occurred at only a very low incidence.  相似文献   

20.
Sixty-six rabbits, with no history of vaccination against myxomatosis and which had died of pulmonary lesions, were submitted for virological and serological tests for Myxoma virus (MV) infection and for bacteriological examinations. At post mortem, the diagnoses based on observed lesions were as follows: acute haemorrhagic pneumonia (38%); acute suppurative bronchopneumonia (35%); and fibrinohaemorrhagic bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis (27%). MV was isolated from 10% of the rabbits, mainly from those with acute haemorrhagic pneumonia. Serological evidence of MV infection was demonstrated in 44% of rabbits. Pathogenic bacteria species isolated from lungs were Pasteurella (spp. and multocida), Escherichia coli, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, from 41, 11, 7 and 6% of samples. No relationship could be established between the presence of specific antibodies to MV and the observed pulmonary lesions or the results of the bacteriological examinations. A significant trend was established between the severity of the lesions and the results of the bacteriological examinations.  相似文献   

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