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1.
The risk related to the presence of residues in food of animal origin has to be carefully evaluated and it is important to distinguish between the residues of veterinary drugs and environmental contaminants. The first are easily monitored and only difficultly and occasionally exceed MRL concentrations, whereas the second ones can have prolonged and high level exposures. The Safety Margins of environmental contaminants are thus lower, and the risk increases for high level consumers. It is therefore important to ovoid transfer of pollutants to food of animal origin, especially when local contamination occur. 相似文献
2.
The risk related to the presence of residues in food of animal origin has to be carefully evaluated and it is important to distinguish between the residues of veterinary drugs and environmental contaminants. The first are easily monitored and only difficulty and occasionally exceed MRL concentrations, whereas the second ones can have prolonged and high level exposures. The Safety Margins of environmental contaminants are thus lower, and the risk increases for high level consumers. It is therefore important to ovoid transfer of pollutants to food of animal origin, especially when local contamination occur. 相似文献
3.
动物源食品中多种兽药残留主要是动物在生长和加工中额外添加。该种残留现象具有水平低、种类多、机制效应复杂的特点。针对该种动物制品在进行兽药残留检测中应综合运用新技术新方。目前在动物源食品中多种兽药残留检测中常用的技术为高效液相色谱质谱联合使用技术,该项技术具有检测灵敏度高,数据获取精准的特点,能对多种兽药残留情况进行定性定量的分析,在动物源食品多种兽药残留检测过程中应用较为广泛。该文主要论述动物源食品中多种兽药残留的种类及兽药残留检测技术。 相似文献
4.
H. J. Beckers 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(4):342-347
Summary Food‐borne diseases affect the health and welfare of hundred thousands of people and result in considerable economic loss. Salmonella and Campylobacter are by far the most important causes of food‐borne illness. Raw foods of animal origin are the major sources of these pathogens. Mishandling of foods in kitchens contributes to food‐borne disease outbreaks. More education is necessary. But because of the inevitable risk of recontamination of cooked foods in every kitchen, more emphasis should be placed on pathogen‐free raising of food animals and good manufacturing practices during slaughter. This will minimise contamination of raw foods of animal origin, thus reducing the contamination pressure in the kitchen and more effectively controlling food‐borne diseases. 相似文献
5.
New food safety initiatives in the Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The production of meat and poultry products has become increasingly complex. Technological growth has contributed to the need for sophistication in determining the origin and risk of food-borne microbial infections as well as environmental contaminants. The increasing use of agricultural chemicals in animal production and to some extent in processed foods has led to the presence of chemical residues in meat and poultry. These changes have caused the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), a public health agency within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), to institute new food safety initiatives and procedures for inspection of meat and poultry products. The goal is to reduce risks to the public health from conditions observed during antemortem and postmortem inspection or detected during processing. FSIS is committed to scientific innovation and has implemented several rapid inplant tests that have given the Agency inexpensive, less disruptive methods to determine product adulteration contamination. 相似文献
6.
Teodor Juszkiewicz 《Veterinary research communications》1983,7(1):113-118
Most of the chemicals contaminating the environment may penetrate animal organisms, causing various noxious effects there and being transferred to man via food of animal origin. It seems obligatory for veterinary medicine to play an important role in preventing environmental pollution and protecting human health. Pesticide residues may serve as a good example of the problem. Achievements and difficulties of pesticide residue analysis are discussed in view of the veterinary needs for xenobiotic toxicology. 相似文献
7.
Veterinarians play a pivotal role in public health control, in particular in the management of risks deriving from pharmacological treatments of food-producing animals. Veterinary medicinal products can represent a risk for animal health and welfare (side effects, decreased efficacy), for farmers and practitioners administering the drug, for consumers of food of animal origin (presence of residues, occurrence of antibiotic resistance) and for the environment. According to pending European guidelines, risk management starts from marketing authorisation that must be based on risk evaluation and can be denied when the risk/benefit ratio is not favourable considering the advantages for animal health and welfare and for safety of consumers. Veterinarians can prevent and control risks by using correct pharmacological criteria to choose and administer medicinal products and undertaking risk-based inspection of residues of drugs in food of animal origin. Moreover, a major tool for veterinarians to prevent and control drug-borne risk is "pharmacovigilance". Risks for the environment are usually assessed during the pre-marketing approval process, however veterinarians, as risk managers, should educate farmers about correct drug handling and disposal, and periodically verify that suggested measures are applied. 相似文献
8.
Veterinarians play a pivotal role in public health control, in particular in the management of risks deriving from pharmacological treatments of food-producing animals. Veterinary medicinal products can represent a risk for animal health and welfare (side effects, decreased efficacy), for farmers and practitioners administering the drug, for consumers of food of animal origin (presence of residues, occurrence of antibiotic resistance) and for the environment. According to pending European guidelines, risk management starts from marketing authorisation that must be based on risk evaluation and can be denied when the risk/benefit ratio is not favourable considering the advantages for animal health and welfare and for safety of consumers. Veterinarians can prevent and control risks by using correct pharmacological criteria to choose and administer medicinal products and undertaking risk-based inspection of residues of drugs in food of animal origin. Moreover, a major tool for veterinarians to prevent and control drug-borne risk is “pharmacovigilance”. Risks for the environment are usually assessed during the pre-marketing approval process, however veterinarians, as risk managers, should educate farmers about correct drug handling and disposal, and periodically verify that suggested measures are applied. 相似文献
9.
Moreno-López J 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2002,5(2):123-125
Outbreaks of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and food borne microbial infections, dioxin contaminated animal products, the presence of veterinary drug residues, microbial resistance to antibiotics, mycotoxins, agricultural and industrial chemicals, etc. are serious concerns for the food industry in many countries. Since the direct links between feed safety and safety of foods of animal origin are obvious, feed production and manufacture should be considered as an integral part of the food production chain. Industry is responsible for the quality and safety of food and feed that is produced. This paper is a brief review of some microorganisms as source of infections for farm animals that could result in human illnesses. These include Salmonella enterica, Bacillus anthracis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spiralis, prions, Listeria monocytogenes, EHEC, Campylobacter, Clostridium botulinum, Hog Cholera virus, Foot and Mouth Disease virus, etc. as well as other contaminants associated with animal feed such as mycotoxins, veterinary drugs, dioxins and PCB and Genetically Modified Organisms. 相似文献
10.
There are--especially in the case of food of animal origin--only a few well-controlled studies available comparing organically and conventionally produced food with a focus on residues and contaminants. The differences found seemed to be much lower than expected, and the amounts of residues and contaminants were mostly below regulatory maximum residue levels. In the case of organically and conventionally produced milk there have been slight but usually not significant differences reported. One important observation is, that conventionally produced milk contains aflatoxin M1 more frequently than biologically produced milk. The investigation of eggs from different housing systems for laying hens showed in the case of dioxins the highest concentrations in free range eggs. In contrast, propoxur, an insecticide used against the poultry red mite, was found in eggs from battery cages in higher amounts than in those from enriched cages and in eggs obtained from an aviary system. Further research in this field is highly recommended, but there should be more sophisticated evaluation of the data sets from national and international monitoring programs. 相似文献
11.
J.W. Schrama W. van der Her J. Gorssen A.M. Henken M.W.A. Verstegen J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(3):90-95
Summary Conditions (total complex of stressors) during the transport of animals vary strongly between and within transports. Adverse climatic conditions are stressors that animals have to face during transport. The thermoregulation of animals is discussed with respect to threshold values for optimal climatic conditions. These thermal thresholds depend on animal related factors and environmental conditions. The specific impact of transport conditions, such as food and water deprivation, high stocking density, high humidity and high air velocity, on thermal thresholds are described. 相似文献
12.
Animal production is relevant with respect to farm income and the position of the sector in the market, but also with respect to the quality and safety of products of animal origin, related to public health. Animal production is part of a chain of food production. Therefore, producers have to take consumer expectations and demands in the domains of animal health, welfare and environment into account. A different attitude for production has to be adopted; this attitude can be visualized in good farming practice, GFP, codes. Farmers who focused on quality in its broadest sense need a system supporting them in their management and control of quality risks. Generally speaking, there are three systems for that purpose: GFP, ISO and HACCP. When the hypothesis followed relates to animal health being a feature of quality, or else welfare and environmental issues, then animal health care can be executed following quality control principles. The HACCP concept is well suited for quality control at farm level, involving risk identification and risk management. The on-farm monitoring and surveillance system of critical control points in the animal production process is the most important tool in this procedure. Principles for HACCP application as well as certification fitness of HACCP are elaborated upon. They are illustrated by using salmonellosis in meat-pig farms as objective for an HACCP approach. It is further discussed that, in addition to animal health and quality, animal welfare and environmental issues could also be covered by an HACCP-like system in an integrated manner. Ultimately, the HACCP modules could end up in an overall ISO certification. 相似文献
13.
Hamscher G 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2004,111(7):288-291
Within the European Union, food safety and consumer protection are topics of highest priority. The evaluation of the safety of contaminants and residues in food is usually based on the determination of the acceptable daily intake (ADI), which in turn is the basis for maximum residue levels (MRLs). As this procedure depends on animal testing, a safety factor of 100 is usually applied to provide a margin of safety. This paper discusses the occurrence of relevant contaminants (e.g. dioxins, acrylamide) and residues (e.g. antibiotics, antiparasitic agents) in food and provides a brief assessment of the risks resulting from the consumption of food containing these substances. 相似文献
14.
Klein G 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1999,112(10-11):365-369
Food of animal origin has been considered as an important vector for the transfer of antibiotic resistances from animal to man. Such a transfer is possible by three ways: through antibiotic residues in food, through the transfer of resistant foodborne pathogens or through the ingestion of resistant parts of the original food microflora and resistance transfer to pathogenic microorganisms. A literature review and own investigations were performed in order to asses the potential impact of antibiotic resistance in food on the consumer health. In the first report Salmonella and Staph, aureus isolates were screened for their antibiotic resistance profiles. As a result it could be shown that residues in fresh meat or milk are quantitatively of minor interest. The resistance profile of Salmonella depended on the origin (pig or poultry), but only serovars could be identified which are generally not responsible for systemic infections. Staph. aureus isolates did not show any resistances relevant for human medicine. In these cases food can be considered as safe concerning its role as a vector for antibiotic resistances. However, a resistance monitoring seems to be necessary. 相似文献
15.
Actually, some 67% of therapeutical used antibiotics in livestock in the European Union are tetracyclines. Their use can result in unwanted residues in food of animal origin. Apart the risk of the possible development of resistances in enterobacteriaceae we have to keep in mind secondary circuits. This paper focuses on tetracycline residues in bones. Bones have been widely used as raw material for meat and bone meal and gelatine, and are also a frequent contamination of mechanical recovered meat. Bones contain tetracycline residues in concentrations up to 50 mg/kg. These bound tetracycline residues have ever been thought to be of no significance to health. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that these tetracyclines could be released in vivo and re-obtain their bioavailability. Further, several toxic degradation products of tetracyclines could be formed during heating. Additionally, in acid solutions from the production of gelatine high tetracycline concentrations have been found. These solutions are processed to dicalciumphosphate, which is used as a feed supplement in animal husbandry and as fertilizer in agriculture. 相似文献
16.
氯霉素残留的危害及其检测方法 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
氯霉素属广谱抗生素 ,曾在畜牧业中广为应用。但氯霉素有较强的副作用和毒性作用 ,如果氯霉素在食用动物中残留 ,可通过食物链传给人类 ,长期微量摄入氯霉素 ,不仅使人体肠道正常菌群失调 ,而且还会引起多种疾病 ,对人类的健康造成危害。世界上许多国家禁止此药用于生产食品动物 ,并规定了在畜产品中氯霉素不得检出。对于氯霉素的残留 ,存在多种检测方法 ,不同的检测方法具有不同的检出限。检测限问题已成为关注的焦点 ,发达国家对检出限的要求越来越严格 相似文献
17.
Pork has been traditionally considered an important source of human Toxoplasma gondii infection. Pigs, as other meat‐producing animals, can become infected by the ingestion of oocysts that are shed in the environment by infected cats or by the consumption of cysts present in tissues of infected mammals, commonly small rodents. The objective of this study was to investigate the level of T. gondii infection in swine from southern Chile that can be associated with the ingestion of oocysts and therefore exposure to a contaminated environment. A total of 340 serum samples from swine were obtained from three commercial slaughterhouses located in the Araucania and Los Rios Regions from southern Chile. Study animals originated from local farms, mainly small commercial producers, and the meat is sold locally. Overall, 8.8% (30/340) of the samples showed T. gondii‐specific IgG antibodies. Of these sero‐positive animals, 80% (24/30) were also positive for antibodies specific against the oocyst stage of the parasite, indicating that animals had been infected recently by the ingestion of oocysts. The observed results suggest a high level of environmental contamination with oocysts on the farms of origin. In addition to the food safety problems associated with the consumption of meat from infected animals, the high level of environmental contamination on the farm represents a direct health risk for people living and/or working on these farms. Consequently, there is a need to develop on‐farm monitoring programmes and identify risk reduction strategies (food storage, water purification, rodent control and contact with cats) that are appropriate and cost‐effective for informal and outdoor type of farms. 相似文献
18.
The projected human population growth of 9 billion by the year 2050 has placed greater demand on food security. This calls for an increased supply of foods, especially of animal origin in order to prevent food scarcity in the future. Poultry which would have been a solution to this increased demand for foods of animal origin had suffered from the rising costs of conventional feed ingredients, and this emphasizes the interest to develop local feedstuffs. In view of this, there is increased interest by livestock farmers especially in developing countries to harness the potential of leaf and seeds of tropical browse plants. Data abound that leaf and seed meal of tropical plants are rich in beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals. From previous studies, it can be deduced that leaf and seed meal of tropical browse plants improve chicken performance, but their use in animal feed has been limited owing to constraints imposed by antinutrient factors (ANFs). In this review, the biochemistry of leaf and seed meal of tropical plants, mechanism of actions, methodologies for detoxifying their ANFs, and their effect on chicken reproduction is discussed.
相似文献19.
The modern industrial and agricultural production provides many contact points for the food animals with several toxic substances. After their ingestion by the way of feed or water they may endanger the human health as residues or environmental contaminants in food of animal origin. Currently meat, milk and eggs produced on farms in the new federal states of Germany are considered to be dangerous with respect to their xenobiotic burden by numerous consumers. The own trials have been made to give first information about lead, cadmium and arsenic concentrations in feedstuffs, meat and milk from different dairy farms in Saxonia. No serious problems could be detected referring to the metal contents in roughage, grain and crops. Only a few feed samples reached eg. exceeded the permissible upper limits for arsenic and cadmium. But none of the examined feedstuffs contained inadmissible lead concentration. Milk and muscle produced in a metal polluted and not polluted areas were very low in cadmium, lead and arsenic. Total different is the situation in the cases of liver and kidney. Both organs of cows held on farms near a smelter were rich in cadmium and lead. The cadmium concentration in liver and kidney often and the lead concentration sometimes exceeded the permissible upper limits for food. In this context cadmium in kidney of older cows seems to be a problem in general. The results of the own examinations give no information about differences in the mean metal burden of feed and food between new and old federal states of Germany.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
20.
抗球虫药物在畜禽业应用广泛,可预防治疗球虫病,提高家禽饲料转化率,提升肉品质。但是,随即会出现饲料交叉污染,对非目标动物产生毒性作用,动物性食品中药物残留超标等问题。因此,建立简便、快速、灵敏度高的检测方法检测动物源性食品中的抗球虫药物残留极为重要。基于抗原-抗体特异性结合原理的免疫分析检测技术能够完成快速检测,高通量筛选,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简便、成本低的优点。本文综述了不同基质中抗球虫药物残留的免疫检测技术进展,重点介绍了酶联免疫吸附检测法、免疫层析法、荧光偏振免疫分析检测法、时间分辨荧光免疫分析检测法和生物传感器检测法。并对免疫检测技术在残留检测方面的发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为抗球虫药物的残留监控提供方法学上的参考,为新方法的建立提供思路。 相似文献