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1987年4—6月在北京农业生态系统试验站的冬小麦田里,以一台反照率表为基准,用5支管状辐射表按不同方式放置进行对比观测,对仪器性能和农田观测方法进行实验研究。得到不同放置方式下仪器灵敏度在一天中随太阳辐射和天空状况变化的规律,据此指出:当用管状辐射表测最植物冠层内的辐射到达量时,必须同时在冠层上方放置一台常规的天空辐射表和一支用作参考的管状辐射表,放置方向同冠层内的表。根据这些表的测量结果和事先获得的同样放置方向下管状辐射表灵敏度的对比观测结果,便能计算出到达植物冠层内的总辐射。 相似文献
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作物叶面积指数和倾角分布函数的一种推算方法 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
设计了一种由作物冠层的辐射分布推算作物叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）和叶倾角分布函数的方法。根据作物冠层中太阳光斑密度与群体结构关系的数学表达式，ＬＡＩ及其在各个叶倾角区间的分布可由不同太阳高度角时冠层内的光斑密度进行估计，而后者可通过观察冠层中的太阳总辐射和散射辐射的分布进行计算。因此，由容易测得的冠层总辐射的透过率，应用与多元回归分析类似的简单方法，就可以估算出难以趋势测量的ＬＡＩ和叶倾角分布函数。用对 相似文献
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作物叶面积指数和叶倾角分布函数的一种推算方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
设计了一种由作物冠层的辐射分布推算作物叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）和叶倾角分布函数的方法。根据作物冠层中太阳光斑密度与群体结构关系的数学表达式，ＬＡＩ及其在各个叶倾角区间的分布可由不同太阳高度角时冠层内的光斑密度进行估计，而后者可通过观测冠层中的太阳总辐射和散射辐射的分布进行计算。因此，由容易测得的冠层总辐射的透过率，应用与多元回归分析类似的简单方法，就可以估算出难以直接测量的ＬＡＩ和叶倾角分布函数。用对玉米和油菜进行的实测检验结果表明，推算精度可以满足实际应用的需要。 相似文献
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植物冠层分析仪测定荆条孤立冠层叶面积指数和透光率的分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用LAI-2200植物冠层分析仪(PCA)无损测定分析8株荆条(Vitex negundo L.)冠层叶面积指数LAIPCA(3.5~6.5)和天空开度(DIFN),通过LI-200SA传感器同步测定相应的光强透射率τ;同时利用收获法实测荆条冠层叶面积指数LAI收获法,对比分析LAIPCA与LAI收获法、DIFN与τ的相关性和偏差。结果表明:(1)两种方法所测叶面积指数相关极显著(P0.01);LAIPCA比LAI收获法平均偏高2.57%,表明LAI-2200用于荆条灌丛冠层叶面积指数LAI的测定结果偏差较小。(2)LAI-2200PCA测定DIFN与辐射传感器测定冠层透光率τ相关极显著(P0.01),说明LAI-2200 PCA可以替代收获法无损测定荆条孤立灌丛冠层叶面积指数和透光率。本文实现了用冠层分析仪对植物孤立冠层的分析,为林业生产和研究中较为普遍存在的孤立植物冠层下光照分析和叶面积指数测定提供了简便方法。 相似文献
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为解决涵盖土壤蒸发和作物冠层蒸腾的土培作物蒸散模型不能直接应用于稻壳炭基质栽培番茄灌溉的问题,该研究首先通过修改Penman-Monteith模型的原始表达式来去除土壤蒸发部分,并引入TOMGRO模型来模拟番茄冠层生长,给出了阻抗参数的修正计算,得到了新的番茄基质栽培蒸腾模型。考虑到蒸腾模型中净辐射项削弱了室外太阳辐射对冠层及以下部整株植株的耗水影响,进而将新的蒸腾模型与太阳辐射线性比例供水模型结合建立蒸腾-辐射综合灌溉模型。结果表明,蒸腾-辐射综合灌溉模型对上海崇明A8温室番茄灌溉量的模拟结果与实际结果之间的相关系数高于0.95,平均相对误差小于20%。这说明蒸腾-辐射综合灌溉模型能够较好地估算温室稻壳炭基质栽培番茄的灌溉需水量,对深入研究温室灌溉实施具有参考价值。 相似文献
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日光温室土质梯形墙体与地表太阳辐射测定分析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为研究日光温室梯形土质后墙与地表太阳辐射分布规律,采用辐射探头分别与墙体和地表平行的方式测定了后墙内表面上、中、下3点和地表面南北方向2点的太阳辐射照度。在墙体表面测试并比较了同一测点2种测法（探头水平安装与倾斜安装）的区别。结果表明,在墙体同一测点2种测法所测太阳辐射照度有显著性差异,倾斜法所测值大于水平法所测值,倾斜法所测值应为墙体表面实际得到的太阳辐射照度。在不开风口的情况下,墙体：温室后墙上、中、下3点表面日均太阳辐射照度依次升高。晴天,上、中、下3点日辐射总量分别占墙体日辐射总量的21.6%、36.6%和41.8%;阴天,这一比例为22.5%、34.0%和43.5%;地面：南北方向2测点太阳辐总量总是南部大于北部,南北2点太阳辐射总量分别占地面辐射总量的62.0%和38.0%;阴天的比值为63.2%和36.8%;墙体与地面：地面太阳辐射总量高于墙体。晴天,墙体表面太阳辐射总量为8.117 MJ/m2,地面为8.280 MJ/m2,地面值略高于墙体,差异不显著;阴天,墙体与地面太阳辐射总量分别为0.984 和2.068 MJ/m2,地面太阳辐射总量显著高于墙体太阳辐射总量。该研究为探讨该类型温室热环境提供参考。 相似文献
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基于机载激光雷达校正的ICESat/GLAS数据森林冠层高度估测 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
针对星载激光雷达(geoscience laser altimeter system,GLAS)大光斑属性,该文提出了一种改进后的光斑尺度森林冠层高度估测方法,并分析了复杂地表对其估测精度的影响.首先,对机载lidar点云分类出地面点,并利用地面点对点云数据进行高度归一化处理,提取点云局部最大值得到光斑范围内机载lidar最大冠层高度;以机载lidar最大冠层高度作为模型参数拟合因变量,同时以坡度作为模型的输入变量,结合光斑大小和地表粗糙度,进行参数拟合,得到改进后光斑尺度森林冠层高度估测模型;最后,利用实测样地数据对冠层高度估测模型进行验证.结果表明:机载点云数据可以准确地反映光斑范围内森林冠层的分布,受到树种类型和点云密度的影响,不同森林类型的点云冠层分布存在明显差异.坡度等级直接影响GLAS光斑尺度森林冠层高度的估测精度,改进后的估测模型可以减小坡度对GLAS光斑森林冠层高度估测的影响,模型估测均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)稳定在3.26～3.88 m.样地Lorey's高与估测结果拟合度较好,相关系数r=0.66,不同森林类型光斑尺度冠层高度估测精度存在差异,混交林估测精度最高,r和RMSE分别为0.84和1.06 m.该方法可以有效减少地形条件对光斑尺度森林冠层高度估测的影响,并为更大尺度的冠层高度制图提供了有效的参考. 相似文献
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<正> 一、前言1981-1982年我们在石家庄地区的栾城县良种场(114°39′E,37°52′N),对冬小麦田作物层光合有效辐射特征及干物质生产,进行了田间观测试验。将冬小麦试验田(5亩)分为4个区,每区内定点定期(10天)进行作物生育观测,包括:发育期、密度、叶面积、生长量,最后测产。农田小气候观测项目有:太阳辐射和光合有效辐射强度,作物层对太阳辐射和光合有效辐射的反射及透射辐射强度,作物层内光斑和阴影处太阳辐射和光合 相似文献
10.
基于冠层温度的典型沙生植物土壤水分状况诊断 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
冠层温度是植物体能量平衡结果的体现,是衡量植物水分多寡和有效性的重要指标,在农业中已经被广泛的应用于植物干旱程度的评价。本研究以柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、沙柳(Salix psammophila)、油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)3种典型沙生植物为研究对象,以土壤田间持水量的A(5%~20%)、B(20%~40%)、C(40%~60%)、D(60%~100%)设置4个水分梯度,监测并分析不同土壤水分条件下植物冠层温度日变化特征及差异性,探究沙生植物冠层温度对气象因子及土壤水分的响应规律。结果表明:1)在同一监测时间,即气象条件背景相同情况下,植物所处的土壤含水率越低,其正午的植物冠层温度越高。2)在日尺度范围内,植物冠层温度的高低受到气象因子、土壤水分的共同影响;通过相关性分析结果表明,气象因子对冠层温度的影响比土壤水分较为显著。3)基于日尺度上多时间点的冠层温度数据建立的冠层温度数据对气象因子响应的敏感度系数,可以判定植物所处的土壤水分状况。土壤含水率越低其植物冠层温度对气象因子的敏感度越小。利用植物冠层温度可以实现对于植物所处的土壤水分状况的判定,为大田植被的水分管理提供1种新的、便捷有效的途径。 相似文献
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基于ViewGIS的太阳直接辐射模拟计算功能,进行了峪口花果山太阳直接辐射时空分布规律的研究,并对太阳直接辐射模型进行了精度校验和误差分析,以期为当地的区域规划和生态环境建设提供基础资料和科学依据。主要结论:（1）太阳辐射总体趋势为一日中日出和日落前后的误差变化较为剧烈,中间阶段变化平稳。（2）太阳直接辐射随时间的变化呈现早晚小、中午大的变化规律。（3）太阳直接辐射随月份的变化也呈单峰型的变化规律,即7月份太阳直接辐射值最大,依次向两边递减。（4）太阳直接辐射随24个节气的变化呈典型的正态分布规律,即以夏至日太阳直接辐射值为中心依次向两边递减的规律。（5）不同坡度,随着坡度增大,太阳直接辐射日总量逐渐减小;不同坡向,太阳直接辐射日总量南坡最大,东南坡、西南坡次之,北坡最小。 相似文献
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为实现植物水分状况的非接触式测量,最大程度减少测量对植物生长的影响,该文采用非接触式激光扫描测量方法获取植物叶片三维形态信息,通过测量植物叶片的体态萎蔫特征反映植物亏水胁迫状况。运用微分几何算法、二维傅里叶谱分析法、垂直投影叶面积法以及标准差法分别定义了4种植物萎蔫指数:基于微分几何算法的萎蔫体态指数、基于二维傅里叶谱分析的萎蔫指数、基于垂直投影叶面积的萎蔫指数和基于标准差方法的萎蔫指数,定量刻画植物萎蔫状态。试验分析了萎蔫指数的日变化过程,通过与植物茎秆直径的比较,得出定义的指数可以有效表征植物水分的结论。结合环境参数(太阳全辐射和环境温度)进行了相关分析,研究环境对植物水分的影响。最后比较了4种萎蔫指数刻画萎蔫状态的有效性。研究结果表明:萎蔫指数(以萎蔫体态指数为例)与太阳全辐射、环境温度和茎秆直径均线性相关,决定系数分别为0.736、0.785和0.845。4种指数比较中,萎蔫体态指数、基于二维傅里叶谱分析的萎蔫指数、基于垂直投影叶面积的萎蔫指数刻画叶片萎蔫效果相似,这3种指数与植物茎秆直径的线性相关系数分别为0.841、0.849、0.800。相比之下,基于标准差的萎蔫指数刻画萎蔫效果较差且与茎秆直径相关性也较低(R2=0.640)。该研究可为植物水分状况的非接触式测量提供一种有效的方法。 相似文献
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《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2004,121(3-4):207-225
A two-dimensional, hourly or daily time step model was developed, which takes canopy characteristics and row orientation into account to simulate solar radiation interception in hedgerow orchards. In order to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of soil irradiance across the tree row, the canopy path length through which the radiation must travel to reach a certain point on the soil surface is calculated. The model assumes leaves to be uniformly distributed within an ellipsoid, and radiation penetrating the canopy is attenuated according to Beer’s law. Beam or direct radiation and diffuse radiation for the PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) and NIR (near-infrared radiation) wavebands are calculated separately, as they interact differently with the canopy. The attenuation of beam radiation by the canopy is strongly dependent on canopy dimensions and architecture, zenith and azimuth angle, as well as row orientation. Radiation can penetrate neighbouring rows, so two rows on either side of the simulated row are considered. Validation of the model was carried out for a wide range of conditions (crops, row orientation, canopy density, tree size and shape). Field measurements included solar radiation, soil irradiance at different distances from the tree row with tube solarimeters, leaf area density, as well as canopy size and row orientation. Model predictions of soil irradiance were excellent in orchards with symmetrical and elliptical canopies having a uniform leaf distribution. In orchards where the canopy was non-symmetric and/or had non-uniform leaf distribution, errors in predictions of solar radiation transmittance occurred. As a result of these discrepancies, the overall MAE was 40% of the average measured value of radiant transmittance over the whole day. 相似文献
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- 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2003,120(1-4):141
A decrease in stratospheric ozone may result in a serious threat to plants, since biologically active short-wavelength ultraviolet-B (UV-B 280–320 nm) radiation will increase even with a relatively small decrease in ozone. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that the effect of UV-B enhancements on plants includes reduction in grain yield, alteration in species competition, susceptibility to disease, and changes in plant structure and pigmentation. To determine the physiological effects on plants of any increases in UV-B radiation, the irradiances at the potential sensitive plant surface need to be known. A number of radiative transfer models exist but because of the importance of sky diffuse radiation to the global UV-B irradiance, models designed to estimate photosynthetically active radiation or total solar radiation may not accurately model the UV-B. This paper compares spatially and temporally averaged measurements of the UV-B canopy transmittance of a relatively dense maize canopy (sky view: 0.27°) to the estimations of two one-dimensional models differing mainly in the handling of sky radiance. The model that considered the distribution of sky radiance tended to underestimate the canopy transmittance, the model that assumed an isotropic sky radiance distribution tended to overestimate the canopy transmittance. However, the assumption concerning the sky radiance distribution accounted for only about 0.01 of the model error. Consequently, the sky radiance distribution is probably not important in modeling such dense crop canopies. The model that overestimated transmittance and had the generally larger errors, a modified Meyers model, used the assumption of uniform leaf angle distribution, whereas in the other model, designated the UVRT model, leaf angle distributions were estimated by sample measurements. Generally this model would be satisfactory in describing the statistically average UV-B irradiance conditions in the canopy. This model may also be applied to other dense plant canopies including forests. 相似文献
15.
基于夏玉米冠层内辐射分布的不同层叶面积指数模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为了模拟夏玉米冠层内各层叶面积指数垂直分布,光合有效辐射（photosynthetically active radiation, PAR）是研究作物群体光合作用和长势的重要特征参数,阐明冠层内PAR的垂直分布规律与冠层结构等参数之间的相关关系,可为遥感定量反演冠层结构参数提供模型基础。该文基于PAR在冠层内的辐射传输规律结合冠层结构模拟不同太阳高度角的PAR透过率垂直分布模型,并用地面冠层分析仪测量值进行验证,结果表明模型对封垄前玉米抽雄期冠层内PAR透过率垂直分布模拟精度较高。通过不同太阳高度角PAR透过率的垂直分布模型结合消光系数运用不同算法分别反演层叶面积指数（leaf area index, LAI）,并与不同高度层LAI实测值进行比较。结果显示：Bonhomme& Chartier算法反演不同高度层LAI精度较高,上层均方根误差（root mean square error,RMSE）为0.18,中层RMSE为0.55,下层RMSE为0.09。不同太阳高度角反演结果存在差异,30°和45°高度角均能较好地反演下层LAI,RMSE分别为0.11与0.09;30°高度角反演中层LAI精度较高,RMSE为0.30;45°高度角反演上层LAI精度较高,RMSE为0.18。结果表明基于不同太阳高度角构建的层LAI反演模型更适于实现夏玉米不同高度层LAI的遥感估算。该研究可为模拟垄行结构冠层内LAI垂直分布提供参考。 相似文献
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以MODIS遥感资料为基础数据,采用统计模型反演的方法,构建了两步法计算高分辨率地面太阳辐射量的计算模型。第一步基于遥感云量与地面日照百分率的相关关系,计算格点各月日照百分率值;第二步基于日照百分率与太阳辐射量的相关关系,计算格点太阳辐射量。应用本方案对四川省1km格点分辨率地面太阳辐射量进行计算,并利用6个辐射站总辐射实测值对计算结果进行检验。结果表明：四川省年总辐射量在3102～6659MJ·m-2,最低值出现在四川盆地东南部,最高值出现在川西高原西部。利用地面辐射站观测资料进行检验,结果表明各站各月太阳辐射量计算值与实际观测结果基本一致,年辐射量计算绝对误差均小于100MJ·m-2,相对误差均小于2%,表明该模型模拟精度较高,可用于四川省地面太阳辐射量计算。 相似文献
17.
V. Thomas D.A. Finch J.H. McCaughey T. Noland L. Rich P. Treitz 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2006,140(1-4):287
The spatial variability of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (fPAR) was characterized for a heterogeneous boreal mixedwood forest site located in northern Ontario, Canada, based on relationships found between fPAR and light detection and ranging (lidar) data over different canopy architectures. Estimates of fPAR were derived from radiation measurements made above the canopy at a flux tower and below-canopy radiation was measured across a range of species compositions and canopy architectures. Airborne lidar data were used to characterize spatial variability of canopy structure around the flux tower and a map of mean canopy chlorophyll concentration was derived from airborne hyperspectral imagery. Different volumes of lidar points for the locations directly above each photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor were examined to determine if there is an optimal method of relating lidar returns to estimated fPAR values.The strongest correlations between mean lidar height and fPAR occurred when using points that fell within a theoretical cone which originated at the PAR sensor having a solid angle α = 55°. For diffuse conditions, the correlation (r) between mean lidar height versus fPAR × chlorophyll was stronger than between mean lidar height versus fPAR by 8% for mean daily fPAR and from 10 to 20% for diurnal fPAR, depending on solar zenith angle. For direct light conditions, the relationship was improved by 12% for mean daily fPAR and 12–41% for diurnal relationships.Linear regression models of mean daily fPAR × chlorophyll versus mean lidar height were used in conjunction with gridded lidar data and the canopy chlorophyll map to generate maps of mean daily fPAR for direct and diffuse sunlight conditions. Site average fPAR calculated from these maps was 0.79 for direct light conditions and 0.78 for diffuse conditions. When compared to point estimates of mean daily fPAR calculated on the tower, the average fPAR was significantly lower than the point estimate. Subtracting the direct sunlight fPAR map from the diffuse sunlight fPAR map revealed a distinct spatial pattern showing that areas with open canopies and relatively low chlorophyll (e.g., black spruce patches) have a higher fPAR under direct sunlight conditions, while closed canopies with higher chlorophyll (e.g., deciduous species) absorb more PAR under diffuse conditions. These findings have implications for scaling from point measurements at flux towers to larger resolution satellite imagery and addressing local scale heterogeneity in flux tower footprints. 相似文献
18.
Bert G. Heusinkveld Adrie F.G. Jacobs Albert A.M. Holtslag 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2008,148(10):1563-1573
Open-path gas analyzers are popular in eddy covariance flux measurements of trace gasses (i.e. CO2). The quality of the data, however, may be influenced by several factors. Exposure in an outdoor environment invariably causes the instrument to become colder or warmer than the air temperature. Instruments with internal temperature regulation and/or from heat generated by active electrical components can also influence the sensor temperature. In addition, sensors can have condensation problems on their optical windows thus affecting the quality of the measurement. Unreasonable measurements have been widely discussed, especially in moist, high-latitude regions. As this is a very important research problem facing flux studies, we examined how wetness (dew and raindrops) on the surface of the focus lens of the popular LI-COR LI-7500 infrared gas analyzer may affect flux measurements from the open-path eddy-covariance system. Field experiments showed that additional sensor heating may inhibit dew formation yet greatly improve the quality of flux measurements. A detailed energy balance approach was used to model the gas analyzer window temperature under environmental conditions and dew effect through a pair of LI-COR LI-7500, with and without heat treatment, in a grassland ecosystem in the Netherlands. With the proposed model, existing datasets can be filtered for dew events. Data from three different flux measurement sites were then used to assess the magnitude of dew effects on longer time-scales; 2 years from the Netherlands and 3 weeks of data from an arid coastal desert. About 30% of the measurements were affected by dew in the grassland area versus 4% in the arid region during the dry season. Sensor heating suppresses dew formation but might lead to errors in trace gas fluxes evaluated over long periods, thus we analyzed how sensor heating or cooling affects trace gas flux measurements. Additions to a recent (2006) correction and application to a horizontally and vertically oriented LI-COR LI-7500 are presented as they deal with sensor heating problems in eddy-covariance systems. The sensor energy balance model, together with the proposed modified sensor heating corrections, were used to estimate sensor temperature effects on long-term scale CO2 flux measurements and showed that additional heating does affect the turbulent trace gas CO2 fluxes but is very minor, especially for a horizontally mounted LI-COR LI-7500 gas analyzer. Further efforts are urgently needed to improve the data quality and quality of flux measurements. 相似文献
19.
日光温室番茄不同空间尺度蒸散量变化及主控因子分析 总被引：8，自引：8，他引：0
明确日光温室作物不同空间尺度蒸散量及变化规律是提高水分利用效率、实现农业水资源合理配置的关键。该文针对华北地区典型日光温室,于2015—2016年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地,以滴灌番茄为研究对象,参考20 cm标准蒸发皿的累积蒸发量,设计充分灌溉和亏缺灌溉2种水平,研究不同水平下番茄叶片蒸腾、单株耗水(用茎流速率表征)和群体蒸散量的日变化和生育期变化,并采用通径分析法确定影响不同空间尺度蒸散量的主控因子。结果表明:叶片蒸腾和气孔导度随太阳辐射变化,峰值出现在10:00—14:00之间,移栽54~58 d后充分和亏缺处理的叶片蒸腾和气孔导度开始出现差异;充分和亏缺处理的单株耗水在晴天差异最大,阴雨天最小,且滞后太阳辐射约1 h;全生育期充分和亏缺处理的日群体蒸散量分别在0.32~6.65和0.15~5.91 mm/d之间变化,群体蒸散量在盛果期最大,占总耗水量的31.7%~34.7%。净辐射对叶片、单株和群体尺度的蒸腾量影响均显著,而水汽压差仅对单株和群体尺度蒸散量影响显著,估算日光温室番茄单株耗水和群体蒸散量时需考虑风速影响。水分胁迫条件下,考虑叶温变量可显著提高单株耗水和群体蒸散量的估算精度。研究可为不同空间尺度蒸散量转换方法的选择以及尺度提升理论模型的构建提供借鉴。 相似文献
20.
GREENSPAN茎流法对玉米蒸腾规律的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以盆栽玉米为试材、称重法为基准,验证了GREEN SPAN茎流法测量作物蒸腾量的可行性。茎流法与称重法两者测值的绝对误差为0.20~4.56 g/(株.h),相对误差为2.03%~10.42%,表明茎流计所测得的玉米茎流速率可准确的表示作物蒸腾速率。以此为基础,探讨了不同天气下GREEN SAPPAN茎流法实测玉米茎流的日变化规律:白天玉米茎流随太阳辐射及天气变化呈规律性变化,晚间有较细微而稳定的茎流。晴好天气,玉米茎流的日变化呈单峰曲线,多云或阴天天气,为不对称的“M”型,且茎流的启动时间存在一个受天气和太阳辐射变化共同影响的临界值。灰色关联度分析表明,晴好天气下,太阳辐射是影响蒸腾速率的主要因素;多云或多云转晴天气下,气温和相对湿度成为影响蒸腾速率的主要因素,太阳辐射的作用相对降低。 相似文献