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1.
The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse. 相似文献
2.
Sinclair MD Mealey KL Matthews NS Peck KE Taylor TS Bennett BS 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(6):1082-1085
OBJECTIVE: To determine the disposition of a bolus of meloxicam (administered IV) in horses and donkeys (Equus asinus) and compare the relative pharmacokinetic variables between the species. ANIMALS: 5 clinically normal horses and 5 clinically normal donkeys. PROCEDURES: Blood samples were collected before and after IV administration of a bolus of meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg). Serum meloxicam concentrations were determined in triplicate via high-performance liquid chromatography. The serum concentration-time curve for each horse and donkey was analyzed separately to estimate standard noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables. RESULTS: In horses and donkeys, mean +/- SD area under the curve was 18.8 +/- 7.31 microg/mL/h and 4.6 +/- 2.55 microg/mL/h, respectively; mean residence time (MRT) was 9.6 +/- 9.24 hours and 0.6 +/- 0.36 hours, respectively. Total body clearance (CL(T)) was 34.7 +/- 9.21 mL/kg/h in horses and 187.9 +/- 147.26 mL/kg/h in donkeys. Volume of distribution at steady state (VD(SS)) was 270 +/- 160.5 mL/kg in horses and 93.2 +/- 33.74 mL/kg in donkeys. All values, except VD(SS), were significantly different between donkeys and horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The small VD(SS) of meloxicam in horses and donkeys (attributed to high protein binding) was similar to values determined for other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Compared with other species, horses had a much shorter MRT and greater CL(T) for meloxicam, indicating a rapid elimination of the drug from plasma; the even shorter MRT and greater CL(T) of meloxicam in donkeys, compared with horses, may make the use of the drug in this species impractical. 相似文献
3.
Differential responses of Equus caballus and Equus asinus to infection with two pathogenic strains of equine infectious anemia virus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Most in vivo studies with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have been performed in horses and ponies (Equus caballus) with little published information available detailing the clinical responses of donkeys (Equus asinus) to infection with this virus. Consequently, donkeys were inoculated with two strains of EIAV (EIAV(PV) and EIAV(WY)) which have been documented to produce disease in E. caballus. Four ponies, 561, 562, 564 and 567 and two donkeys, 3 and 5 were infected with EIAV(PV) and one horse (94-10) and one donkey (4) were infected with EIAV(WY). Although the horse and ponies all experienced clinical signs of disease, which in some cases were severe, the donkeys remained asymptomatic throughout a 365-day observation period, except for mild transient reductions in platelet counts. The results from serological assays, virus isolation from plasma and detection of plasma-associated viral RNA by RT-PCR, indicated that initial replication of EIAV(PV) and EIAV(WY) was lower in donkeys than in horses and ponies. This conclusion was confirmed using competitive RT-PCR, in which viral RNA levels in the plasma of EIAV(PV)-infected ponies was up to 100,000-fold higher than in infected donkeys during the first 20 days post-infection (dpi). Similar results were obtained in the EIAV(WY)-infected animals, in which viral RNA burdens in the donkey at 20 dpi were 1000-fold less than in the horse. However, infection of donkey and horse monocyte-derived macrophage cultures with EIAV(PV) demonstrated that these cells in vitro were equally susceptible to virus-induced cytopathic effects and yielded similar levels of progeny virus. This result suggests that factors other than host cell permissiveness mediate the clinical differences observed between horses and donkeys infected with EIAV(PV) or EIAV(WY). 相似文献
4.
动物福利是国内外学者热议的话题,也是标准化生产和畜产品质量安全的重要影响因素。动物福利体现在饲养、养殖环境、健康、行为等各个环节中。马驴作为中国重要的草食家畜,在精准扶贫和乡村振兴中发挥着重要作用。该文阐述了马驴养殖的经济价值,对中国马驴养殖福利现状和动物福利在马驴养殖中的相关影响因素进行探讨,为宣传、提升马驴养殖福利提供一些参考。 相似文献
5.
Investigating the opinions of donkey owners and veterinary surgeons towards pain and analgesia in donkeys 
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下载免费PDF全文 The aim of this questionnaire‐based study was to identify which analgesics are currently prescribed to donkeys in clinical practice and to collect opinions from veterinary surgeons and donkey owners on the importance of different pain‐related behaviours in donkeys. Questionnaires were completed by 143 veterinary surgeons and 93 donkey owners. Phenylbutazone, flunixin, detomidine and butorphanol were reported as the most frequently used analgesics in donkeys. Most veterinary surgeons reported administering these drugs at the horse dose rate and dosing interval, which may be inappropriate in the donkey. Four pain‐related behaviours were identified as very important by veterinary surgeons and owners: dullness for colic‐associated pain, keeping the foot lifted, and lameness for foot and limb pain and inability to chew properly for head and dental pain. This is a more limited behavioural repertoire than has recently been identified to be associated with pain in the donkey and suggests that the respondents were reporting perceived wisdom as to what people think are the behavioural signs associated with pain or were not interpreting pain‐related behaviours correctly. 相似文献
6.
Mealey KL Matthews NS Peck KE Burchfield ML Bennett BS Taylor TS 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(11):1479-1482
OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma disposition of the R(-) and S(+) enantiomers of carprofen after IV administration of a bolus dose to donkeys and horses. ANIMALS: 5 clinically normal donkeys and 3 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected from all animals at time 0 (before) and at 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 24, 28, 32, and 48 hours after IV administration of a bolus of carprofen (0.7 mg/kg). Plasma was analyzed in triplicate via high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the concentrations of the carprofen enantiomers. A plasma concentrationtime curve for each donkey and horse was analyzed separately to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables. RESULTS: In donkeys and horses, the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) was greater for the R(-) carprofen enantiomer than it was for the S(+) carprofen enantiomer. For the R(-) carprofen enantiomer, the AUC and mean residence time (MRT) were significantly less and total body clearance (CIT) was significantly greater in horses, compared with donkeys. For the S(+) carprofen enantiomer, AUC and MRT were significantly less and CIT and apparent volume of distribution at steady state were significantly greater in horses, compared with donkeys. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results have suggested that the dosing intervals for carprofen that are used in horses may not be appropriate for use in donkeys. 相似文献
7.
马、驴是重要的草食家畜,在人类的历史变迁和生产生活中扮演重要角色。马、驴的初始功能主要以役用为主,多用于乘骑或驮运物品。随着机械化程度和交通方式的进步,其役用功能逐渐降低甚至消失。现代马产业主要以竞技、休闲娱乐及副产品加工为主,而驴产业则以皮、肉、乳及其生物制品的开发利用为主。马经济性状主要包括体型、毛色、竞赛能力、疾病、极端环境适应能力等,在驴上更关注生长、皮用和泌乳等性状。随着基因组学和生物信息学的发展,马、驴主要经济性状相关基因的发掘更为有效和精准：如与马体重、体尺相关的基因被定位于LCORL/NCAPG基因区域;MSTN基因与骨骼肌的发育相关,进而影响马竞赛性能;与设特兰矮马、德保矮马矮小性状相关的主要基因分别为HMGA2和TBX3基因;ACAN基因突变会导致设特兰矮马侏儒;DMRT3基因突变影响马的步态特征;KIT基因与白斑毛表型相关,MC1R基因是控制栗色毛的主要基因,ASIP基因与黑色毛相关;EDNRB基因突变会导致致死白色马驹综合征;EPAS1基因和线粒体NADH6基因在高原适应性进化中起重要作用。作者对马、驴主要经济性状相关功能基因的研究进展进行综述,并对功能基因组学研究进行展望,以期为今后开展马、驴分子遗传育种研究提供借鉴与参考。 相似文献
8.
旨在探究马和驴血清蛋白质生物学特征,为马属动物种间生理特征比较和健康保障提供理论依据。本研究选取辽宁省大连市某集约化养殖场的9匹蒙古马和9头辽西驴,雌性,年龄4~10岁,均处于正常发情周期的间情期,健康无病、精神状态及采食状况良好,分别提供相同的饲养条件。采集马和驴各9份血清样品分别随机分成3组,每组内的3份血清样品均匀混合成1个生物学重复,各获得3个生物学重复的血清样品。利用Label-free蛋白质组学技术及生物信息学方法对马和驴的血清蛋白质组分进行比较研究,提取血清蛋白质,再对蛋白质进行酶解,液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）进行蛋白质组分分析,数据库检索分析马和驴血清样品中蛋白质表达情况,并应用生物信息学方法筛选马和驴血清差异关键调控蛋白质。结果显示,本研究共鉴定出361种蛋白质,其中,马血清中表达288种蛋白质,分子量范围为1.52~511.24 ku;驴血清中表达244种蛋白质,分子量范围为1.53~611.47 ku;共获得231种显著差异表达蛋白质（差异倍数≥1.5,P≤0.05）。差异表达蛋白质主要参与蛋白质激活、补体激活、免疫应答、凝血和脂蛋白氧化调控等生物学过程。显著富集的KEGG通路为补体和凝血级联,吞噬体,内质网蛋白质加工,抗原加工递呈,甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸的代谢,癌症蛋白多糖等。通过差异蛋白互作分析显示,差异表达蛋白质紧密相连富集最为显著的功能模块主要为代谢途径、补体和凝血级联、吞噬体,HSP90AA1、HSPA8、APOD、APOM、SERPING1、MASP1、CALR、TUBA1B、TUBB等处在关系互作网的重要节点。马和驴在生理条件下的血清蛋白质组成特征存在一定差异,该研究为进一步揭示马属动物种间生理特征差异和有效保障健康提供数据支撑。 相似文献
9.
The microhardness of the enamel, primary dentine and regular secondary dentine of seven donkey and six horse incisors was determined with a Knoop indenter at the subocclusal and mid-tooth level. The mean microhardnesses of the donkey incisor enamel, primary dentine and secondary dentine were 264.6 63.00 and 53.6 Knoop Hardness Number, respectively. There was no significant difference between the microhardness of the enamel and primary dentine on the incisors of the donkeys and horses, but the microhardness of the regular secondary dentine of the donkeys' incisors at the mid-tooth level was slightly but significantly less than that of the horses. There was also a difference in the microhardness of the secondary dentine between the subocclusal and mid-tooth levels in both donkey and horse incisors. 相似文献
10.
Coakley M Peck KE Taylor TS Matthews NS Mealey KL 《American journal of veterinary research》1999,60(11):1441-1444
OBJECTIVE: To compare serum disposition of flunixin meglumine after i.v. administration of a bolus to horses, donkeys, and mules. ANIMALS: 3 clinically normal horses, 5 clinically normal donkeys, and 5 clinically normal mules. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected at time zero (before) and 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and at 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, and 8 hours after i.v. administration of a bolus of flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight). Serum was analyzed in duplicate by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of flunixin meglumine concentrations. The serum concentration-time curve for each horse, donkey, and mule were analyzed separately to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) area under the curve for donkeys (646 +/- 148 minute x microg/ml) was significantly less than for horses (976 +/- 168 minute x microg/ml) or for mules (860 +/- 343 minute x microg/ml). Mean residence time for donkeys (54.6 +/- 7 minutes) was significantly less than for horses (110 +/- 24 minutes) or for mules (93 +/- 30 minutes). Mean total body clearance for donkeys (1.78 +/- 0.5 ml/kg/h) was significantly different from that for horses (1.14 +/- 0.18 ml/kg/h) but not from that for mules (1.4 +/- 0.5 ml/kg/h). Significant differences were not found between horses and mules for any pharmacokinetic variable. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Significant differences exist with regard to serum disposition of flunixin meglumine in donkeys, compared with that for horses and mules. Consequently, flunixin meglumine dosing regimens used in horses may be inappropriate for use in donkeys. 相似文献
11.
Susan L. Dugat Tex S. Taylor Nora S. Matthews Jenifer R. Gold 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2010
Reference ranges for triglycerides, insulin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are used in diagnosing hyperlipemia and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in the donkey. Values are currently compared to reference ranges of the horse so as to diagnose disease. Previous studies found differences between hematological, serum biochemical, and hormone values of the horse and donkey. We suspected that similar differences existed between horse and donkey triglyceride, insulin, cortisol, and ACTH levels. Blood samples were drawn from 44 healthy mammoth donkeys and 1 miniature donkey, ranging in age from 3 weeks to 21 years, and varying in sex and pregnancy status. All but one donkey scored 3 of 5, “ideal,” body condition scoring. Samples were tested for triglycerides, insulin, cortisol, and ACTH levels. A marked difference was found between horse and donkey normal values for triglycerides, insulin, and ACTH. The mean values and standard deviation in the tested population were 66.4 ± 34.2 mg/dL for triglycerides, 2.1 ± 2.05 μU/mL for insulin, and 66.7 ± 20.7 pg/mL for ACTH. The reference ranges in the horse are 14–77 mg/dL for triglycerides, 4.9–45.5 μU/mL for insulin, and 18.7 ± 6.8 pg/mL for ACTH. Cortisol levels were similar in the two species, a 4.0 ± 1.2 μg/dL for donkeys being within the reference range for the horse, 2.9–6.6 μg/dL. Values were not correlated to age. The sample size prevented us from determining any correlation according to sex or pregnancy status. Differences between horse and donkey triglyceride and ACTH values may be significant for accurately diagnosing and treating hyperlipemia and PPID, respectively, in the donkey. 相似文献
12.
OBJECTIVE: To compare serum disposition of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim after IV administration to donkeys, mules, and horses. ANIMALS: 5 donkeys, 5 mules, and 3 horses. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours after IV administration of sulfamethoxazole (12.5 mg/kg) and trimethoprim (2.5 mg/kg). Serum was analyzed in triplicate with high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim concentrations. Serum concentration-time curve for each animal was analyzed separately to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables. RESULTS: Clearance of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in donkeys was significantly faster than in mules or horses. In donkeys, mean residence time (MRT) of sulfamethoxazole (2.5 hours) was less than half the MRT in mules (6.2 hours); MRT of trimethoprim in donkeys (0.8 hours) was half that in horses (1.5 hours). Volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) for sulfamethoxazole did not differ, but Vdss of trimethoprim was significantly greater in horses than mules or donkeys. Area under the curve for sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim was higher in mules than in horses or donkeys. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dosing intervals for IV administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in horses may not be appropriate for use in donkeys or mules. Donkeys eliminate the drugs rapidly, compared with horses. Ratios of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole optimum for antibacterial activity are maintained for only a short duration in horses, donkeys, and mules. 相似文献
13.
《African Zoology》2013,48(4):139-144
Farmers in the northern, communally managed parts of the Succulent Karoo, an arid rangeland system in South Africa, historically used donkeys and horses for transport and ploughing. With increasing mechanisation, draught animal power has largely been replaced by machines. Yet, donkeys and horses have been maintained in the agricultural landscape in small feral and semi-feral herds. Research has shown that they compete directly with productive livestock (mostly sheep and goats) for forage resources, contributing little to the local economy. Local farmers identify the presence of feral donkeys and horses as one of the primary challenges in maintaining sustainable grazing regimes on their land. However, records of the number of animals roaming the rangelands are scarce and anecdotal. We therefore conducted a combination of aerial, ground, and social surveys to estimate the minimum population size and potential grazing impact of the donkey and horse population in two communally farmed sites in the Succulent Karoo. We show that, in the representative sites surveyed, there are at least 376 equines (274 donkeys and 102 horses), representing approximately the equivalent of 2 228 sheep and goats, and consuming ～8% of the potential grazing available for productive livestock in these areas. This could represent a significant lost opportunity cost for local farmers in the region. 相似文献
14.
M C Round 《The Veterinary record》1976,99(20):393-395
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (Cobbold 1884) infects the respiratory tract of horses, donkeys, mules, hinnies and zebra. A review of the literature has been given by Round (1972). In the western hemisphere it is popularly believed that donkeys are the natural host and that horses become infected by association with infected donkeys. There is scant documentary evidence for this and, in the Soviet Union, patent infections may reach 70 per cent without mention of donkey association (Koulikov 1935, Borovkova 1948, Akramovskii 1952a). Poynter (1963) considered the infection to be rare in the United Kingdom although cases had been reported by Fletcher (1960) and Holmes (1960). The lack of precise data on this parasite has led to the assumption that it behaves like D filaria and D viviparaus of ruminants. Studies made in the United Kingdom have shown that there are some important differences (Round, 1972). 相似文献
15.
16.
Donkey dental anatomy. Part 2: Histological and scanning electron microscopic examinations 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
Ten normal cheek teeth (CT) were extracted at post mortem from donkeys that died or were euthanased for humane reasons. Decalcified histology was performed on three sections (sub-occlusal, mid-tooth and pre-apical) of each tooth, and undecalcified histology undertaken on sub-occlusal sections of the same teeth. The normal histological anatomy of primary, regular and irregular secondary dentine was found to be similar to that of the horse, with no tertiary dentine present. Undecalcified histology demonstrated the normal enamel histology, including the presence of enamel spindles. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on mid-tooth sections of five maxillary CT, five mandibular CT and two incisors. The ultrastructural anatomy of primary and secondary dentine, and equine enamel types-1, -2 and -3 (as described in horses) were identified in donkey teeth. Histological and ultrastructural donkey dental anatomy was found to be very similar to equine dental anatomy with only a few quantitative differences observed. 相似文献
17.
During a 5 months' period from January to May 1981 faecal samples of 176 donkeys from 59 herds all over the country were examined at the Institute of internal medicine, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen. In addition, the investigation also included 106 horses from 30 of the donkey herds and 34 horses hospitalized with symptoms of dyspnoea and chronic coughing. In all, 87.5% of the donkeys were shown to excrete D. arnfieldi larvae, often in very high numbers, and the larval excretion was the only symptom of lungworm infection. There was no significant correlation between larval excretion and age, sex or herd size. In horses, the frequency of D. arnfieldi infection was approximately the same in the horses from donkey herds and in horses hospitalized due to chronic cough (10.4% and 8.8% resp.). In contrast to the donkeys, the infection in horses was always accompanied by dyspnoea and coughing. 相似文献
18.
Post-mortem examination of 19 donkey skulls showed that donkeys have a greater degree of anisognathia (27% width difference between upper and lower jaws) compared to horses (23%). Teeth (n=108) were collected from 14 skulls and examined grossly and by computed axial tomography (CAT). A greater degree of peripheral enamel infolding was found in mandibular cheek teeth (CT) compared to maxillary CT (P<0.001). A significant increase in peripheral cementum from the apical region to the clinical crown was demonstrated in all CT (P<0.0001). All donkey CT had at least five pulp cavities with six pulp cavities present in the 06s and 11s. A new endodontic numbering system for equid CT has been proposed. A greater occlusal depth of secondary dentine (mm) was present in older donkeys (>16 years) than in the younger (<15 years) donkeys studied. Based on gross and CAT examinations, donkey dental anatomy was shown to be largely similar to that described in horses. 相似文献
19.
Gross anatomical examination of the organization of the maxillary artery was carried out in 10 formalin embalmed, latex injected adult donkeys. The results indicate that although there are variations from other domestic animals, the distribution of this artery in the donkey is similar to that of the horse. 相似文献
20.