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1.
为了探索地面滴灌栽培107杨（Populus×euramericana cv.‘74/76’）人工林根系的生长和发育特征及分布规律,采用全挖法和分层分段挖掘法对北京市永定河故道沙地滴灌栽培和常规栽培的2年生杨树个体和林分根系进行了全面调查,系统分析了2种栽培条件下杨树个体和林分根系的数量、长度和生物量及其垂直和水平分布规律。结果表明：（1） 滴灌栽培杨树的主根分布深度仅为1.3 m,而常规栽培杨树的主根分布深度达到4.5 m;滴灌栽培杨树根系行间方向分布范围是常规栽培的1.8倍,顺行方向分布范围是常规栽培的1.2倍;滴灌栽培杨树侧根数量是常规栽培的2.0倍。（2）滴灌栽培杨树个体根系总长和生物量分别是常规栽培的1.8倍和1.2倍,主根和Ⅰ级侧根的总长和生物量与常规栽培近乎相同,而Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级侧根的总长和生物量则远远大于常规栽培。（3）滴灌栽培杨树林分根系总长和生物量分别是常规栽培的2.0、1.1倍,径级在5≤D<10 mm、10≤D<15 mm和D≥15 mm的根总长和生物量与常规栽培相近,而径级在D<1 mm和1≤D<5 mm的根总长和生物量远大于常规栽培。（4）滴灌栽培和常规栽培杨树的根系均主要分布在0~40 cm的土层内,滴灌栽培4/5和常规栽培2/3的根系特别是吸收根（D<1 mm）分布在0~20 cm深的土层内。（5）滴灌栽培和常规栽培杨树林分的吸收根主要分布在距离树干基部0~1.0 m的范围内,滴灌栽培杨树林分的吸收根主要分布在株间方向（滴灌带铺设方向）,常规栽培杨树林分的吸收根则相对均匀分布在树体四周。 相似文献
2.
以龙里林场17 a三种不同密度的马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用逐层全根挖掘法和土钻法对其平均标准木和林分行间根系生物量进行研究。结果表明:马尾松根系总生物量受密度影响显著,C(25.78 t·hm-2)>B(15.77 t·hm-2)>A(12.47 t·hm-2),占根系总生物量(根桩除外)的87.8%以上的根系分布于0~30 cm的土层中,不同径级根系中,以根桩和粗根所占比例最大。林分行间根系生物量受密度影响较大,除中根外,土层深度对小根和细根分布的影响达到显著水平。水平方向,不同径级根系生物量变化趋势各异,细根和小根生物量在距离树干约1 m处达到最高,根系总生物量主要集中在距离树干0.5 m的范围内。随着土层深度的增加,不同径级根系的生物量都呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,在10~20 cm土层中,根系生物量达到最大值。 相似文献
3.
对湘北地区6年生四川桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)人工林不同径级根系生物量分布、根长、比根长、根长密度的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:四川桤木人工林大根、中根、小根、细根生物量分别占林分根系生物量总和的55%、22%、14%、9%;约66%的根系生物量集中在0～30cm土层;不同径级根系根长变化趋势是:细根小根大根中根,比根长的变化趋势是:细根小根中根大根;各径级根长密度变化趋势各不相同:垂直方向上,在0～60cm土层,大根的根长密度随土层深度的增加先增后降,中根、小根、细根的根长密度随土层深度的增加而减小,水平方向上,在0～80cm距离,大根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而减小,细根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而增大,中根、小根的根长密度在距树干0～60cm内逐渐减小,而在距树干60～80cm又略有增加。 相似文献
4.
林分密度对湿地松根系生物量及其分布的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《森林与环境学报》2015,(1)
为了确定湿地松中龄林的施肥位置和准确估测根系生物量,以湘北11年生5种造林密度湿地松为研究对象,采用全根分层挖掘法,对其根系生物量及其空间分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:湿地松根系发达,单株根系生物量随林分密度的增大而减小,林分根系生物量基本随林分密度的增大而增大。根桩和大根是构成根系的主体,合计占总根量的85.8%-89.4%。不同密度林分根系生物量随土层深度的增加而明显减小,63.1%以上的根系生物量集中分布在0-40 cm土层内,81.4%以上的根系(含根桩)生物量集中分布在距树干0-50 cm范围内,因此应在1/2株行距、20 cm深度的位置施肥最好;根系与树干相关性最大;建立的单株各径级根系生物量估测模型精度较高,可根据林木胸径、树高及林分密度估测根系生物量。 相似文献
5.
黄土丘陵区燕沟流域人工刺槐林的细根空间分布特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对黄土丘陵区燕沟流域10年生人工刺槐林的细根生物量、比根长、根长密度和根面积指数的空间分布特征,以及这些根系参数与土壤物理因子(土壤含水量、土壤温度和土壤密度)的关系进行研究。结果表明:1)人工刺槐林细根在0～180cm土层中随深度呈层次性衰减(a,b,c,d,e);其中,细根生物量、根长密度和根面积指数等随深度变化均可用负指数函数描述,根系集中分布在0～60cm土层,峰值都在0～20cm土层,该土层3项指标分别占各自0～60cm土层总量的42.72%,44.44%和47.14%;比根长随深度增加衰减趋势较弱,在80～140cm土层中出现反复,其随土层深度的变化可用三次多项式描述。2)细根生物量、根长密度和根面积指数等均随距树干基部的距离增加而减小,比根长在0～40cm随距树干距离增加而增加,在40～80cm达到最大值,120～160cm内最少。3)根系分布受环境因子影响,其影响程度依次为:土壤温度>土壤含水量>土壤密度,建立根系参数与土壤物理因子的多元线性回归模型,模型均达到95%以上显著水平。 相似文献
6.
采用全部、分层挖取法,研究洞庭湖区9年生桤木人工林的生物量及根系分布规律。结果表明：桤木单株生物量为44.39ks／株,各器官生物量大小排序为树干〉树根〉树枝〉树皮〉树叶;林分总生物量为96.06/hm^2;林分净生产力为10.67/（hm^2·年）。桤木根系发达,根深60～80cm;根系中以根桩和粗根的生物量所占的比例最大,两者之和占根系总生物量的84.27％。在垂直分布上,根系主要分布在0～40cm的土层中,其生物量占根系总生物量的84.51％。在水平分布上,根系主要分布在离树桩0～50cm的范围内,其生物量占根系总生物量的84.49％;特别是粗根,其生物量占根系总生物量的29.47％;茵根的生物量占根系总生物量的0.39％,主要分布在离树桩50～100cm的范围内,该区域根系的生物量占茵根总生物量的70.97％。 相似文献
7.
以福建省建瓯市3～10年生锥栗人工林为对象,研究了锥栗Castanea henryi人工林在未结果期、结果初期和盛果初期3个不同的发育时期的生物量.结果表明:随着林分生长年龄的增大,生物量呈明显积累,分别为2.742 7 t/hm2,8.206 4 t/hm2和33.780 1 t/hm2;随着锥栗生长发育年龄的增加,地上部分所占的生物量比例也增大;根系主要分布在距地表60 cm内的土层中,侧根发达,主根随发育年龄提高逐渐向下生长,可深达1.6 m. 相似文献
8.
18年生樟树人工林生物量的结构与分布 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了合理开发利用樟树人工林资源 ,为进一步研究樟树人工林生态系统提供基础数据 ,对 18年生樟树人工林生物量的结构与分布特点进行了研究 .结果表明 :18年生樟树人工林分生物量为 111.0 8t/hm2 ,年平均净生产力为 6.17t· hm- 2 a- 1 ,生态系统的生物量分配格局为乔木层 >枯枝落叶层 >下木层 >草本层 ,其中乔木层生物量为 91.97t· hm- 2 ,净生产力为 5 .11t· hm- 2a- 1 ,其生物量分配格局为树干 >树枝 >树根 >树皮 >树叶 ;在林分产量结构方面 ,5 m以下树干生物量占其总量的 80 % ,树枝的生物量主要分布在 4～ 11m,占其总量的 86% ,树叶的生物量主要分布在 8～ 12 m,占树叶总生物量的 78% ,地下根系在离地面 40 cm深土层内的生物量占总根量的 84.74% .目前 ,该林分群落结构不合理 ,应调整群落产量结构 ,以提高其综合效益 相似文献
9.
[目的]为探究滴灌条件下杨树人工林细根的空间分布特征,对大兴区林场滴灌栽培的5年生欧美107杨的细根分布进行研究。[方法]采用根钻法分别在株间、对角和行间方向距树干0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5 m处取样,取样深度为60 cm,每10 cm为1个土层。[结果]滴灌条件下,在不同方向的不同树干距离和土层深度,杨树人工林的细根生物量和根长表现出相似的分布特征,其分布受树干距离、土层及其交互作用的影响显著(P0.05)。滴灌条件下,株间方向的细根总长为12.7 cm,分别是对角和行间方向细根长的1.82倍和2.32倍,上述3个方向取样位点细根总长为25.2 cm,其中的86.4%在滴灌形成的湿润带范围内;0 40 cm土层的细根长占0 60 cm土层细根总长的84.5%。各方向的细根水平分布特征不同,株间方向细根长在距树干0.5 m处最大,为4.2 cm,占该方向细根总长的33.1%,且与其他树干距离处差异显著(P0.05);对角和行间方向细根长在距树干0.2 m处最大,分别为2.7、2.3 cm,占各自方向细根总长的38.1%和41.8%。各方向的细根垂直分布特征不同,株间方向细根长在0 10 cm土层最大,为3.7 cm,占该方向细根总长的29.1%,且与其他土层差异显著(P0.05);对角和行间方向细根长均在10 20 cm土层最大,分别为2.0、1.7 cm,占各自方向细根总长的27.9%和31.0%,与其他土层细根长差异显著(P0.05)。[结论]滴灌条件下,杨树人工林细根的空间分布特征可以采用细根生物量或细根长任一指标来表述。滴灌后形成的连续湿润带导致土壤水分条件的差异使细根在不同方向的水平分布和垂直分布特征不同,细根分布表现为株间对角行间,细根主要分布在湿润带范围内且在0 40 cm土层相对集中分布。依据滴灌栽培杨树人工林细根的水平和垂直分布规律,每次滴灌后应保证水分侧渗到距离树干至少50 cm的范围,下渗的深度至少达到40 cm深,以满足杨树人工林正常生长对水分的需求。本研究结果和结论为确定精准的单次有效灌溉量提供理论依据,从而实现既节水又确保林木正常生长的双重目标。 相似文献
10.
对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区4种典型立地下刺槐人工林根系分布与土壤水分的关系进行了研究.结果表明:阴坡、半阴坡的细根(直径≤1 mm)在400 cm土层中的分布较为均匀,半阳坡和阳坡的细根集中分布在0~100 cm土层中,在200~400 cm土层中分布较少;各立地输导根(直径>1 mm)在分布深度上存在差异,阴坡和半阴坡输导根分布较深,阳坡输导根分布均较浅,半阳坡分布较阳坡为深;各立地下刺槐根系的水平分布均较广,水平根单向延伸最大均在8 m左右.不同立地条件下土壤水分状况的差异是各立地根系尤其是细根分布差异的主要原因之一;各立地细根分布范围对土壤水分变化有较大影响,同时根系分布也会影响到土壤水分的季节变化. 相似文献
11.
Stand age and fine root biomass, distribution and morphology in a Norway spruce chronosequence in southeast Norway 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We assessed the influence of stand age on fine root biomass and morphology of trees and understory vegetation in 10-, 30-, 60- and 120-year-old Norway spruce stands growing in sandy soil in southeast Norway. Fine root (< 1, 1-2 and 2-5 mm in diameter) biomass of trees and understory vegetation (< 2 mm in diameter) was sampled by soil coring to a depth of 60 cm. Fine root morphological characteristics, such as specific root length (SRL), root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), root tip number and branching frequency (per unit root length or mass), were determined based on digitized root data. Fine root biomass and morphological characteristics related to biomass (RLD and RSA) followed the same tendency with chronosequence and were significantly higher in the 30-year-old stand and lower in the 10-year-old stand than in the other stands. Among stands, mean fine root (< 2 mm) biomass ranged from 49 to 398 g m(-2), SLR from 13.4 to 19.8 m g(-1), RLD from 980 to 11,650 m m(-3) and RSA from 2.4 to 35.4 m(2) m(-3). Most fine root biomass of trees was concentrated in the upper 20 cm of the mineral soil and in the humus layer (0-5 cm) in all stands. Understory fine roots accounted for 67 and 25% of total fine root biomass in the 10- and 120-year-old stands, respectively. Stand age had no affect on root tip number or branching frequency, but both parameters changed with soil depth, with increasing number of root tips and decreasing branching frequency with increasing soil depth for root fractions < 2 mm in diameter. Specific (mass based) root tip number and branching density were highest for the finest roots (< 1 mm) in the humus layer. Season (spring or fall) had no effect on tree fine root biomass, but there was a small and significant increase in understory fine root biomass in fall relative to spring. All morphological characteristics showed strong seasonal variation, especially the finest root fraction, with consistently and significantly higher values in spring than in fall. We conclude that fine root biomass, especially in the finest fraction (< 1 mm in diameter), is strongly dependent on stand age. Among stands, carbon concentration in fine root biomass was highest in the 30-year-old stand, and appeared to be associated with the high tree and canopy density during the early stage of stand development. Values of RLD and RSA, morphological features indicative of stand nutrient-uptake efficiency, were higher in the 30-year-old stand than in the other stands. 相似文献
12.
J.-M. Vincent 《Forest Pathology》1989,19(3):167-177
Feeder root biomass and mycorrhizae of old beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) in bavarian forest die-back areas . The feeder root biomass (roots = 2 mm diameter) and the quantity of mycorrhizae of apparently healthy and diseased old beech trees were determined in 7 stands in Bavaria. Canopy die-back correlated with reduction of the feeder root biomass and of mycorrhizae in the topsoil. In the deeper layers of the soil (below 50 cm) there were nearly no differences between the decline classes lor these parameters. The feeder root damage described were encountered in all stand types. For that reason, such damage can be considered, at least for comparable stands, as a general symptom of above ground diseased old beech trees. 相似文献
13.
【目的】随着森林的发育过程,林木个体的生长和生物量分配,以及林分水平的结构和功能均发生了明显的变化。然而,细根生物量与林分年龄的联系,目前仍然了解有限。本研究以黑龙江省帽儿山地区兴安落叶松人工林为研究对象,比较了同一林分在19年和32年生时林分水平(单位面积)和单株水平细根生物量的垂直分布和季节动态,分析了影响细根生物量变化的林分与土壤因子,旨在明确林分年龄对细根生物量的影响和潜在的机制。【方法】在生长季内的5月、7月和9月,采用土钻法获取土壤0~30 cm深度细根并测定生物量,同时测定林分特征和土壤养分和水分含量。【结果】随林龄增加,落叶松人工林单位面积细根生物量显著下降,而单株细根生物量变化不显著;与19年生林分相比,32年生林分土壤表层(0~10 cm)细根生物量占总细根生物量的比例明显下降,土壤亚表层(10~20 cm)和底层(20~30 cm)细根生物量所占比例增加,呈现出细根向深层土壤增生的趋势。土壤表层(0~10cm)单位面积细根生物量随林分年龄的变化趋势与林分密度和胸高断面积、土壤铵态氮浓度变化有关,但是单株细根生物量受林分和土壤因子的影响均不显著。【结论】林分发育过程中,落叶松细根生物量降低,细根的资源吸收策略发生了明显的改变。 相似文献
14.
Christopher J. Williams Ben A. LePage David R. Vann Takeshi Tange Hiroyuki Ikeda Makoto Ando Tomoko Kusakabe Hayato Tsuzuki Tatsuo Sweda 《Forest Ecology and Management》2003,180(1-3):287-301
We quantified structural features and the aboveground biomass of the deciduous conifer, Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Hu and Cheng) in six plantations in central Japan. In order to derive biomass estimates we dissected 14 M. glyptostroboides trees into three structural components (stem wood, branch wood and foliage) to develop allometric equations relating the mass of these components and of the whole tree to diameter at breast height (DBH). We found robust relationships at the branch and whole tree level that allow accurate prediction of component and whole tree biomass. Dominant tree height was similar within five older (>40 years) plantations (27–33 m) and shorter in a 20-year-old plantation (18 m). Average stem diameter varied from 12.8 cm in the youngest stand to greater than 35 cm in the oldest stand.
Metasequoia have relatively compact crowns distributed over the top 30% of the tree although the youngest stand had the deepest crown relative to tree height (up to 38%). At the individual tree level in older stands, 87% of the aboveground biomass was allocated to the stem, 9% to branch wood and 4% to foliage. We found little difference in the relative distribution of above ground biomass among the stands with the exception of lower foliage biomass in larger diameter trees. Total aboveground biomass of the older stands varied twofold, ranging from a maximum of 450 Mg ha−1 in a 42-year-old stand to a minimum of 196 Mg ha−1 in a 48-year-old stand. Total above ground biomass of the 20-year-old stand was 176 Mg ha−1. 相似文献
15.
Fine root biomass in relation to site and stand characteristics in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Variations in fine root biomass of trees and understory in 16 stands throughout Finland were examined and relationships to site and stand characteristics determined. Norway spruce fine root biomass varied between 184 and 370 g m(-2), and that of Scots pine ranged between 149 and 386 g m(-2). In northern Finland, understory roots and rhizomes (< 2 mm diameter) accounted for up to 50% of the stand total fine root biomass. Therefore, the fine root biomass of trees plus understory was larger in northern Finland in stands of both tree species, resulting in a negative relationship between fine root biomass and the temperature sum and a positive relationship between fine root biomass and the carbon:nitrogen ratio of the soil organic layer. The foliage:fine root ratio varied between 2.1 and 6.4 for Norway spruce and between 0.8 and 2.2 for Scots pine. The ratio decreased for both Norway spruce and Scots pine from south to north, as well as from fertile to more infertile site types. The foliage:fine root ratio of Norway spruce was related to basal area and stem surface area. The strong positive correlations of these three parameters with fine root nitrogen concentration implies that more fine roots are needed to maintain a certain amount of foliage when nutrient availability is low. No significant relationships were found between stand parameters and fine root biomass at the stand level, but the relationships considerably improved when both fine root biomass and stand parameters were calculated for the mean tree in the stand. When the northern and southern sites were analyzed separately, fine root biomass per tree of both species was significantly correlated with basal area and stem surface area per tree. Basal area, stem surface area and stand density can be estimated accurately and easily. Thus, our results may have value in predicting fine root biomass at the tree and stand level in boreal Norway spruce and Scots pine forests. 相似文献
16.
The distribution of fine (<2 mm diameter) and small roots (2–20 mm diameter) was investigated in a chronosequence consisting
of 9-year-old, 26-year-old, 82-year-old and 146-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands. A combination of trench wall observations and destructive root sampling was used to establish whether root distribution
and total biomass of fine and small roots varied with stand age. Root density decreased with soil depth in all stands, and
variability appeared to be highest in subsoil horizons, especially where compacted soil layers occurred. Roots clustered in
patches in the top 0–50 cm of the soil or were present as root channels at greater depths. Cluster number, cluster size and
number of root channels were comparable in all stands, and high values of soil exploitation occurred throughout the entire
chronosequence. Overall fine root biomass at depths of 0–120 cm ranged from 7.4 Mg ha−1 to 9.8 Mg ha−1, being highest in the two youngest stands. Small root biomass ranged from 3.6 Mg ha−1 to 13.3 Mg ha−1. Use of trench wall observations combined with destructive root samples reduced the variability of these estimates. These
records showed that variability in fine root distribution depended more on soil depth and edaphic conditions than on stand
age, and suggest that trench wall studies provide a useful tool to improve estimates of fine root biomass. 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):307-316
The average stump and below‐ground biomass of pine was 1464 g/m2; 4% as fine roots (Ø<1 mm), 18% small roots (Ø=1–10 mm), 49% large roots (Ø>10 mm), and 29% stumps), which comprised 35% of the total biomass in the Scots pine stands. The average root length of pine was 728 m/m2: 71 % of this length was fine roots, 29% was small roots, and less than 1 % was large roots. Most of the fine pine roots (80%) were in the 0–10 cm peat layer. The root biomass of the field layer was 548 g/m2, which comprised 47 % of the total field layer biomass. Characteristic features of the root systems were: high below‐ground/above‐ground ratios, rather low amounts of root biomass, shallow rooting, and relatively thin roots. Hummocks tended to have less roots in the 0–10 cm layer and more roots in the 10–20 cm layer than the hollows. 相似文献
18.
The biomass and the spatial distribution of fine and small roots were studied in two Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) stands growing on a sandy soil. More biomass of fine and small roots was found in the 17-year-old than in the 40-year-old
stand. There were 62 g m−2 of fine roots and 56 g m−2 of small roots in the older stand, which represented mean values of 608 g for fine and 552 g for small roots per tree, respectively.
In the younger stand, a total of 85 g m−2 of fine roots and 66 g m−2 of small roots were determined, representing a mean of 238 g for fine and 186 g for small roots per tree, respectively. Fine
and small root biomasses decreased linearly with a soil depth of 0–50 cm in the older stand. In the younger stand, the fine
and small roots developed only up to a depth of 30 cm. Horizontal distributions (with regard to distance from a tree) of both
root groups were homogeneous. A positive correlation in the amount of biomass of fine and small roots per m2 relative to tree size was found. Fine and small root biomasses increased consistently from April to July in both stands.
The results also indicated earlier growth activity of the fine roots than small roots at the beginning of the growing season.
The seasonal increases in fine and small root biomasses were slightly higher in the younger stand than the older stand. 相似文献
19.
采用分层挖掘法,对株行距为3 m×8 m的核桃-决明子复合模式中的根生物量、总根长密度、吸收根的根长密度和根系直径等进行了调查。结果表明：核桃单作的总根长密度比核桃间作的高7%左右,且在各个土层中吸收根的根长密度都高于核桃间作,而二者的总根生物量和根系直径则差异较小。决明子单作的根系直径比间作决明子的大27.73%,但二者的根长密度和根生物量则差异不大。在核桃-决明子复合模式中,核桃总根生物量和吸收根长均占复合模式总根量的一半以上,其中,在水平方向上,决明子在树行南侧2.5、4.0 m位置根系分布最多,而树行南北1.5 m范围内则较少;核桃根系则主要分布在树行两侧1.5 m范围内。垂直方向上,核桃在30~80 cm土层中的根生物量和吸收根长分别占其总量的64.79%和61.17%,而59.54%的决明子根系分布在0~20 cm土壤中。 相似文献
20.
Root morphology, biomass, and (14)C distribution were studied in two 2-year-old Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides hybrids, which originated from hardwood cuttings, to determine the pattern of root distribution in a plantation and to refine methods for root recovery. The trees were labeled with (14)CO(2) and harvested after a 72-hour chase period. Roots attached to each labeled tree were analyzed for morphological traits at the time of harvest. Detached roots from within a 1-m(3) volume of soil surrounding each tree were separated from the soil and sorted on the basis of rooting depth and root diameter. Lateral roots > 2 mm in diameter had a largely horizontal orientation at their point of origin from the cutting and extended horizontally up to 4 m from the cutting. This resulted in considerable overlap of root systems in the plantation. Results from (14)C labeling indicated that 24 +/- 4% (+/- SD) of the carbon exported from branches-labeled within two weeks after branch budset-was translocated to the root system. Dilution of the root (14)C label indicated that from 0 (> 5 mm diameter roots) to 75% (< 2 mm diameter roots) of the roots recovered from within the 1-m(3) volume of soil surrounding a harvested tree originated from other trees. Total root biomass was 6 +/- 1 Mg ha(-1) for both hybrids. Sixty percent of the root biomass was recovered directly from excavation, 16% from coarse-sieving excavated soil, and 24% from re-sorting sieved soil. The study indicated that root growth of hybrid poplars may be rapid and extensive and that detailed sorting of soil subsamples substantially improves the recovery of fine roots < 2 mm in diameter. 相似文献