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真菌毒素是真菌在食品或饲料中生长所产生的代谢产物,这些低分子质量化合物既是天然存在的,同时也是无法避免的。真菌通过两种途径进入食物链,一方面可以直接从受真菌毒素污染的植物性食品成分进入食物链;另一方面也可以通过食物中产毒真菌生长的间接污染进入食物链。真菌毒素广泛存在于成熟的玉米、谷物、大豆、高粱、花生和饲料作物中。食用受真菌毒素污染的食物或饲料会对人和动物造成急性或慢性毒性。真菌毒素除了有直接食用受霉菌毒素污染的食物和饲料造成的不良影响外,还有因为摄入动物源性食品,如肉类、牛奶或鸡蛋,含有真菌毒素的残留物或代谢物而引起的公众健康问题。目前虽然已经鉴定出超过400种真菌毒素,但食物中广泛存在的6种毒素：黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、呕吐毒素及T-2毒素,已在世界范围内引发了持续的食品安全问题。该论文总结了6种真菌毒素的毒性,重点分析了近年来电化学生物传感器在这几种真菌毒素检测中的研究进展,旨在通过一系列的总结分析去展望其在真菌毒素检测方面的发展前景。 相似文献
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is an immunosuppressant fungal compound, produced by toxigenic species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi in a wide variety of climates and geographical regions. The contamination of food by this mycotoxin takes place primarily during preharvest periods. Almost all types of food can be contaminated. In addition, its chemical stability against heat and during industrial food processing makes OTA one of the most abundant food contaminating mycotoxins. Due in part to its long serum half-life in man, almost 100% of all human blood samples from some geographic regions may be positive for OTA. The immunosuppressant activity of OTA is characterized by size reduction of vital immune organs, such as thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, depression of antibody responses, alterations in the number and functions of immune cells, and modulation of cytokine production. The immunotoxic activity of OTA probably results from degenerative changes and cell death following necrosis and apoptosis, in combination with slow replacement of affected immune cells, due to inhibition of protein synthesis. 相似文献
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin, a secondary metabolite produced by mould fungi belonging to several Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It is formed during the storage of cereal grains and other plant-derived products. OTA ingested by humans and animals with the food or feed may exert deleterious effects on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ochratoxin contamination of the most important potential sources of OTA. The OTA content of cereal samples for human consumption (36 baking wheat, 16 wheat flour and 6 maize coarse meal samples) and feed grain samples (30 feeding wheat, 32 feeding maize and 20 feeding barley samples) collected in the mid-phase or at the end of the storage period and of 50 commercial coffee samples was determined. The analyses were performed by immunoaffinity column--high-performance liquid chromatography (IAC-HPLC). The limit of detection of the method was 0.1 ng/g. Of the wheat samples intended for human consumption, 8.3% contained OTA at 0.29 ng/g on the average (OTA ranges: 0.12-0.5 ng/g; Table 2). The OTA contamination of wheat flour and maize meal samples for human consumption was similar to that of the baking wheat samples. OTA contamination was found in 26.7% of the feeding wheat, 15.6% of the feeding maize and 35% of the feeding barley samples. The average values and the ranges of OTA levels found in the above samples were 12.2 and 0.3-62.8 ng/g, 4.9 and 1.9-8.3 ng/g, and 72 and 0.14-212 ng/g, respectively (Table 3). Sixty-six percent of the coffee samples were contaminated with OA (average level: 0.57 ng/g, ranges: 0.17-1.3 ng/g; Table 4). OTA contamination of baking wheat samples was found to be relatively low, presumably as a result of the favourable weather at harvest and the optimal storage conditions. Calculations made on the basis of the obtained results show that the daily OTA intake of an adult human from edible cereals is only 6.7 ng, while the amount taken up with coffee is 4.1 ng daily. The high prevalence and high levels of OTA contamination in feed grains can be explained by the unfavourable storage conditions, and this finding suggests that OA-related health problems may arise in animals, and that foods of animal origin may be contaminated with this mycotoxin. 相似文献
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Influence of repeated ochratoxin A ingestion on milk production and its carry‐over into the milk,blood and tissues of lactating cows 
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下载免费PDF全文 Yasushi Hashimoto Yu Katsunuma Masahiro Nunokawa Hajime Minato Chisato Yonemochi 《Animal Science Journal》2016,87(4):541-546
An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of repeated ingestion of ochratoxin A (OTA) on milk production of lactating Holstein cows over 28 days, and the carry‐over of OTA from the diets into the milk and tissues of the cows. Nine cows were divided into three groups, labeled OTA5, OTA50 and OTA100, and fed a diet containing 5, 50 and 100 µg OTA/kg of dry matter, respectively. Body weight, feed intake and daily milk yield in cows were not different among the three groups during the OTA‐intake period. OTA residues were neither detected in the tissues, such as liver, kidney, muscles, fat and jejunoileum, nor in the milk of any cows in the OTA intake groups. In contrast, a small amount of OTA (0.1 µg/kg) was detected in the blood plasma of one sample in the OTA50 group and multiple samples in the OTA100 group. The results of this study show that the ingestion of diets containing up to 100 µg/kg of OTA over 28 days does not affect feed intake or milk production of cows, and the dietary OTA is not carried over into milk and edible tissues such as the liver, muscles and fat. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science 相似文献
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin which is produced mainly by the mould fungi Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillum verrucosum during the storage of cereals, cereal products and other plant-derived products such as herbs, spices, grapes, etc. By carry over from mouldy fodder, ochratoxin A is also found in pork meat, offal and sausages containing pork blood. When ingested as a food contaminant, OTA is very persistent in human beings with a blood half-life of 35 days after a single oral dosage due to unfavourable elimination toxicokinetics. This renders the toxin among the most frequent mycotoxin contaminants in human blood in the EU, the US, Canada, and elsewhere, where it has been investigated. OTA is neither stored nor deposited in the body, but heterogeneous body distribution may impose serious damage to the kidneys. The toxin was classified a 2B cancer compound, being possibly carcinogenic for humans. It was among the strongest carcinogenic compounds in rats and mice. As the toxicological profile also includes teratogenesis, nephrotoxicity, and immunotoxicity, legislation authorities are currently discussing maximal residue levels (MRL) for OTA in various foodstuffs. In the present article arguments are presented which suggest an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 1.5 ng OTA/kg body weight and a much lower MRL than 5 microgram OTA/kg cereals and cereal products as has been postulated by the EU commission. 相似文献
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Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, whose presence in feed- and foodstuffs is unavoidable. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the known mycotoxins with greatest public health and agro-economic significance. Several toxic effects have been ascribed following exposure, namely nephrotoxicity, as well negative impacts in the performance of farm animals, resulting in major economic implications. Of no less importance for the route of human exposure that can also embody the carry-over of OTA from feed into animal-derived products is also a concern. For all these reasons the present article updates the worldwide occurrence of OTA in different raw ingredients and finished feed destined to food-producing animals. After that a brief characterization of specie susceptibility and the major rationales is made. An historical overview of field outbreaks linked to OTA exposure in farm animals, concerning the implicated feeds, contamination levels and major clinical and productivity effects is presented. Finally a review of the major animal health and performance potential impacts of animals being reared on contaminated feed is made allied to a perspective regarding its co-occurrence with other mycotoxins, and simultaneous parasitic and bacterial infections. Ultimately, this article aims to be instructive and draw attention to a mycotoxin so often neglected and elapsed from the list of differential diagnosis in farm practice. For the unpredictability and unavoidability of occurrence, OTA will definitely be an enduring problem in animal production. 相似文献
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Marco Fantinati Romane Dufayet Petra Rouch-Buck Nathalie Priymenko 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2021,105(6):1179-1191
A topical subject in human nutrition is the steadily growing number of people choosing to limit or completely avoid all animal-derived food products either for moral dilemma, health concerns or both. To meet people's will of applying their dietary choices to their domestic animals, the pet food industry answered by launching on the market some plant-based diets. This leads to concerns about whether these diets are adequately formulated to satisfy the target species nutritional requirements, especially for cats which are still considered strict carnivores. This case report follows a 2-year-old male neutered Main Coon and a 1-year-old female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat, presented to the nutrition service of the University of Toulouse, France. Reason for consultation was lethargy with in anamnesis a recent dietary transition to a plant-based pet food. Dysorexia, lethargy and muscle waste were present at first consultation. Progressive weight loss developed during follow-ups. A macrocytic, non-regenerative anaemia with serum folates below reference were the main clinical features. Analysis of pet food showed multiple nutrients below minimum recommendation at the average daily intake of both cats. Folic acid supplementation improved dysorexia, and subsequent reintroduction of animal-derived ingredients in the diet restored appetite, weight and a normal mentation in both cases. 相似文献
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四环素类药物是一类广谱抗菌药物,在畜牧业中得到广泛应用。该药物的不合理使用甚至滥用,导致环境及动物源性食品中此类药物残留超标,从而威胁公共卫生安全。液相色谱法及液相色谱串联质谱法是检测畜禽产品中四环素类药物残留的主要方法。这类方法的难点及关键步骤是样品的前处理,也是目前研究的热点。本文就目前动物源性食品中四环素类药物残留色谱及质谱分析法,特别是样品前处理方法的研究进展进行综述。近年来新净化材料、新提取剂及新提取方法不断出现,提升了提取及净化效果,减少了试剂用量,提高了工作效率,并能够同时实现多类药物的提取和检测,有力保障了食品和环境安全。 相似文献
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Abirami Ramu Ganesan Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian Sungkwon Park Rajesh Jha Ines Andretta Archibold G. Bakare In Ho Kim 《动物营养（英文）》2021,7(1):56
This review aims to highlight the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) in the feed of meat-producing animals. The accumulation of OTA in feed and its distribution in various farm animals were compared and evaluated. Primarily, the oral administration of OTA-contaminated feed and the predisposition in an animal''s vital organ were critically examined in this work. The collated reports show that OTA directly associated with endemic nephropathy and its high concentration leads to degeneration of liver cells, and necrosis of intestinal and lymphoid tissues. At present, limited reports are available in the recent literature on the problems and consequences of OTA in feed. Therefore, this review focused on the OTA carryover from feed to farm animals and the interaction of its secondary metabolites on their biochemical parameters. Hence, this report provides greater insights into animal health related to OTA residues in meat and meat products. This article also explores mitigation strategies that can be used to prevent the carryover effects of OTA in livestock feeds and the effects in the food chain. 相似文献
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Quantitative analysis of Staphylococcus aureus in skimmed milk powder by real-time PCR 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Ikeda T Tamate N Yamaguchi K Makino S 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2005,67(10):1037-1041
A large-scale outbreak of food poisoning caused by consumption of skimmed milk powder contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) occurred in Japan. No viable Staphylococcus aureus was detected in the skimmed milk powder, however, sea and nuc genes of S. aureus were detected in it by PCR. The number of S. aureus in skimmed milk powder was estimated by quantitative real-time PCR. 相似文献
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乳蛋白是人类膳食蛋白的重要来源,在现代食品工业中,乳及乳蛋白已成为多种食品加工中必不可少的组
分。但作为常见的过敏原之一,乳蛋白引起的食物过敏问题也已成为目前食品安全的重要研究热点。随着乳品工业
的发展,在不同乳品加工中引入的各种乳源以外的食品组分可能会在加工和烹饪条件下与乳蛋白相互作用,改变蛋
白结构,影响抗原表位,进而影响其致敏性。因此,本文从食物基中含有的宏量营养素、微量营养素、功能活性成
分及其他物质四方面探究食品组分对乳蛋白致敏性的影响,旨在提高食品组分中乳蛋白致敏性的科学认识,指导食
品加工安全,以降低乳蛋白致敏性,并为食物过敏性风险评估提供参考。 相似文献
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Campylobacter jejuni, which is now recognized as a discrete species, is a gram negative, microaerophilic, thermophilic, nalidixic acid sensitive, hippurate positive pathogen requiring special selective media for propogation. The organism is widely distributed in avian species, experimental and companion animals and in humans. Mammalian campylobacteriosis is characterized by an enterocolitis of variable severity. The prevalence of the condition is relatively high in young individuals, in underdeveloped countries and in subjects with diarrhea. Food animals, especially poultry, are reservoirs of the organism and infection occurs following consumption of untreated surface water, unpasteurized milk, incompletely cooked meat or other contaminated food products. Close contact with infected immature companion animals is a significant cause of campylobacteriosis in children and direct intrafamilial transmission and occupational infection have been documented. Campylobacteriosis attributable to C. jejuni is a condition of emerging significance which arises principally from deficiencies in hygiene inherent in the environment and in the food chain which extends from domestic animals to the consumer. 相似文献