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1.
新疆和田河流域单株柽柳灌丛流场的实验研究   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  
柽柳是新疆和田河流域广泛分布的一种灌木,是影响柽柳灌丛沙堆发育的主要因素之一.依据风沙运动实验相似理论,以新疆和田河流域的柽柳灌丛为原型,用塑料制作成高(h)10 cm、冠幅10 cm×10 cm单株柽柳灌丛实验模型,在风洞中选用6,8,10,12 m/s和14 m/s5组不同风速,分别对单株柽柳灌丛模型作纯气流流场的模拟实验和在风沙流作用条件下单株柽柳灌丛周围沙粒蚀积特征的观测.模拟实验表明:在不同动力条件作用下,单株柽柳灌丛迎风侧的"足部"为一明显的气流减速区,但沙粒的蚀积特征表现为风蚀;在单株柽柳灌丛的上方一倍植株高度的范围内为气流加速区;在单株柽柳灌丛的背风侧顺风向为弱涡流区,表现为积沙、气流恢复区、风蚀;而在单株柽柳灌丛的两侧为气流的加速区,表现为强烈的风蚀;随着实验风速的增加,单株柽柳灌丛后涡流区内,积沙形成的沙条长短轴的长度经历了一个先减小后增大的变化过程;柽柳灌丛引发的风沙流流场结构的变化,干扰了风沙流的运行,对于维持柽柳灌丛沙堆的形态,促进柽柳灌丛沙堆的增长具有重要的作用.  相似文献   

2.
乌兰布和沙漠天然灌丛防风阻沙效益研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
对乌兰布和沙漠封沙育草带内的天然灌丛周围风速及输沙量的野外观测结果表明,天然白刺灌丛沙堆对风沙流具有阻滞作用,风沙流在迎风面受阻堆积,在背风面风速下降40.3~42.1%,并形成低速区,引起沙粒堆积;沙蒿灌丛对2m高处风速没有影响,但可引起灌丛背风面近地表0.5m处风速下降20.5%。灌丛的迎风面存在一个减速区,灌丛顶部及两侧为加速区,灌丛背风面存在一个静风区和一个尾流区。灌丛侧面的输沙量最大,背风面输沙量最小,迎风面2H处输沙量大于1H处,这与各点的风速变化是一致的。对不同盖度沙地的输沙量进行的观测表明,输沙能力随植被盖度的增加而减小,流动沙地输沙量最大,在5.6~9.4m/s风速范围内输沙量为2.25~21.75g,半固定沙地的输沙量次之,为0.32~13.58g,固定沙地最小,为0.06~2.29g。  相似文献   

3.
为了研究柽柳灌丛沙堆表面蚀积变化特征及其风沙环境演变方向,采用插钎法对策勒流沙地半球形柽柳灌丛沙堆进行地表蚀积变化观测,结合同步气象数据,采用数理统计和函数拟合方法分析,结果表明:柽柳灌丛沙堆迎风坡和顶部为风积区,沙堆外围西北区、北翼区、南翼区均为年蚀积动态平衡区,在一年内既不风蚀也不风积。灌丛沙堆外围的西南区为严重的沙丘前移风蚀区,受多风向变化影响,沙堆外围的东侧背风区为轻微-中等程度的风蚀区。沙堆表面年净风积量为0.47 m3,风蚀量为0.004 8 m3,风蚀主要发生在背风坡坡底和裸露的坡脚上。沙堆表面风积量与每个阶段起沙风时间呈一定相关性,除了北翼区表面风积量与大于起沙风平均风速中等相关外,其余几个观测小区风蚀量、风积量与对应的大于起沙风的平均风速之间相关性较差,沙堆西区、北翼区、背风区表面风蚀量与起沙风时间为中等程度相关性,背风区的相关性最好,灌丛沙堆表面和外围南翼区风积量与每个阶段起沙风时间呈中等程度相关性。  相似文献   

4.
青藏铁路沱沱河路段流场特征及沙害形成机理   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
通过对青藏铁路沱沱河路段路基流场结构、风速廓线特征的风洞模拟实验研究,发现气流在途经铁路路基时,路基断面对近地表流场改变极大,在其两侧形成明显的遇阻抬升区、集流加速区、减速沉降区以及消散恢复区。铁路沙害的形成主要是路基迎风侧气流由于遇阻抬升和集流加速,对路肩和路基中上部产生风蚀;随着气流加速抬升,底层砂粒以跌落沉降的方式堆积在路基迎风坡坡脚,造成路基沙埋;当气流越过路基,在背风侧由于减速沉降和涡旋运动,风沙流处于过饱和状态,将所携带的大量砂粒堆积在背风坡。  相似文献   

5.
毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0～30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0～30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0～30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。  相似文献   

6.
通过对策勒河下游砾质戈壁典型的沙拐枣植株及灌丛沙堆形态参数进行野外测量,用数理统计方法进行相关性分析.结果表明:沙拐枣植株冠幅南北宽度与沙堆宽度呈明显正相关性,植株冠幅东西宽度与沙堆长度不呈现明显相关性.植株冠幅面积与沙堆底面积呈现明显线性相关性,确定系数0.81,冠幅面积与沙堆体积呈现良好线性相关性,确定系数0.69,沙堆长度与沙堆宽度、沙堆高度与沙堆底面积之间呈现一定程度相关性.株高、冠幅东西宽度、南北宽度与沙堆迎风坡和背风坡长度、总长度、沙堆宽度、沙堆高度两两之间都呈现出极显著相关性.沙堆迎风坡坡度与沙堆高度、背风坡坡度之间呈现极显著相关外,与其余形态参数都没有显著相关性.沙堆背风坡坡度除了与株高、背风坡长度、沙堆总长度无明显相关外,与其余形态相关参数都表现为极显著相关性.  相似文献   

7.
来流风速廓线是控制与影响风沙流场变化的关键因素。基于CFD欧拉非定常模型,通过对不同来流廓线形式在特定粗糙度下垫面的数值分析,探究来流廓线对流场风速与积沙形态的影响。结果表明:2种来流廓线形式均在挡沙墙周围形成速度分区。其中,在背风侧,均匀流时回流区不明显,对数流时则回流区较明显;在迎风侧,均匀流时速度发生突变,对数流时则呈对数规律递增;不同来流形式下挡沙墙积沙分布不同,均匀流时只在背风侧形成积沙,而对数流时两侧均有积沙,且迎风侧积沙多于背风侧,来流速度越大,迎风侧积沙减小,而背风侧增多。  相似文献   

8.
对简单横向沙丘的形态特征、气流、表面以及被输移的沙物质组成的观测和分析表明 ,沙丘形态特征和表面物质组成的分异是导致沙物质在迎风坡坡脚不能沉积并向下风向输送的主要原因。对沙丘背风坡气流观测表明 ,在沙丘背风坡贴近地面的一定高度气流仍能保持一定的强度 ,其输沙方向与沙丘走向近似于垂直 ,并有相当强的输沙能力 ,但其作用被限制在背风坡范围内 ,这对保持沙丘形态有重要的作用。在野外风沙观测中气流的湍流和波动被忽略 ,平均风速并不能完全反映野外气流的性质。在低 -中强度风沙活动过程中 ,被输送的沙物质的粒度组成与下垫面物质有明显的差异 ,被输送沙物质的平均粒径小于下垫面沙平均粒径 ,输沙过程是一典型的随机过程。特定区域内 ,一定粒径范围内的沙物质不断被堆积而形成沙丘 ,经过一系列的动力学过程 ,最终形成处于动态平衡的区域沙丘地貌分布格局  相似文献   

9.
利用2014年7月至8月塔中地区沙尘与扬沙天气下风沙流运动的实测数据,对0~85 mm高度内风沙流运动进行了研究。结果表明:(1)0~85 mm高度层,输沙率(Q)随风速(v)增大呈幂函数规律增加,R2≥0.975 7,且输沙率主要集中在0~35 mm高度内。(2)总输沙率和撞击颗粒数的最佳拟合函数为线性函数,R2≥0.878 2,相关性较好;塔中地区1 min最小临界起沙风速为4.0 m·s-1。(3)跃移运动集中在10:00—20:00,总输沙率最大值出现在12:00—16:00,17:00以后输沙率明显下降。  相似文献   

10.
红砂灌丛沙堆土壤粒度组成及养分积累特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探究荒漠灌丛对其沙堆土壤结构和养分空间异质性的影响，以白音恩格尔自然保护区的优势种红砂（Reaumuria soongorica）灌丛沙堆为研究对象，对其土壤粒度组成及土壤养分积累特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤粒径组成以细砂为主，含量为36.34%～65.31%，黏粒、粉粒含量均小于7.00%;(2)红砂灌丛沙堆沉积物趋于细化，由背风侧、迎风侧到沙堆间空地土壤颗粒分选性依次变差，峰态逐渐宽平，分形维数逐渐变小，灌丛沙堆土壤粒径组成含量分布较丘间空地更对称；（3）灌丛沙堆迎风侧和背风侧有机质（SOM）、碱解氮（AN）、速效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）含量分别较沙堆间空地增加29.37%和40.63%、23.49%和35.12%、62.72%和66.45%、30.10%和22.75%(P<0.05)，且相对作用强度（Relative Interaction Intense, RII），即RII>0。红砂灌丛起到防风滞沙和重新分选沙粒的作用，并且在丛间地风蚀和植物反馈作用下养分向灌丛沙堆富集，形成“肥岛”效应。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

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