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【目的】预测葡萄根瘤蚜在我国的潜在分布范围,为进一步防止其扩散蔓延提供科学依据。【方法】采用Maxent生态位模型和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)并结合影响葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育的环境因子,对葡萄根瘤蚜在我国的潜在适生范围进行了预测。【结果】葡萄根瘤蚜在我国的高适生区主要集中在辽宁大部、河北东南部、山东、河南东部、江苏、浙江北部、江西局部、安徽大部、湖北中部、湖南中部、陕西关中及陕南、重庆、四川东部、贵州北部;通过ROC曲线验证,该模型的训练集和测试集的AUC值分别为0.982和0.962(非常接近1),表明预测获得了较好的结果;年平均气温、最热月份最高温度、最冷月份最低温度、最暖季度平均温度、最冷季度平均温度、年降雨量、最湿月份降雨量、最湿季度降雨量和最冷季度降雨量对葡萄根瘤蚜的潜在分布影响较大。【结论】葡萄根瘤蚜在我国适生范围广泛,加强未被葡萄根瘤蚜侵染地区的监测管理意义重大。 相似文献
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明德南 《世界热带农业信息》2012,(10):26-27
佛罗里达(美国州名)大学研究人员新近发表在经济昆虫学杂志上一篇研究论文(详见http:bitly/AIYBUM)称发现抗击威胁柑桔产业的毛虫(一般指鳞翅目幼虫)的有效杀虫剂。酸橙凤蝶,或柑桔类凤蝶是2006年在加勒比海发现的一种众所周知的农业害虫,研究人员说,它是美国的一种潜在的害虫,对柑桔产业将产生重大的影响。 相似文献
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选取西潼高速、关中环线、S107省道和S201省道渭南段的公路沿线土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤中铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)的含量,并利用潜在生态危害指数法评价土壤重金属的潜在危害程度。结果表明,渭南地区4条公路沿线的土壤重金属潜在生态危害均为轻微危害,并针对结果提出在公路沿线种植对重金属有富集作用的乔、灌或草本植物的建议,以减轻公路汽车尾气和灰尘的扩散。 相似文献
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基于CLIMEX与GARP的三叶草斑潜蝇在中国的潜在分布预测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用适生性分析软件CLIMEX与GARP对三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii(Burgess)在我国的潜在分布区进行预测。CLIMEX预测结果显示,全国638个气候站点中有415个站点的生态气候指数Ei﹥0,分布于30个省(或地区),在这些地区三叶草斑潜蝇存在定殖的潜在性。同时,GARP预测认为三叶草斑潜蝇的适生区主要覆盖我国东北地区、华北地区、华中地区和华南地区。将两个软件预测结果进行叠加分析显示预测结果基本吻合。潜在适生区叠加区域位于东北地区、华北地区、华中地区以及华南的部分地区,这些地区属于三叶草斑潜蝇的高度危险区域。 相似文献
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《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,(9)
以新冠肺炎疫情为背景,研究了重大疫情下潜在旅游者风险承受力对出游意愿的作用机制,并分析了音乐视频中地方意象的前因影响和熟悉度的调节作用.通过对945份有效问卷的数据进行结构方程模型分析,结果表明:(1)重大疫情下基于抗疫音乐视频的情感意象对潜在旅游者风险承受力具有正向作用,风险承受力对出游意愿具有正向作用,风险承受力在情感意象与出游意愿之间具有部分中介作用;(2)重大疫情下基于抗疫音乐视频的认知意象对情感意象具有正向作用,情感意象在认知意象与风险承受力之间具有完全中介作用;(3)重大疫情下潜在旅游者熟悉度在风险承受力与出游意愿之间具有调节作用.该研究将风险承受力引入重大疫情这一特殊情境中,探讨了潜在旅游者风险承受力对出游意愿的影响,拓展了旅游者决策的理论机制,并为旅游目的地危机管理提供了对策. 相似文献
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由我国自主研究发明的农耕新方法粉垄及其应用研究近期通过了由院士等专家的科技成果鉴定;该方法经8个省(区)在水稻、玉米等13种不同作物应用试验,证明其较传统耕作增产10%~30%,而且从根本上改变了传统耕作模式,实现了活土保水。应用粉垄技术能否进一步提升耕地良田化、耕种良法化,粉垄耕种是否有重大潜在应用前景,近日,本刊记者特采访了粉垄农耕新方法创始人、国家农业(淮山药)项目首席专家、广西农业科学院经济作物研究所研究员韦本辉。 相似文献
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国家疾病控制系统涵盖2个主要组成部分——疾病预防控制中心(医学CDC)和动物疾病预防控制中心(动物CDC),但国家公共卫生系统历来重视医学CDC,忽视动物CDC。就我国COVID-19暴发及历次人兽共患病重大疫情而言,医学CDC得到了极大关注,处于"人与动物交界面"和疫病源头控制最前沿的动物CDC仍然没有得到应有重视,未来可能仍有人兽共患病源头"四处漏风"的潜在可能性,国家公共卫生系统必须不断完善、统筹兼顾,重视兽医在公共卫生体系中不可替代的关键作用。 相似文献
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燃煤火电厂周边土壤重金属污染状况及绿化树种对重金属的积累特性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以上海市某火力发电厂周边地区土壤及木本植物为研究对象,利用湿法消解和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定了其中Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、As等6种重金属的含量。通过单因子污染指数法、内梅罗污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法分析了该地区土壤重金属污染状况和潜在生态危害。同时研究了当地木本植物积累和转运重金属的能力。结果表明,土壤中Cd达到了中度或重度污染水平,其潜在生态危害指数也达到了严重级别;而其余5种重金属均处于清洁水平。但是该区的内梅罗综合污染指数均达到了轻度污染或中度污染的水平。对植物重金属含量的分析表明,样地中15种优势树种对重金属的吸收能力普遍较弱。综合分析植物对6种重金属的积累能力,黄杨(Buxus sinica)、金钟花(Forsythia viridissima)、红花檵木(Loropetalum chinense)和苦楝(Melia azedarach)积累重金属的能力较强;而水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)、黄山栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata)、构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)转移重金属的能力较高。并且这几种植物在样地中的生长状况良好,适于作为此类重金属污染厂区的生态防护绿化树种。 相似文献
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我国冬油菜主产区耕作土壤有效镁供应能力有限,近年来随着产量提高作物从土壤中带走的镁养分量大,而生产上普遍施用氮、磷、钾养分含量高的化肥从而导致随施肥带入的镁养分极少,镁营养缺乏逐渐成为限制油菜产量的潜在因子。为全面评价冬油菜种植区土壤有效镁丰缺状况与油菜施镁效果,本文系统梳理了油菜镁营养研究的主要进展,在揭示油菜需镁量大(Mg 20～40 kg/hm~2)、我国冬油菜主产区土壤缺镁问题突出(土壤有效镁平均含量为225.7 mg/kg,其中低于200.0 mg/kg的土壤占53.7%,处于缺乏或潜在缺乏状态)和施镁大幅度增产(平均增产效果大于15%)的基础上,提出了镁是我国冬油菜种植中继氮、磷、钾、硼后第5种需要通过施肥方式进行补充的必需营养元素,并为冬油菜生产上镁肥的科学管理提供了建议。 相似文献
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Recent progress in maize lethal necrosis disease: From pathogens to integrated pest management 
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下载免费PDF全文 Maize (Zea mays), as a staple food and an important industrial raw material, has been widely cultivated for centuries especially by smallholder farmers. Maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND) is a serious disease infecting maize, which caused devastating damage in the African region recently. MLND is induced by co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus and one of several cereal-infecting viruses in the Potyviridae family, with the symptoms ranging from chlorotic mottle to plant death at different infection stages. Integrated pest management for MLND needs strengthening detection, focusing on prevention and effective control. Early detection system of MLND has been successfully established by serological methods, nucleic acid-based methods, next-generation sequencing, etc. The practices, such as using certified seeds, sanitary measures, crop rotation, tolerant or resistant varieties etc., have been considered as the effective, economical and eco-friendly way to prevent and control MLND. 相似文献
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Crop production and livelihoods of smallholder farmers are often threatened by crop insect pests and diseases worsening the insecurity of food. Globalization has rapidly increased the introduction and threats of invasive pests. Climate change results in a changed suitability of landscapes to pests, further increasing the threat and uncertainty of their impact. Providing innovative technologies for sustainable pest management to smallholder farmers is urgently needed for food security and eliminating poverty.
The most devasting diseases and insect pests to major crops such as rice, wheat, maize and potato contribute to the largest yield losses in the world. Under the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Chinese plant protection scientists, in collaboration with experts of different regions, carried out a specific project to prioritize top crop diseases and insect pests that affect smallholder farmers’ production globally. After evaluation by relevant global experts, top 10 crop diseases and insect pests have been assessed as six crop diseases and four insect pests, namely cereal blast disease, potato late blight, wheat rust disease, Fusarium head blight, maize lethal necrosis disease, banana Fusarium wilt (TR4), rice planthopper, wheat aphid, whitefly, and oriental fruit fly. Integrated pest management (IPM) guidelines for the identified diseases and insect pests have been formulated, and will be shared through a global knowledge platform. To share the knowledge with more researchers, the IPM of four major diseases including cereal blast disease, Fusarium head blight, maize lethal necrosis disease and potato late blight were further reviewed and presented in this special focus.
The first case study is cereal blast disease caused by fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (Zhang et al. 2022), which is a destructive filamentous fungus that infects many plants including most economically important food crops, rice, wheat, pearl millet and finger millet (Chakraborty et al. 2021; Hossain 2022). Different pathovars of M. oryzae often infect different host plants with high specificity. The rice blast disease caused by the Oryza pathotype (MoO) of M. oryzae can result in 10–30% yield loss in rice-growing countries, posing a major threat to rice production, especially in the small-scale farming system (Mutiga et al. 2021). The Triticum pathotype (MoT), causing wheat blast disease, was first found in Brazil in 1985. It has now spread to other countries in South America, and also Asian countries such as Bangladesh (Islam et al. 2016). Wheat blast disease can result in an average yield loss of 51% in the affected field, becoming one of the most fearsome wheat diseases (Islam et al. 2020). Because of low fungicide efficacy against the blast diseases and lack of availability of resistant varieties, control of rice and wheat blast diseases is difficult. A combination of management strategies including early detection and utilization of biopesticides was proposed (Zhang et al. 2022), providing some helpful insights for fighting these devasting cereal blast diseases.
The second case study is the fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by FHB pathogens, which are mainly the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Chen et al. 2022). FHB is one of the most important diseases that affects wheat production worldwide (Summerell 2019). In general, a severe FHB epidemic occurred every four or five years in the most of wheat production regions. Since 2010, the outbreaks of FHB have become more frequent in China. Besides causing yield loss in affected crop field, FHB also produces mycotoxin contaminating the harvested grains, which are harmful to humans and livestock (Stepien and Chelkowski 2010). According to the economic importance and toxicity of FHB, F. graminearum is considered as one of the world’s top 10 fungal phytopathogens (Dean et al. 2012). Breeding resistant cultivars has been considered as the most effective strategy against FHB (Wegulo et al. 2015). Rational use of chemical pesticides, and potential biopesticides, and good agronomic practices are also important components in the IPM programme for FHB.
The third case study is the maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND), which is a relatively new viral disease on maize (Zhan et al. 2022). The MLND is caused by the co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and one of cereal-infecting potyviruses, and the symptoms on maize include leaf necrosis, premature aging, small cobs and even plant death (Redinbaugh and Stewart 2018). First reported in Americas in 1970s and 1980s, the MLND has now spread to more than fifteen countries in the Americas, Asia and Africa (Wangai et al. 2012). The outbreaks of MLND in several Asian and African countries caused devastating damage to maize production with large impacts on smallholder farmers (Mahuku et al. 2015). Integrated management of MLND involves effective detection methods such as serological methods, nucleic acid-based methods, and next-generation sequencing. The practices, such as using certified seeds, sanitary measures, crop rotation, and tolerant or resistant varieties, have been considered as the effective, economical and eco-friendly approach to prevent and control MLND.
The fourth case study is the potato late blight (PLB) disease (Dong and Zhou 2022). PLB, caused by the fungal-like oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease worldwide that led to the infamous Irish potato famine of the 1840s. Besides the primary host potato, P. infestans also infects other solanaceous plants such as tomato, petunia and nightshade. These infected plants can become pathogen inoculum to potato (Kirk et al. 2003). Originated from Central Mexico or South America, this disease has spread to almost all major potato-producing countries including the United States, Canada, China, and India (Fry et al. 2015). Up to now, PLB remains the most important biotic constraint to potato production worldwide and presents a major threat to global food security, especially for under-developed areas that heavily depend on potato as the major source of food (Cucak et al. 2021). Careful agronomic practices, such as using pathogen-free seed, serve as the good start for the successful management of PLB. Chemical fungicides remain the most effective means to control the pathogen. However, these chemical fungicides should be used more scientifically to avoid over-dosage and high cost. Some potential environmental-friendly biopesticides have been identified (He et al. 2021). Additionally, new technologies which may bring some innovative solutions to control PLB are also proposed.
The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), the most destructive migratory insect pest in the world, was also selected in the special focus (Li et al. 2022). Desert locust is an omnivorous insect, feeding on more than 300 various host plants including many cultivated crops and wild plants (Li et al. 2021). Formation of desert locust swarms and the outbreak of desert locusts are induced by a combination of environmental stimuli. During its outbreak and migration, desert locust can cause serious damage to cultivated crops, such as cotton, alfalfa, beans, wheat, barley, corn, flax, tobacco, tomato, potato, and melons, posing a major threat to food security and rural livelihoods. Since the 20th century, there have been 15 outbreaks of the desert locust, affecting about 30 million km2 of Africa and Asia continents and the lives of 850 million people in 65 countries (Ceccato et al. 2007; Divi 2020). Studies demonstrate the correlation between poor early childhood health and the desert locust swarm outbreak (Kien and Nguyen 2022). To date, much research has been conducted regarding the ecology and management of desert locusts. Climate change resulted in more favorable conditions, which is a major factor contributing to the recent outbreak of desert locust in 2020 (Peng et al. 2020). A critical component of preventive management programs is being able to locate significant infestations rapidly. The FAO provides forecasts, early warning and alerts on the timing, scale and location of invasions and breeding through its global Desert Locust Information Service (DLIS). Integrated management of desert locust, mainly including physical control methods, chemical insecticides, microbial pesticides, and biocontrol methods, are summarized in ths review (Li et al. 2022).
Occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests have been worsened by climate change in many aspects. Prevention of yield loss of major crops is critical for achieving global food security. Not only the IPM strategies should be adopted, but also the inter-government cooperation should be encouraged to share knowledge, information and innovative solutions, and to jointly tackle with challenges caused by transboundary pests. All these efforts are needed to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 相似文献
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玉米褪绿斑驳病毒及传播介体研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
玉米褪绿斑驳病毒(Maize chlorotic mottle virus,MCMV)是中国重要检疫性病毒之一,该病毒与马铃薯Y病毒属成员复合侵染会造成玉米致死性坏死（CLN）,造成严重的经济损失。由于玉米上马铃薯Y病毒属病毒有广泛适生范围,一旦扩散开来,将对玉米生产构成严重威胁。因此,了解MCMV研究的现状和传播介体具有重要意义。综述了近几年MCMV研究进展和传播介体概况,并结合自身研究,评述了西花蓟马作为MCMV传播介体在CLN中的作用,以期为西花蓟马传播MCMV的基础研究和防控提供理论依据。 相似文献
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There are a total of more than 40 reported maize viral diseases worldwide.Five of them have reportedly occurred in China.They are maize rough dwarf disease,maize dwarf mosaic disease,maize streak dwarf disease,maize crimson leaf disease,maize wallaby ear disease and corn lethal necrosis disease.This paper reviewed their occurrence and distribution as well as virus identification techniques in order to provide a basis for virus identification and diagnosis in corn production. 相似文献
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椰子致死性黄化植原体传入中国的风险性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
椰子致死性黄化病是严重危害椰子的一类世界性病害,其病原致死性黄化植原体已被多个国家列为检疫性有害生物,我国尚未有该病菌分布的报道。为加强对该病的检疫,参照国内外有害生物风险分析方法,从有害生物的分布状况、潜在的经济和生态环境危害性、寄主植物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性以及风险管理的难易程度等方面对椰子致死性黄化植原体传入我国的风险性进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,椰子致死性黄化植原体的风险性R值为2.27,属于高度危险性入侵物种,并提出了防止其入侵的风险管理策略。 相似文献
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玉米尾孢菌叶斑病是由玉蜀黍尾孢菌(Cercospora zeae-maydia Tehon&Daniels)引起的真菌性病害,近年来已成为危害我国玉米生产的一个主要病害.为此,综述了玉米尾孢菌叶斑病的症状、发生规律以及病原菌特征,并对该病害的综合防治措施进行了分析,提出选育和推广抗病品种是最为有效的途径.在我国玉米种质... 相似文献
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大豆孢囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)病是大豆生产上重要经济病害之一.东北地区作为我国大豆主产区,大豆种植面积增加同时该地区病害呈逐年加重趋势.为有效防控大豆孢囊线虫病,文章阐述东北地区大豆孢囊线虫生理小种种类、分布和变异及病害发生程度等规律.根据该区大豆孢囊线虫病害发生特点综述已有防控技术研究进展,主要包括农业措施、化学防治、生物防治、利用抗病品种等.最后展望未来潜在防控技术,以期为东北地区大豆丰产和农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支撑. 相似文献
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CARNA 5, the small cucummber mosaic virus-dependent replicating RNA which is the causal agent of lethal tomato necrosis disease, causes a drastic reduction of disease symptoms in at least two other plant species. Satellite-like RNA's associated with plant viruses have a disease-regulating function. 相似文献
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玉米粗缩病发生与播种期的关系 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
玉米粗缩病是晋南玉米生产上发生为害最严重的病害之一。试验表明,播种期与病害的发生关系密切,4月15日春播（早播）或6月15日复播（晚播）发病轻,减产少;5月25日套种发病重,减产多。据此,提出适当调整播种期、改变种植方式的防治措施。 相似文献