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Tony Stankus 《Journal Of Agricultural & Food Information》2013,14(1):37-62
In the first of this three-part series of articles, the debate in the clinical literature over the reality or extent of particular positive health benefits of a putative nutraceutical, conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), in human subjects was reviewed. In this second article, the means by which animal scientists and farmers—responding as much to annual sales in the hundreds of millions of dollars in health food stores of seed oil capsules rich in CLAs, as opposed to any conclusive clinical science—are aggressively pursuing ways to feed livestock that would naturally increase the concentration of CLAs per conventional consumer dietary portions, essentially allowing beef, pork, lamb, goat, and broiler meat to be marketed as functional foods is reported. In all three installments in this series, the core journals covering developments in CLA-related research are identified for agricultural and food science librarians. 相似文献
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Tony Stankus 《Journal Of Agricultural & Food Information》2013,14(3):229-255
ABSTRACT In the first of this two-part series of articles, the debate in the clinical literature over the reality or extent of particular positive health benefits of a putative nutraceutical, conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), in human subjects will be reviewed. In the second article, the means by which animal scientists and farmers—responding as much to annual sales in the hundreds of millions of dollars in health food stores of seed oil capsules rich in CLAs, as opposed to any conclusive clinical science—are aggressively pursuing ways to feed livestock that would naturally increase the concentration of CLAs per conventional consumer dietary portions, essentially allowing meat, eggs, fluid milk and the processed foods derived from them to be marketed as functional foods. In both installments in this series, the core journals covering developments in CLA-related research are identified for agricultural and food science librarians. 相似文献
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分形理论在农业与食品系统中的应用综述 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
分形是大自然的几何学,是非线性分析的有力工具,最近的十多年来对其研究和应用方兴未艾,几乎覆盖了所有的科学领域。该文简单介绍分形的基本定义和性质,并主要从3个方面介绍了它在农业、生物系统和食品工程领域的研究进展:首先是土壤结构、土壤颗粒的粗糙性和聚集、水土关系如渗流系数的分形描述、土壤的工程特性和土壤中发生的物理化学生物过程的分形分析等,是许多作者关注的领域;第二是在食品工程领域,食品颗粒的表面粗糙度、速溶咖啡颗粒的分形特征和可溶性的关系、奶酪等食品结构的分性特征、以及分形理论在食品加工质量控制中的应用等;第三是在植物和动物系统中,根系发育的分形描述和计算机模拟、不同植物的分形维数及识别,某些植物生长发育过程的计算机摸拟,动物生理、行为的分形特征以及在生态系统的环境监测中分形理论的一些开创性的研究成果。该文在综述了以上几个方面的研究成果后,对分形理论在这些领域的应用和发展作了讨论和展望。 相似文献
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Don Cousins 《Biological conservation》1978,13(4):287-297
For hundreds of years the gorilla has been exploited and utilised by man in one form or another, its uses as a natural commodity ranging from raw protein to circus performer. Indigenous man in Africa has long hunted this near-relative, sometimes in reprisal for the destruction of his crops but more often simply for food, while so-called civilised man has hunted and slaughtered it in the name of sport and science. More recently, animal dealers have made fortunes by supplying living infant gorillas to zoos, laboratories and wealthy private owners, but the final trauma may well be one that the gorilla will not survive—the total destruction of its natural habitat in the never-ending quest for raw materials to supply the insatiable industrial nations—and only international intervention will save it. 相似文献
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随着我国城郊畜禽饲养量和规模的不断增加，畜牧场所产生的排泄物对环境的污染越来越严重，已对人类的生活和健康造成严重威胁。受城郊人口流动的影响，畜牧场自身的生物安全、城市发展与畜牧场生产之间的矛盾等问题日益突出。城郊畜牧企业实施再布局，将养殖场与屠宰加工业迁移到远离城郊的边缘地区，对保障安全食品的生产、建立畜禽生物安全体系具有重要作用。该文建议政府部门应给予更多的政策扶持，加强宏观调控，加大投入力度，建立完善的法规制度，做好科学布局和规范畜禽产品销售流通体系，以加快城郊养殖加工企业的再布局。 相似文献
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家畜生产链中的转基因技术作为改善农业技术,提高农业经济效益的新技术,是21世纪不可回避的并需要积极应对的技术领域。鉴于转基因食品、动物饲料及其动物产品的安全与风险并存,本文阐述了转基因生物及转基因动物的概念内涵,总结了世界各国及其消费者对转基因技术及其产品的接受态度,其中欧盟对于GM食品、饲料及GM动物的开发持谨慎的态度,在相关标识及立法上起步早,并随着技术进步不断完善立法。对于食品和饲料的GM的标识阈值欧盟为0.9%,澳大利亚和新西兰则为1%,日本与韩国则对此标识未作要求,美国、加拿大和阿根廷等则对GM产品标识采取自愿的方法,而我国目前的相关立法着重于对转基因产品安全审批,但对终端产品管理和标识尚无界定。其次,本文总结了中国在转基因动物溯源技术方面所开展的工作,一是基本构建了基于基因改良的转基因动物数据库及溯源网络平台(www.gmanimal.com.cn);二是提出了转基因动物产品溯源的全程标识技术路线;三是使用Net及网络数据库技术开发了转基因动物(猪)及其产品全程溯源模式系统,可实现从是否使用转基因饲料和(或)使用转基因动物及其产品生产的正向跟踪及方向溯源,为满足政府的监管及消费者的知情权和选择权在技术上做好了储备。 相似文献
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Direct effects of soil or its constituents on human health are through its ingestion, inhalation or absorption. The soil contains many infectious organisms that may enter the human body through these pathways, but it also provides organisms on which our earliest antibiotics are based. Indirect effects of soil arise from the quantity and quality of food that humans consume. Trace elements can have both beneficial and toxic effects on humans, especially where the range for optimal intake is narrow. We focus on four trace elements (iodine, iron, selenium and zinc) whose deficiencies have substantial effects on human health. As the world's population increases issues of food security become more pressing, as does the need to sustain soil fertility and minimize its degradation. Lack of adequate food and food of poor nutritional quality lead to differing degrees of under‐nutrition, which in turn causes ill health. Soil and land are finite resources and agricultural land is under severe competition from other uses. Relationships between soil and health are often difficult to extricate because of the many confounding factors present. Nevertheless, recent scientific understanding of soil processes and factors that affect human health are enabling greater insight into the effects of soil on our health. Multidisciplinary research that includes soil science, agronomy, agricultural sustainability, toxicology, epidemiology and the medical sciences will facilitate the discovery of new antibiotics, a greater understanding of how materials added to soil used for food production affect health and deciphering of the complex relationships between soil and human health. 相似文献
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Se和Cd在土壤-植物系统中的迁移与食品安全 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文就Se和Cd在土壤-植物系统中的迁移及其与食品安全及人体健康之间的潜在关系进行了综合评述。Cd和Se在植物中积累并迁移到植物的可食或收获部分,取决于土壤条件、气候因子、农艺管理措施等。Cd是对食物链造成污染的重要元素,其在土壤中的富集通常是由工农业生产或城市人为污染造成的,减少Cd对土壤的污染及Cd污染土壤的生物修复已成为土壤学、环境科学及生态学研究的热点。Se是一种对动植物有益的元素,在土壤中含量过低会引发人体疾病,但Se含量过高也会导致污染并引发人体疾病;土壤中的高浓度Se通常来自于含Se量高的母岩以及燃煤的灰尘污染;基于食品安全的需要,中国在重视Se素营养补给的同时,要防止富Se地区及人为因素造成的Se污染。 相似文献
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不同来源畜禽粪的养分和污染物组成 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：17
畜禽粪中养分和有害物质的状况直接影响其利用价值。本文从浙江省采集了155个代表性畜禽粪样(包括93个猪粪样,31个鸡粪样,18个鸭粪样和13个牛粪样),采用化学分析和光谱分析方法鉴定了其营养物质、重金属元素和抗生素残留含量。结果表明,畜禽粪中Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni和Pb等重金属含量较低,但Cu和Zn含量普遍较高。Cu、Zn和As含量分别在18.56~1 788.04 mg·kg-1、12.46~10 056.68 mg·kg-1和0.69~76.43mg·kg-1之间,平均值分别为525.38 mg·kg-1、897.14 mg·kg-1和10.01 mg·kg-1。与我国农用污泥污染物控制的国家标准(GB4284—84)相比,Cu、Zn和As的超标率分别为53.55%、43.87%和0.65%。畜禽粪中四环素、土霉素和金霉素等抗生素的残留含量分别为0~16.75 mg·kg-1、0~29.60 mg·kg-1和0~11.63 mg·kg-1,平均残留含量:土霉素(5.10 mg·kg-1)>金霉素(2.17 mg·kg-1)>四环素(2.01 mg·kg-1)。四环素、土霉素和金霉素的检出率分别为61.29%、72.90%和69.03%。N、P和K等营养元素含量分别在9.80~43.60 g·kg-1、7.98~54.30 g·kg-1和8.76~35.20 g·kg-1之间,平均值分别为23.63 g·kg-1、24.81 g·kg-1和20.72 g·kg-1;P/N在0.40~2.98之间,平均为1.08。规模化养殖场畜禽粪中P、K、Cu、Zn、As和抗生素残留量明显高于农户家庭小规模养殖的畜禽粪。规模化养殖场中,猪粪重金属和抗生素含量高于其他畜禽粪。规模化养殖场畜禽粪中高含量Cu、Zn和抗生素的残留要求畜禽粪应限量施用,或在施用前进行适当前处理。 相似文献
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家禽健康养殖营养调控技术研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来家禽业在规模化、商业化上得到了很大发展,越来越多的人开始关注行业的安全和可持续发展,健康养殖问题已成为人们关注研究的焦点。健康养殖应该包括饲养条件、选种、疾病控制、饲料营养、饲养管理、产品质量、动物福利、生态系统,以及工作管理等。该义通过国内外相关文献的调查分析,着重阐述了当前阻碍家禽健康养殖可持续发展的主要营养性问题(如动物食品质量安全、饲料安全、环境污染、生态环境恶化、动物源性耐药菌增多等。)及家禽业健康养殖营养调控技术(如禽产品品质的营养调控技术、生态环境的营养调控、饲料配方、添加剂及饲养方式等),指出畜牧业必须主动生产适应人们现代健康安全膳食所需要的畜产品,这是畜牧业可持续发展的关键所在。 相似文献
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土壤健康是食品安全和人类生命健康的基础保障，开展土壤健康评价、掌握土壤健康状况对土壤保护和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以Web of Science核心数据库中收录的土壤健康评价相关文献为基础数据，采用CiteSpace工具文献数量、题目、关键词、作者等信息进行可视化计量分析。结果表明：（1）土壤健康评价是一项环境科学、土壤科学、农学等多学科交叉的研究领域，目前正处于快速发展时期；美国在这一领域的研究实力和国际影响力最大，我国虽然起步较晚但发展迅速，发展潜力巨大。（2）土壤健康概念从狭义到广义，评价指标从理化属性到物理、化学、生物综合指标，评价体系从单一粮食生产到多种生态系统服务功能，方法模型从专家经验到系统建模，技术手段从常规检测到微生物组学、地信遥感等正在逐步改进和完善。（3）生物学指标、土壤多功能定量评价、客观准确的评价模型等是目前土壤健康评价研究的前沿和热点。我国土壤健康评价研究尚处于发展阶段，本文对国际土壤健康评价进展情况的总结梳理对我国相关研究工作的开展提供了一定的参考与借鉴。 相似文献
13.
Conjugated linoleic acids alter the fatty acid composition and physical properties of egg yolk and albumen 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Watkins BA Feng S Strom AK DeVitt AA Yu L Li Y 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(23):6870-6876
Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the fatty acid composition of different egg compartments after storage were studied. Four dietary treatments [supplemented with safflower oil (SAFF, control group), DHA, CLAs plus DHA (CAD), and CLAs alone] were administered to Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) laying hens. Eggs from the different treatment groups were collected and stored for 10 weeks at 4 degrees C before analysis. Fatty acids from the yolk (yolk granules and plasma), egg albumen, and vitelline membrane were analyzed by gas chromatography. The yolk of eggs from hens given CLAs had significantly higher amounts of saturated fatty acids, typically 16:0 and 18:0, but lower amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) compared to eggs from the control group (SAFF). CLA content was highest in the yolk and present in both neutral and polar lipids, with the greatest concentrations in neutral lipids. DHA was incorporated mainly into yolk polar lipids. Lipids in yolk plasma and granules contained similar amounts of CLAs. The fatty acid compositions of vitelline membrane and egg albumen mirrored that of the egg yolk. CLA supplementation resulted in hard and rubbery yolks when compared to hard-cooked eggs from the control group. This study showed that feeding CLAs to hens led to accumulation of the isomers in polar and neutral lipids of the egg yolk and that these isomers migrated into egg albumen. Because the sensory properties of hard-cooked eggs were negatively affected by the enrichment of a mixture of CLA isomers in this study, further research should be conducted to evaluate how the different isomers alter the properties of egg yolk and albumen so that the quality of designed eggs containing CLAs and DHA can be improved. 相似文献
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畜禽健康养殖预警体系研究与应用 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4
为实现动物健康、人健康、环境健康的畜禽健康养殖目标,提出了畜禽健康养殖预警体系内容。以猪肉为例,建立了基于BP神经网络的猪肉价格预警模型并采用C#与Matlab混合编程实现了猪肉价格预警;以肉鸡为例,采用Java EE架构设计实现了肉鸡产品质量和养殖疫情预警;用C#语言设计实现了给定区域畜禽养殖自然环境承载量预警;嵌入式编程设计实现了集约化畜禽养殖环境参数预警。当猪肉价格波动幅度超过15%,肉鸡日死亡率与产品投诉率超过设定的限值,养殖数量超过自然环境理论承载量,养殖环境参数超过设定的阈值范围均会给出预警信 相似文献
16.
Chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide. A review 总被引：34，自引：0，他引：34
Friedman M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(16):4504-4526
Acrylamide (CH2=CH-CONH2), an industrially produced alpha,beta-unsaturated (conjugated) reactive molecule, is used worldwide to synthesize polyacrylamide. Polyacrylamide has found numerous applications as a soil conditioner, in wastewater treatment, in the cosmetic, paper, and textile industries, and in the laboratory as a solid support for the separation of proteins by electrophoresis. Because of the potential of exposure to acrylamide, effects of acrylamide in cells, tissues, animals, and humans have been extensively studied. Reports that acrylamide is present in foods formed during their processing under conditions that also induce the formation of Maillard browning products heightened interest in the chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of this vinyl compound. Because exposure of humans to acrylamide can come from both external sources and the diet, a need exists to develop a better understanding of its formation and distribution in food and its role in human health. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the chemistry, analysis, metabolism, pharmacology, and toxicology of acrylamide. Specifically covered are the following aspects: nonfood and food sources; exposure from the environment and the diet; mechanism of formation in food from asparagine and glucose; asparagine-asparaginase relationships; Maillard browning-acrylamide relationships; quenching of protein fluorescence; biological alkylation of amino acids, peptides, proteins, and DNA by acrylamide and its epoxide metabolite glycidamide; risk assessment; neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity; protection against adverse effects; and possible approaches to reducing levels in food. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. Neurotoxicity appears to be the only documented effect of acrylamide in human epidemiological studies; reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity/clastogenicity, and carcinogenicity are potential human health risks on the basis of only animal studies. A better understanding of the chemistry and biology of pure acrylamide in general and its impact in a food matrix in particular can lead to the development of improved food processes to decrease the acrylamide content of the diet. 相似文献
17.
Stachowska E Dziedziejko V Safranow K Jakubowska K Olszewska M Machaliñski B Chlubek D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(13):5335-5342
Lipoxygenases are a family of non-heme enzyme dioxygenases. The role of lipoxygenases is synthesis of hydroperoxides of fatty acids, which perform signaling functions in the body. Studies on conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) as fatty acids with a potential anti-atherosclerotic function have recently been initiated. The aim of the study was to test the effect of CLAs and linoleic acid on 5- and 15-lipoxygenase (5-LO, 15-LO-1) enzyme activity, their mRNA expression, and concentration in the cells. It was also desired to determine whether the CLAs are substrates for the enzymes. For the experiments monocytic cell line (THP-1) and monocytes obtained from human venous blood were used. Monocytes were differentiated to macrophages: THP-1 (CD14+) by PMA administration (100 nM for 24 h) and monocytes from blood (CD14+) by 7-day cultivation with the autologous serum (10%). After differentiation, macrophages were cultured with 30 microM CLAs or linoleic acid for 48 h. The 15- and 5-lipoxygenase products were measured by HPLC method. mRNA expression and protein content were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The in vitro studies proved that both CLA isomers are not substrates for 15-LO-1; in ex vivo studies hydroxydecadienoic acid (HODE) concentration was significantly reduced (p = 0.019). The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer reduced HODE concentration by 28% (p = 0.046) and the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer by 35% (p = 0.028). In macrophages obtained from THP-1 fatty acids did not change significantly mRNA expression of the majority of the investigated genes. CLAs did not change the content of 5-LO and 15-LO-1 proteins in macrophages obtained from peripheral blood. Linoleic acid induced 15-LO-1 expression (2.6 times, p < 0.05). CLAs may perform the function of an inhibitor of lipoxygenase 15-LO-1 activity in macrophages. 相似文献
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基于Web of Science文献计量学分析的全球老年食品研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为深入了解国内外老年食品的研究现状和研究热点,该研究基于Web of Science核心合集(SCI-E)数据库,采用文献计量学理论和可视化分析技术,对1990～2020年全球老年食品研究文献进行分析,以为中国老年食品的研究和开发提供参考。全球有64个国家/地区、852个研究机构,236种期刊开展了老年食品研究,跨区域合作、多学科交叉融合频繁,美国、日本、法国、加拿大、中国等国家均表现出较大的研究体量和较强的合作关系,美国、荷兰老年食品研究的总体质量较高,优势研究机构大多位于欧美等发达国家,研究领域主要集中于营养学、食品科学技术、老年医学等,重点关注膳食补充、健康状况和相关风险。研究前沿有粮食不安全(food insecurity)、健康状况(health status)、生活质量(quality of life)、康复(rehabilitation)、超重(overweight)、有效性(validity)、吞咽困难(dysphagia)、滋味(taste)等。中国老年食品以糊粉类为主,分类混乱、结构单一、科技含量低,与美国、日本、荷兰等国相比还有较大的差距。中国作为世界上人口最多的国家,在人口老龄化加速发展的关键时期,老年食品的研发显得尤为迫切和重要。因此,未来老年食品研究应以老年医学和营养学理论为基础,重点开发营养强化食品和功能性食品,加强食品的感官修饰研究力度,以满足老年人营养和健康的多元化需求,积极应对全球人口老龄化问题。 相似文献
19.
Emmanuel O.A. Asibey 《Biological conservation》1974,6(1):32-39
The protein deficiency problems of Africa south of the Sahara are growing in seriousness with the increasing human population. Domestic livestock, on which very high hopes have hitherto been set, have continued to fail to meet existing demands, let alone to keep in step with increasing human population growth. There has been increasing exploitation of the meat of wild animals, whose management is ignored. This source of meat supplements domestic sources. The exploitation of wild animals, coupled with increasing pressure on the habitat of the animals, is exterminating most of the wild animal species involved. Advice that existing scientific knowledge on the management of wild animals must be applied to ensure their rational exploitation on a sustained-yield basis, has continued to be ignored— with the excuse that facts and figures are not available to justify investment in wildlife conservation that will ensure a sustained yield of the badly-needed animal protein. Every attempt must be made by those entrusted with the responsibility of wildlife conservation to bring together scattered information on the subject and, at the same time, begin to collect, systematically, statistical information on the utilization of wild animal meat as food—also to ensure that wildlife conservation receives the priority it deserves in the management of natural resources in Africa south of the Sahara. This is inevitable if wildlife conservation is to be able to meet the economic justification without which one nation after another will continue to give very low priority to wildlife conservation—to the detriment of the region—where malnutrition and poaching are serious realities as are also overgrazing, expansion of desert land, and human population explosion. Despite the fact that general experience indicates the need for concerted action, it appears that, in the absence of readily-available statistical data, which are supposed to be required by policy-makers and financiers, these people are not prepared to face their duty effectively to finance proper wildlife conservation and rational utilization of wildlife resources of Africa south of the Sahara. 相似文献
20.
种养结合系统是实现养殖业和种植业可持续发展的重要途径。水热技术可以转化畜禽粪污生产生物原油、生物炭、水相产物和气体产物,分别具有燃料、土壤改良、农用杀菌剂和温室气体肥料应用潜力,以粪污水热资源化为核心构建的高效种养结合系统有助于提高土地对畜禽粪污的消纳能力、构建生态可持续的绿色循环农业,实现畜禽粪污资源化利用、种植业和养殖的协同高效发展。该研究基于国内外近十余年的研究,系统综述了粪污水热资源化产物在种养结合生态循环农业模式中的作用和应用潜力,论述了畜禽粪污水热转化生物原油在农业内燃机中作为燃料的研究现状,阐述了水相产物作为潜在的农用杀菌剂在作物病害防控中的作用,梳理了畜禽粪污来源水热炭在转化机理、理化特性和还田应用中的研究进展,分析了气相产物中的组分和用于温室种植的潜力。在此基础上总结了以粪污水热资源化为核心的高效种养结合系统面临的主要挑战,并对水热资源化产物农业循环应用的研究方向进行展望。研究为畜禽粪污水热资源化产物的高值利用和高效种养结合系统研究提供理论参考。 相似文献