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1.
During the first few days after weaning, pigs often experience BW loss as they adapt to eating solid food. During this time period, they are also known to drink excessively and develop abnormal oral behavior such as belly nosing. The excessive drinking may stem from the piglets' attempt to satiate hunger through gut fill from a familiar ingestive source. Gut fill through water intake may affect the establishment of feeding behavior. Using drinker devices other than the standard nipple drinker may ease the piglets' transition at weaning by facilitating the initiation of feeding and preventing the development of behavioral problems such as excessive drinking and belly nosing. In this experiment, we examined the effect of drinker type on water and food intake, growth rates, and belly nosing in newly weaned piglets. Eighteen pens of 15 piglets each (270 piglets total) were weaned at 18.1 +/- 0.1 d of age and housed in pens containing 1 of 3 drinker devices (standard nipple, push-lever bowl, and float bowl). Piglets' water and feed intake, water use, BW, and behavior were examined on a pen basis through 2 wk after weaning. Piglets with nipple drinkers wasted more water than the other piglets (P < 0.001; float, 295 +/- 70 mL x pig(-1) . d(-1); nipple, 1,114 +/- 63 mL x pig(-1) . d(-1); and push-lever, 186 +/- 63 mL x pig(-1) . d(-1)), whereas piglets with float bowls consumed less water than the other piglets (P < 0.001; float, 475 +/- 81 mL . pig(-1) x d(-1); nipple, 870 +/- 76 mL x pig(-1) . d(-1); push-lever, 774 +/- 76 mL x pig(-1) . d(-1)). Drinker type affected feeding behavior (P = 0.02); piglets with push-lever bowls spent less time at the feeder than the other piglets, although no difference was detected for feed intake (P = 0.64) or overall ADG (P = 0.16). Piglets with push-lever bowls also tended to perform less piglet-directed nosing behavior than piglets with the float bowl (P = 0.04). Piglets appear to use more water during the first 2 d after weaning with certain drinker devices. However, piglets do not appear to attain satiety through water consumption because most of the water used during the first few days after weaning is wasted. This excessive drinking and water wastage can be abated through the use of push-lever drinkers without negative implications for feed intake or growth rates. 相似文献
2.
The incidence of belly nosing-related behaviors was studied in 480 piglets weaned at 14 d and provided with environmental enrichment during preweaning, postweaning, or both. Pen enrichment was achieved by providing a foam rubber mat on the pen wall (nose), rubber nipples (suck), a Bite-Rite Tail Chew (bite), a soil-filled tray (root), or no enrichment (control). Instantaneous scan sampling observations, at 5-min intervals, were conducted for 8 h (i.e., 96 scans/observation day) at 3, 10, 19, 26, and 33 d. Observations during the preweaning phase were made to determine the number of piglets lying, standing, nursing, and interacting with environmental enrichment. During the postweaning phase, observations were made to determine the number of piglets belly nosing, belly sucking, other nosing and sucking (other), biting, eating, drinking, and interacting with enrichment. The time-course for belly nosing was confirmed, with the behavior rising by 19 d, peaking by 26 d, and decreasing by 33 d (P < 0.001). Only nosing enrichment was found to reduce the incidence of belly-nosing behavior (3.8%) compared with controls (6.6%; P < 0.001). Pigs provided root enrichment spent more time manipulating their enrichment devices (30.2%) compared with all other enrichment groups (P < 0.001). Providing enrichment relevant to a particular behavioral vice as it commences, or shortly afterward, may have the greatest effect on reducing the incidence of that vice during the nursery period. 相似文献
3.
A study was conducted to compare growth performance and behaviors of group-farrowed pigs with those of confinement-farrowed pigs. A total of 216 pigs (8 wk of age) were used, with an equal number of group-farrowed or confinement-farrowed pigs from 1 farrowing batch. Group-farrowed pigs were farrowed in bedded, individual pens and mingled into a group of 8 litters at 12 (±1.3) d of age. Pigs were weaned at 33 (±1.3) d and remained in the farrowing room until 8 wk of age. Confinement-farrowed pigs were farrowed in farrowing crates. At weaning (32 ± 2.0 d of age), confinement-farrowed pigs were mixed and moved to pens of 9 pigs in a confinement nursery and remained there until 8 wk of age. At 8 wk of age, pigs from the 2 housing systems were allocated to 24 pens of 9 pigs in a confinement growing-finishing barn, with 12 pens from each of the housing systems. Within farrowing system, pigs from different groups or pens were mixed upon entering the growing-finishing barn. Individual BW was recorded at allotment (wk 0) to the growing-finishing barn and every 2 wk thereafter for 14 wk. Feed intake and G:F were monitored on a pen basis every 2 wk between wk 0 and 14 of the study period. Behaviors of pigs were video recorded in 6 pens of each housing treatment for 24 h on the day of mixing (d 0), d 7, and d 14 after mixing in the finisher barn. The video recordings were scanned at 5-min intervals to calculate behavioral time budgets for lying, standing, eating, drinking, and belly nosing. Data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed model of SAS with repeated measures. Compared with confinement-farrowed pigs, group-farrowed pigs spent more time lying (85.7 vs. 82.7%; SE = 0.75; P < 0.001) and belly nosing (0.05 vs. 0.02%; P < 0.05) and less time standing (5.8 vs. 7.5%; SE = 0.49; P < 0.01) and eating (7.3 vs. 9.3%; SE = 0.40; P < 0.001). The difference in behavioral time budgets was associated with differences in performance of pigs from the 2 housing systems. Group-farrowed pigs exhibited greater ADG (866 vs. 814 g; SE = 10.3; P < 0.01) for the initial 2 wk after mixing, less ADFI (2,004 vs. 2,188 g; SE = 42.5; P < 0.05), and improved G:F (0.431 vs. 0.393; SE = 0.0078; P < 0.01) for the entire 14-wk study period compared with confinement-farrowed pigs. These results suggest that group-farrowed pigs were more efficient than confinement-farrowed pigs in utilizing dietary energy for BW gain by lying more and standing and eating less during the growing and finishing period. 相似文献
4.
Three experiments were conducted to assess water intake, water wastage, and a means to decrease water wastage by growing-finishing pigs from nipple drinkers. In Exp. 1, 48 pigs were studied during two periods (average BW = 53 and 72 kg for Period 1 and 2, respectively). Water disappearance and wastage were determined for 4 d, while nipple drinkers were set at 50 mm above the shoulder height of the smallest pig in the pen (recommended heights), with flow rates at 700 mL/min during Period 1, and 1,000 mL/min during Period 2. Water intake rate was assessed at two nipple flow rates, approximately 650 and 1,300 mL/min during the Period 1, and 1,000 and 2,000 mL/min during the Period 2. The average water intake was 4.01 and 5.38 +/- 0.19 L.pig(-1).d(-1) during Periods 1 and 2, respectively (P < 0.01). Water wastage as a percentage of water disappearance was similar between the two periods (25.8 and 27.0 +/- 1.9% for Periods 1 and 2, respectively). Water intake rate was 467 and 795 mL/min (+/-34.2; P < 0.01) during Period 1, and 722 and 1,422 mL/min (+/-80.0; P < 0.01) during Period 2, at the lower and higher flow rates, respectively. In Exp. 2, 32 pigs were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design to determine effects of nipple heights (recommended vs. unadjusted = 330 mm) and flow rates (500 vs. 1,000 mL/min) on water intake and wastage. Water wastage was increased (P < 0.01) on the unadjusted vs. recommended nipple height, and the higher flow rate also resulted in greater wastage (P = 0.03) compared with the lower rate. In Exp. 3, water disappearance and manure output in 16 pens of 18 pigs per pen were monitored for 12 wk (average initial BW = 32 kg) using four drinker treatments (bowl drinker, nipple drinker at recommended heights, an unadjusted nipple set at 480 mm, and high nipple drinker height of 730 mm with a step underneath). For pigs on the high nipple drinker, the average water disappearance and manure output did not differ from those of the pigs on the recommended nipple heights and bowl drinker, but these measurements were 15 and 12% lower, respectively, than for the pigs on the low nipple drinker. The results indicate that growing-finishing pigs can maintain adequate water intake from a variety of drinker types and management. Water wastage can be controlled through drinker management. 相似文献
5.
Long distance transportation of weaned piglets (Sus scrofa) is increasingly common in the united states and may result in delayed eating, drinking, or normal social behaviors. A potential solution is a mid-journey rest (lairage). The objective of this study was to determine if a lairage altered behavior after a 16-h transport. Pigs that weighed approximately 18 kg each (n = 894) were housed in 16 pens with 8 pens per treatment. Lairaged pigs were transported for 8 h and given an 8-h rest with food and water, whereas control pigs were transported continuously for 16 h. The heaviest, the lightest, and 2 average-BW pigs relative to the average weight of the pen were observed by video recording for 24 h immediately before and after transport, and during d 6 and 13 after transport. Postures (lying, sitting, and standing) were recorded using 10-min-interval scan sampling, and behavioral categories included inactivity, activities (eating, drinking, alert, manipulating pen, rooting, and walking) and social interactions (aggression, belly nosing, playing, tail biting, and positive social behaviors). In both treatments, sitting occurred most before transport (P < 0.01) than at other times, but did not differ between treatments. Standing increased (time effect; P < 0.01) for both treatments immediately after transport through d 6, but returned to pre-transport values by d 13. In contrast, lying decreased (time effect; P < 0.01) after transport, but returned to above pre-transport values by d 13. Time effects were evident for activity (P < 0.01), pen manipulation (P = 0.05), rooting (P < 0.01), initiation of belly-nosing (P = 0.01), and receiving belly-nosing (P = 0.03); however, initiation of aggression did not differ for day (P = 0.19) or treatment (P = 0.56). Lairaged pigs initiated more (P = 0.05) play than continuously transported pigs, but no differences (P = 0.84) were seen in receipt of play behavior. Pigs that were to be transported for 16 h continuously walked less pre-transport, walked more post-transport (treatment × time interaction; P = 0.02), and drank less pre-transport, but drank more on all days post-transport compared with the lairage group (treatment × time interaction; P = 0.001). This study indicated that extended transport without lairage alters some swine behaviors relevant to production (water consumption) and demonstrated that a long-duration transport, regardless of the mid-journey lairage treatment, affects a number of behaviors up to 13 d after transportation. 相似文献
6.
The growth rate of the young pig is generally much less than its potential and may be constrained by endocrine status as well as by nutrient intake. The aim of this study was to determine whether porcine somatotropin (pST) could increase growth in the nursing pig. Fourteen sows nursing litters of 6 (n = 7) or 12 (n = 7) piglets were utilized to establish a high and low plane of nutrition for sucking pigs. On Day 4 of lactation, the median two male pigs from each litter were randomly allocated to one of two doses of pST (0 or 60 micrograms/kg/d) until weaning on Day 31. Pigs were bled on Days 4, 13, 22, and 31 of lactation and the plasma was analyzed for insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Pigs were weaned into conventional accommodation and further weighed on Days 63, 91, and 119. Pigs from litters of 6 grew more quickly and weighed 2.2 kg (P = 0.01) and 3.5 kg (P = 0.04) more than pigs from litters of 12 at 31 and 63 d of age, respectively. There was no effect of pST on preweaning growth of sucking pigs (261 vs. 258 g/d, P = 0.68), although growth rate increased in the final 3 d before weaning at 31 d (241 vs. 294 g/d, P = 0.01). IGFBP-3 was greater (1.09 vs. 0.78 micrograms/ml, P < 0.001), whereas IGF-I tended to be greater (206 vs. 176 ng/ml, P = 0.14), in pigs from the small litters. There was no effect of pST on plasma IGF-I (182 vs. 195 ng/ml, P = 0.454) or IGFBP-3 (0.93 vs. 0.94 microgram/ml, P = 0.85) concentrations. Plasma IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were highly correlated with the growth rate of nursing pigs (R = 0.638 and 0.756, respectively). There were no effects of pST (340 vs. 328 ng/ml, P = 0.48) or litter size (336 vs. 333 ng/ml, P = 0.88) on IGF-II. In conclusion, pST had no little or no effect on growth performance or plasma IGF-I, IGF-II, or IGFBP-3 in sucking pigs on either a high or low plane of nutrition. 相似文献
7.
Auditory, chemical and visual stimuli were used in a factorial trial in an attempt to stimulate feeding in newly weaned piglets. Ninety-six crossbred piglets weaned at 28 d of age were assigned to groups containing four littermates. Each group was placed in a 1.2-m X 1.2-m pen in an isolated room for 48 h. Pens were equipped with nipple waterers and trough-type feeders. The auditory stimulus was piglet and sow nursing vocalizations. A visual stimulus was provided by a lamp that illuminated the feeding area. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented for 5 min once an hour for 48 h. The chemical stimulus consisted of 60 ml of evaporated milk sprayed over the surface of the feed once every 12 h. Water was used in place of milk in control treatments. Piglets were videotaped for 48 h. Frequency and duration of feeding, drinking and lying were recorded for two piglets out of each pen. Auditory stimuli increased (P less than .05) the number of drinking bouts per day from 16.3 to 19.2 and the number of drinking bouts associated with stimulus presentation from 6.2 to 8.0. There also was an auditory X day interaction effect on total time spent feeding. On d 2 postweaning piglets in the auditory treatment group spent more (P less than .05) time feeding than did those without auditory stimulation (127.1 vs 104.2 min, respectively). The relatively simple visual and chemical stimuli tested had no significant effects on ingestive behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
8.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of aerosolized 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one (androstenone) on pig aggressive and submissive behaviors and on pig performance. In Exp. 1, twenty-four 5-wk-old pigs were randomly regrouped in a two-pig bioassay. A solution of either isopropyl alcohol or .5 mg androstenone in isopropyl alcohol per pig was aerosolized on both pigs in the observation pens. Summarization of video records from the 90-min bioassay showed that pens of pigs aerosolized with androstenone spent 58% less time engaged in aggressive behavior (P less than .05) and 96% less time engaged in submissive behavior (P less than .01). In Exp. 2, a performance trial was conducted with finishing pigs from 57 to 91 kg body weight. Factorially arranged treatments included aerosolized androstenone (.5 mg/pig) or the vehicle isopropyl alcohol and regrouping into uniform body weight blocks or no regrouping. Regrouping depressed average daily feed consumption (P less than .05) and average daily gain (P less than .05) for the first 7 d of the trial. Pigs reveiving the androstenone aerosol had improved average daily gain (P = .01) and gain:feed ratio (P less than .01) for the first 28 d of the trial. Performance of all treated pigs was similar for the entire finishing period. This olfactory stimulant reduced pig agonistic behavior and transiently improved performance of regrouped and non-regrouped finishing pigs. 相似文献
9.
Apple JK Maxwell CV Sawyer JT Kutz BR Rakes LK Davis ME Johnson ZB Carr SN Armstrong TA 《Journal of animal science》2007,85(10):2682-2690
Crossbred pigs (n = 216) were used to test the interaction, if any, of ractopamine (RAC) and dietary fat source on the characteristics of fresh pork bellies. Pigs were blocked by BW (77.6 +/- 6.5 kg) and allotted randomly to pens (6 pigs/pen). After receiving a common diet devoid of RAC for 2 wk, pens within blocks were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design, with 5% fat (beef tallow vs. soybean oil) and RAC (0 vs. 10 mg/kg). At the conclusion of the 35-d feeding period, pigs were slaughtered at a commercial pork packing plant (average BW of 108.8 +/- 0.6 kg), and fresh bellies were captured during carcass fabrication. Neither RAC (P = 0.362) nor fat source (P = 0.247) affected belly thickness. Subjective (bar-suspension) or objective (compression test) measures of belly firmness were not (P > or = 0.148) affected by the inclusion of RAC in the diet; however, bellies from pigs fed soybean oil (SBO) were softer than those from pigs fed beef tallow (BT), as indicated by perpendicular (P < or = 0.005) and parallel (P < 0.001) suspensions. Moreover, bellies from BT-fed pigs required more (P = 0.096) force to compress 50% of their thickness than bellies from SBO-fed pigs (52.29 vs. 43.51 kg). Color (L*, a*, and b* values) of the belly lean and fat was not (P > or = 0.131) affected by RAC, and lean color was similar (P > or = 0.262) between fat sources; however, belly fat from BT-fed pigs was lighter (P = 0.030) and redder (P = 0.013) in color than belly fat from SBO-fed pigs. Bellies of SBO-fed pigs had greater (P < 0.001) proportions of PUFA and lower (P < 0.001) proportions of SFA and MUFA than belly fat from pigs fed BT. Regardless of the RAC inclusion level, PUFA:SFA and iodine values were lower in belly fat from pigs fed BT than SBO; however, within SBO-fed pigs, PUFA:SFA and iodine values were further increased by feeding RAC (RAC x fat source, P < 0.001). As expected, dietary fat source altered the fatty acid composition of fresh pork bellies, which subsequently impacted fresh belly firmness. Interestingly, including RAC in swine finishing diets exacerbated the effect of feeding SBO on pork fat polyunsaturation. 相似文献
10.
Feed intake was investigated in early weaned pigs housed in two environments. In the first experiment, pigs in an unfamiliar environment (removed from the sow and placed in nursery pens) were offered a dry diet either ad libitum or at different meal intervals (2, 4 and 6 h). Regardless of meal interval (ad libitum or hourly intervals), early weaned (21 d) pigs failed to consume sufficient feed for maintenance during the first 3 d postweaning. Pigs provided feed ad libitum consumed more (P less than .001) feed (142 vs 84 g/d) and gained more (P less than .05) weight (57 vs 3 g/d) than meal-fed pigs over the 7-d period. Pigs fed at 2-h intervals consumed more (P less than .001) feed than pigs fed at 4-h or 6-h intervals. Compared with preweaning levels (307 mu eq/liter), plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels increased approximately fourfold by d 1 postweaning (1,372 mu eq/liter), then decreased through d 7 to levels below preweaning (142 mu eq/liter). The FFA levels were not affected (P greater than .1) by meal interval. In a second experiment, feed intake was investigated in weaned pigs that were allowed to consume food by a familiar method and in a familiar environment (suckling the sow). When allowed to nurse following a 24-h weaning period, weaned pigs consumed (24.3 +/- 2.8 g/suckling) the same amount (P greater than .1) as non-weaned littermates (28.7 +/- 1.8 g/suckling).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
11.
One hundred and forty-four pigs were used to determine the effects of a putative synthetic maternal pheromone on behavior and performance of weanling pigs. Each pen of weaned pigs contained three pigs that were given free access to water and feed. Pigs were videotaped in time lapse for 48 h after weaning and weekly body weights and feed disappearances were recorded for 4 wk. Treatments included: a) control (vehicle applied), b) 30 mL of synthetic pheromone applied to the feeder, or c) 10 mL of synthetic pheromone applied to each of three pigs' snouts. Pigs exposed to the synthetic pheromone spent more (P < 0.05) time with their heads in the feeder and less (P < 0.05) time drinking, lying down, or engaged in agonistic behaviors than control pigs. Pigs exposed to the synthetic pheromone were more (P < 0.05) active during the 48-h period of video taping than control pigs. Pigs exposed to the synthetic pheromone (either on the feeder or their snout) had increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and better (P < 0.01) feed:gain ratio than control pigs over the 28-d postweaning period. In conclusion, the putative synthetic pheromone, applied once at weaning, stimulated apparent feeding behaviors, and reduced fighting and apparent drinking behaviors during the first 48 h after weaning. ADG and feed:gain ratio were improved by application of the putative synthetic pheromone either directly on the feeder or when painted on the pigs' snouts. Olfactory signals can modulate adaptation to the postweaning environment in ways that may improve pig performance and welfare. 相似文献
12.
Two studies were carried out with the same group of pigs within a wean-to-finish system. In Study 1 (weaning to wk 8 postweaning), the effect of feeder-trough space in pens that were double-stocked on pig growth was evaluated. In Study 2 (end of wk 8 to 112 +/- 1.5 kg BW), the effect of variation in pig BW within a pen on growth was investigated. In Study 1, a randomized block design was used to compare two feeder-trough space treatments (Double [4 cm/pig] vs Control [2 cm/pig]). Pigs (n = 1,728) were randomly allocated at weaning (5.4 +/- 0.01 kg BW; 16 d of age) to mixed-sex pens (8 pens/treatment) of 108 pigs/pen on the basis of BW. Floor-space (0.30 m2/pig) and drinker allocation (13 pigs/drinker) were the same for both treatments. Two six-place (35 cm/place) feeders were positioned together in the center of each pen and were accessible from both sides. For the Double treatment, both feeders contained feed, whereas for the Control only one feeder contained feed. In Study 2, a randomized block design was used to compare three BW/variation in BW treatments: 1) Heavy BW/Low variation, 2) Light BW/Low variation, and 3) Mixed BW/Normal variation. The double-stocked pens of pigs from within previous feeder-trough space treatment were split into two groups of 54 pigs (equal sex ratio) having either high or low BW variation within pen. Pigs had free access to feed and water throughout the studies. In Study 1, doubling feeder-trough space did not affect (P > 0.05) pig growth from weaning to the end of wk 6. From wk 6 to 8, pigs on the Double treatment compared to the Control treatment had higher (P < 0.05) ADG and were heavier (P < 0.05), but had similar (P > 0.05) ADFI and gain:feed ratio. In Study 2, pen-BW treatment did not impact (P > 0.05) ADG or gain:feed ratio; however, Heavy/Low had greater (P < 0.01) ADFI than Light/Low with Mixed/Normal being intermediate for ADFI. At 112 kg BW, CV of BW within a pen was similar (P > 0.05) across treatments; however, days to market BW was greater (P < 0.001) for Light/Low than Heavy/ Low with Mixed/Normal being intermediate. In summary, increasing feeder-trough space from 2 to 4 cm per pig increased daily gain after wk 6 postweaning in double-stocked pens of pigs; however, sorting pigs on the basis of BW when splitting pens did not impact growth rate or variation in BW within a pen at market BW. 相似文献
13.
Hessel EF Wülbers-Mindermann M Berg C Van den Weghe HF Algers B 《Journal of animal science》2006,84(6):1526-1534
This study evaluated how feeding frequency affects behavior and the occurrence of skin lesions in growing-finishing pigs. One hundred eighty pigs (27 to 112 kg of BW) were reared in one environmentally controlled room (20 pens; 9 pigs/pen). Pigs in 10 pens were fed 3 times daily (reference group), whereas the others were fed 9 times daily (experimental group). Both groups received the same total amount of liquid feed. Rations were adjusted to the mean pen weights. Behavioral observations (scan sampling, as well as continuous focal pig observations) were made in wk 4, 10, and 14 of the growing-finishing period. After each observation, skin lesions were assessed individually for each pig. Pigs fed 9 times daily tended to lie laterally for less time (P = 0.083) and tended to be active (P = 0.054) during the day, especially in growing-finishing wk 4 (P = 0.007). With continuously observed focal pigs, no differences in time allocations for feeding were found between groups. During feeding in growing-finishing wk 4, focal pigs belonging to the experimental group displayed more aggressive actions (P = 0.019), tended to perform aggressive actions for a longer time (P = 0.076), and tended to be belly-nosed for a longer time (P = 0.083) compared with the reference group. In addition, in growing-finishing wk 14, pigs in the experimental group had greater scores for skin lesions (head, P = 0.001; belly, P < 0.001; caudal part, P < 0.001) and tended to be belly-nosed for a longer time (P = 0.084). In the case of pigs restricted-fed liquid feed, a greater frequency of feeding per day appears to be a condition that results in greater competitive feeding than with a lower feeding frequency. 相似文献
14.
The effects of postweaning stressors on pig weight change, blood, liver and digestive tract characteristics 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
Postweaning growth lag in baby pigs weaned at 28 d was studied by using three weaning stress treatments. Treatments consisted of a control in which pigs continued to nurse the dam, had access to a dry feed at 14 d of age and were not weaned until after the study. Pigs were adjusted to liquid and dry feeds at 14 d of age in Treatments 2 and 3, but sows were removed from the pens at 28 d of age in Treatment 2, whereas sows were removed and room temperature lowered to 13 degrees C in Treatment 3. In Treatment 4, sows were removed but pigs were fed the dry diet only from 28 d of age. Blood and tissue were collected and evaluated every 12 h for 48 h on slaughtered pigs and blood was sampled every 12 h for 132 h from pigs catheterized in the vena cava. Pigs weaned with a dry diet in Treatment 4 were the only pigs to lose weight (P less than .01) and have typical symptoms of postweaning growth lag. These pigs had the lowest (P less than .01) mean plasma glucose, highest (P less than .01) free fatty acids and the highest (P less than .05) cortisol concentrations. Their mean duodenal pH also was higher (P less than .01), whereas pigs given both milk and dry diets and stressed by weaning in a warm or cool room (Treatments 2 and 3) had lower (P less than .01) duodenal pH values than pigs continuing to nurse the sow. In this study, pigs having access to milk and dry diets prior to weaning had no adverse symptoms when the sow was removed regardless of whether or not they were exposed to cold after weaning. However, pigs that were abruptly weaned with a dry diet had slow growth, low plasma glucose, high free fatty acids and low liver glycogen. 相似文献
15.
Dahlen RB Baidoo SK Shurson GC Anderson JE Dahlen CR Johnston LJ 《Journal of animal science》2011,89(10):3140-3152
Two studies were conducted to assess the energy content of low-solubles distillers dried grains (LS-DDG) and their effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork fat quality in grow-finish pigs. In Exp. 1, 24 barrows (Yorkshire-Landrace × Duroc; 80 to 90 d of age) in 2 successive periods were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. In individual metabolism stalls, pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet (control); control replaced by 30, 40, or 50% LS-DDG; or control replaced by 30 or 40% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at 3% of their initial BW for 12 d. All diets contained 0.25% CrO(2). During the 5-d collection period, feces and urine were collected from each pig. Feed, feces, and urine were analyzed for DM, GE, and N concentrations, and feed and feces were analyzed for Cr content. The ME content of LS-DDG (2,959 ± 100 kcal/kg of DM) was similar to that determined for DDGS (2,964 ± 81 kcal/kg of DM). In Exp. 2, 216 Yorkshire-Landrace × Duroc pigs were blocked by initial BW (18.8 ± 0.76 kg) and assigned to 1 of 24 pens (9 pigs/pen). Pens within block were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (8 pens/treatment) in a 4-phase feeding program: a corn-soybean meal control (control), control containing 20% LS-DDG, or control containing 20% DDGS. Treatment had no effect on final BW, ADG, ADFI, or HCW. Pigs fed LS-DDG had similar G:F (0.367) compared with pigs fed DDGS (0.370), but tended (P = 0.09) to have decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the control (0.380; pooled SEM = 0.004). Dressing percent was less (P < 0.01) for pigs fed LS-DDG (72.8%) and DDGS (72.8%) compared with the control (73.8%; pooled SEM = 0.22). Pigs fed LS-DDG (54.8%) had greater (P = 0.02) carcass lean compared with pigs fed DDGS (53.4%), but were similar to pigs fed control (54.1%; pooled SEM = 0.33). Bellies from pigs fed DDGS (12.9°) were softer (P < 0.01) than those from pigs fed control (17.7°; pooled SEM = 1.07) as determined by the belly flop angle test. Feeding LS-DDG (14.1°) tended (P < 0.10) to create softer bellies compared with control-fed pigs. The PUFA content of belly fat was reduced (P < 0.01) by LS-DDG (14.0%) compared with DDGS (15.4%), but was increased (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the control (9.4%; pooled SEM = 0.34). In conclusion, LS-DDG and DDGS had similar ME values and inclusion of 20% LS-DDG in diets for growing-finishing pigs supports ADG and ADFI similar to that of diets containing 20% DDGS, and may reduce negative effects on pork fat compared with DDGS. 相似文献
16.
Early weaning to reduce tissue mobilization in lactating sows and milk supplementation to enhance pig weaning weight during extreme heat stress 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This study was conducted to determine the effect of reduced lactation length and supplemental milk replacer (MR) during high ambient temperatures. Thirty nine primiparous and 100 multiparous sows (PIC, Franklin, KY, C-22) were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments consisted of two lactation room temperatures (21 degrees C [TN] and 32 degrees C [HOT]), two lactation lengths (14 or 19 d), and two parity groups (primiparous, multiparous). Pigs were either: 1) sow-reared to 19 d or 2) sow-reared to 14 d, and then reared to 19 d with MR after sow removal. All sows were fed the same diet (1.07% lysine, 3,366 kcal of ME/kg). Sows were weighed and ultrasound for backfat thickness (BF) and longissimus muscle area (LMA) within 6 h after farrowing and at the time of sow removal (d 14 or 19). Pigs were individually weighed at weaning (d 19) and after a 47-d nursery period (d 66). Heat stress increased sow weight loss (-13.35 kg, P < 0.01) and decreased sow feed intake (4.63 kg/d, P < 0.01) during lactation compared with sows in TN (+4.5 kg and 7.5 kg/d, respectively). Early weaning (d 14) during heat stress decreased maternal weight loss (-10.1 vs. -16.6 kg, P < 0.01). Primiparous sows lost more BF in both environments (-2.60 vs. -1.56 mm, P < 0.05), and both parity groups lost more BF (-3.35 vs. -2.3 mm, P < 0.10) and LMA (-1.82 vs. -0.77 cm2, P < 0.05) when lactating for 19 d in the HOT environment than those lactating for 14 d. Pigs nursing primiparous and multiparous sows in the HOT environment and provided MR had heavier individual 19-d weights (7.37 and 8.12 kg/ pig, respectively) than those nursing to 19 d (5.57 and 6.04 kg/pig, P < 0.01). Milk replacer decreased the difference normally observed in 19-d weights between primiparous and multiparous sow-reared pigs in TN. Pigs fed MR in both environments and nursing multiparous sows had improved weight gains in the nursery compared with pigs nursing sows to 19 d (428 vs. 406 g/d, respectively; P < 0.01), or reared by primiparous sows (444 vs. 390 g/d , respectively; P < 0.01). Sow weaning on d 14 in the HOT environment decreased the wean-to-estrus interval in primiparous sows (22.8 vs. 9.2 d, P < 0.10). This study shows the benefit of early weaning in combination with milk replacer to preserve the sow and to restore pig weaning weights and nursery end weights under heat stress. 相似文献
17.
E. Nannoni G. Martelli M. Cecchini G. Vignola M. Giammarco G. Zaghini L. Sardi 《Livestock Science》2013,151(1):21-28
Reducing water waste, and therefore the total volume of manure produced, is one of the ways to lower the environmental impact of intensive pig farming. The aim of this trial was to verify whether the absence of additional fresh drinking water could compromise the production traits or behaviour of liquid-fed heavy pigs. Sixty animals (initial BW 78 kg) were divided into two experimental groups, both fed a liquid diet (water-to-feed ratio 3:1 w/w). All pens were equipped with nipple drinkers; one of the groups had permanent access to fresh water (working drinkers—WD), whereas the other group had no water supply except that delivered with food (dry drinkers—DD). The pigs were housed in temperature- and humidity-controlled rooms. They were brought to a weight of 160 kg and then slaughtered. Hams were dry-cured according to the directives for Parma ham production. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between the experimental groups with respect to growth parameters (ADG and FCR), behavioural traits, blood parameters or the qualitative traits of carcasses (dressing out, lean meat yield, backfat thickness), meat (pH, colour, WHC, fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat and tenderness) and cured hams (weight losses, sensory properties, chemical composition and oxidative status). With respect to drinking behaviour, a low number of visits to the drinker were recorded for both groups and data seem to indicate a high amount of water wasted by pigs provided with additional water delivery by nipple drinkers. Liquid feeding did not suppress drinkers use or drinker manipulation in both groups. 相似文献
18.
Haussmann MF Carroll JA Weesner GD Daniels MJ Matteri RL Lay DC 《Journal of animal science》2000,78(9):2399-2411
This study was designed to examine the physiology and behavior of pigs whose dams were snared and then injected with ACTH during gestation. Administration of ACTH to dams during pregnancy has been shown to replicate the effects of prenatal stress in other species. Control sows (n = 8) were given no treatment, whereas the treatment sows (ACTH, n = 8) were immobilized by snaring the snout and then administered an i.v. injection of ACTH (1 IU/kg BW) weekly from 6 to 12 wk of gestation. A pig was killed from each sow at 1, 30, and 60 d of age. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and liver were immediately obtained to determine the amounts of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), beta-endorphin, and mRNA for pro-opiomelanocorticotropin (POMC), the ACTH receptor (ACTH-R), and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Pituitary corticotrope and somatotrope cell numbers and adrenal cortex-to-medulla area ratios (CORT:MED) were also determined. Pigs' behaviors were recorded at 6 and 8 wk of age. At 75 d of age, a blood sample was taken and a biopsy puncture was created on one pig from each litter, then pigs were stressed by mixing. Blood was sampled every other day for 10 d to determine plasma cortisol concentrations and differential leukocyte counts. Biopsy damage was evaluated for healing. At 1 d of age, control pigs tended to weigh more (P = .09), have a lower expression of ACTH-R mRNA (P = .01) and IGF-I mRNA (P = .01), and a lower CORT:MED (P = .04) than ACTH pigs. At 30 d of age, control pigs had a greater concentration of beta-endorphin (P = .01) and tended to have a lower concentration of CRH (P = .09) and IGF-I mRNA (P = .10) than ACTH pigs. At 60 d of age, control pigs tended to have lighter pituitary glands (P = .08), a lower expression of POMC mRNA (P = .02), and a CORT:MED (P = .003) than ACTH pigs. At 8 wk of age, control pigs performed a higher frequency of belly nosing (P = .07) and oral vice behaviors (P = .01) than ACTH pigs. In response to mixing stress, control pigs had lesser concentrations of plasma cortisol (P = .03) and healed faster (P = .006) than ACTH pigs. Thus, exogenous ACTH and restraint during gestation alters the HPA axis of the sow's offspring, and during stressful situations later in life health, and therefore welfare, may be compromised. 相似文献
19.
Twelve hundred fifty-one pigs from six farrowings (FGRP) were classified within a FGRP by their birth litter size (BL- = below average and BL+ = above average), randomly allotted to nursing litter sizes of 6 or 12+ pigs/sow (NL- vs NL+) and reared by their own or foster dams (XF- vs XF+). Pigs were weighed at birth, 21 d and when near 105 kg. A random sample of 40 gilts per FGRP was retained for observation of pubertal age and primipara conception. Twenty-four gilts per FGRP were farrowed and rebred for a second parity. Pigs born in large litters were younger at 105 kg than those born in small litters (189 vs 196 d +/- 1.4); no other differences (P greater than .05) were observed for BL. Pigs reared in larger litters had lower survival rate from birth to weaning (79 vs 86% +/- 1), had slower weight gains to 21 d of age (5.3 vs 6.6 kg +/- .17) and were older at 105 kg (195 vs 190 d +/- 1.4) than those reared in small litters (P less than .04). Cross-fostered pigs were slower gaining to 21 d (5.9 vs 6.1 kg +/- .14) and were older at 105 kg (195 vs 191 d +/- 1.4) than pigs not cross-fostered pigs (P less than .02). Growth beyond 105 kg and pubertal age were unaffected by any factor studied (P greater than .05). Although size of birth litter did not affect (P greater than .05) any reproductive trait, an interaction between litter size and farrowing group was detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
20.
Carr SN Rincker PJ Killefer J Baker DH Ellis M McKeith FK 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(1):223-230
Forty-eight barrows and forty-eight gilts (PIC 337 sires x PIC C22 dams) were evaluated to determine the effects of feeding ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) and different cereal grains on the carcass and fat quality in late finishing pigs. The study was carried out using four replicates with 24 animals in each replicate (four pigs per pen, six pens per replicate, two replicates per slaughter date, 12 pens per slaughter date). Treatments for the experiment included corn, wheat, and barley (early finisher period); and corn, corn + RAC, wheat, wheat + RAC, barley, and barley + RAC for the late finisher period. Ractopamine was fed at the level of 10 mg/kg (as-fed basis) of feed. Pigs were allotted to early finisher period treatments at approximately 45 kg BW. Pigs were then given late finisher period treatments at approximately 80 kg BW and fed for 28 d. The dietary digestible lysine level for all diets was maintained at 2.7 g/Mcal of ME. Pigs fed the wheat and corn diets during the late finisher period had a greater (P <0.05) G:F than those fed the barley diets. Pigs fed diets with RAC had lower (P <0.05) leaf fat weights, 10th-rib fat, last-rib fat, and belly firmness and had improved (P <0.05) dressing percents and loin muscle areas compared with those not receiving RAC. Pigs fed the wheat diets had a greater (P <0.05) dressing percent than those receiving the barley diets, but pigs fed the barley diets had a higher (P <0.05) Minolta L* for fat color than pigs fed wheat. Pigs fed diets containing RAC produced pork that was less tender (P <0.05) compared with pigs that did not receive RAC. Linoleic acid percent values were higher (P <0.05) for pigs fed diets with RAC than in those that did not. Feeding RAC improved G:F and lowered feed intake of pigs during the late finisher period (P <0.05). Feeding diets equal in lysine (2.7 g/Mcal of ME) but varying in ME, whether based on corn, wheat, or barley with or without RAC, had little to no effect on carcass, meat, or fat quality attributes. 相似文献