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1.
Anthropogenic increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide lead to warmer sea surface temperatures and altered ocean chemistry. Experimental evidence suggests that coral calcification decreases as aragonite saturation drops but increases as temperatures rise toward thresholds optimal for coral growth. In situ studies have documented alarming recent declines in calcification rates on several tropical coral reef ecosystems. We show there is no widespread pattern of consistent decline in calcification rates of massive Porites during the 20th century on reefs spanning an 11° latitudinal range in the southeast Indian Ocean off Western Australia. Increasing calcification rates on the high-latitude reefs contrast with the downward trajectory reported for corals on Australia's Great Barrier Reef and provide additional evidence that recent changes in coral calcification are responses to temperature rather than ocean acidification. 相似文献
2.
The strontium-to-calcium ratio (Sr/Ca) of reef coral skeleton is commonly used as a paleothermometer to estimate sea surface temperatures (SSTs) at crucial times in Earth's climate history. However, these estimates are disputed, because uptake of Sr into coral skeleton is thought to be affected by algal symbionts (zooxanthellae) living in the host tissue. Here, we show that significant distortion of the Sr/Ca temperature record in coral skeleton occurs in the presence of algal symbionts. Seasonally resolved Sr/Ca in coral without symbionts reflects local SSTs with a temperature sensitivity equivalent to that of laboratory aragonite precipitated at equilibrium and the nighttime skeletal deposits of symbiotic reef corals. However, up to 65% of the Sr/Ca variability in symbiotic skeleton is related to symbiont activity and does not reflect water temperature. 相似文献
3.
Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Hoegh-Guldberg O Mumby PJ Hooten AJ Steneck RS Greenfield P Gomez E Harvell CD Sale PF Edwards AJ Caldeira K Knowlton N Eakin CM Iglesias-Prieto R Muthiga N Bradbury RH Dubi A Hatziolos ME 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5857):1737-1742
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to exceed 500 parts per million and global temperatures to rise by at least 2 degrees C by 2050 to 2100, values that significantly exceed those of at least the past 420,000 years during which most extant marine organisms evolved. Under conditions expected in the 21st century, global warming and ocean acidification will compromise carbonate accretion, with corals becoming increasingly rare on reef systems. The result will be less diverse reef communities and carbonate reef structures that fail to be maintained. Climate change also exacerbates local stresses from declining water quality and overexploitation of key species, driving reefs increasingly toward the tipping point for functional collapse. This review presents future scenarios for coral reefs that predict increasingly serious consequences for reef-associated fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and people. As the International Year of the Reef 2008 begins, scaled-up management intervention and decisive action on global emissions are required if the loss of coral-dominated ecosystems is to be avoided. 相似文献
4.
本文基于Ansys Fluent平台，采用湍流模型中的大涡模拟方法（large eddy simulation, LES）对双层十字翼型人工鱼礁四种子礁的流场效应进行了数值模拟，采用比混凝土体积法分析其背涡流体积、上升流体积、向上水体输运通量等流场效应数据，得到双层十字翼型鱼礁的最优礁体构造，以期为人工鱼礁的设计和选型提供科学依据。结果表明：双层十字翼型鱼礁加顶板对流场效应并无增益，上升流和背涡流相对体积变小；侧板结构对礁体的上升流和背涡流效应有明显的增益，上升流和背涡流相对体积逐渐变大，全侧板D型礁体的上升流和背涡流效应最强，上升流相对体积可达无侧板B型礁体的13.50~25.48倍，背涡流相对体积达1.40~1.61倍；向上水体输运通量约在一倍礁高处达到最大值，约在两倍礁高处降为最大值的1/2左右。迎流角度的改变，对D型礁体流场效应的影响无显著差异，表明本型礁体对自然海域的潮流流向有很好的适应性。 相似文献
5.
以定常来流海域为例,利用数值实验方法,定量探讨了具有自由水面的海域中人工鱼礁单体对流场的影响。考虑嵊泗鱼礁投放区的流速、水深的调查结果,来流速度Uin、水深H分别取为0.7 m/s、20 m。在鱼礁为实心方体的情况下,在渔礁迎流面产生上升流背流面产生涡流;上升流域的规模、强度随着礁高增大而增大,而上升流面积的平均产量与边际产量随礁高先增后减,在礁高水深比r=0.1时上升流效应最佳;背涡流域的规模也随着礁高增大而增大,其面积的平均产量随礁高先增后减,在r=0.1时达到极值。 相似文献
6.
Coral reefs are considered to be a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide because of their high calcium carbonate production and low net primary production. This was tested by direct measurement of diurnal changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco(co2)) in reef waters during two 3-day periods, one in March 1993 and one in March 1994, on Shiraho reef of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Although the Pco(co2) values in reef waters exhibited large diurnal changes ranging from 160 to 520 microatmospheres, they indicate that the reef flat area is a net sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. This suggests that the net organic production rate of the reef community exceeded its calcium carbonate production rate during the observation periods. 相似文献
7.
铅直二维定常流中人工鱼礁流场效应的数值实验 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
以定常来流海域为例,利用数值实验方法,定量探讨了具有自由水面的海域中人工鱼礁单体对流场的影响。考虑嵊泗鱼礁投放区的流速、水深的调查结果,来流速度Uin、水深H分别取为0.7 m/s、20 m。在鱼礁为实心方体的情况下,在渔礁迎流面产生上升流背流面产生涡流;上升流域的规模、强度随着礁高增大而增大,而上升流面积的平均产量与边际产量随礁高先增后减,在礁高水深比r=0.1时上升流效应最佳;背涡流域的规模也随着礁高增大而增大,其面积的平均产量随礁高先增后减,在r=0.1时达到极值。 相似文献
8.
Despite spending weeks at sea as larvae, potentially scattered over many kilometers, young coral reef fish find suitable settlement habitat and in some cases return to their natal reefs. We report that some dominant families of larval reef fish use the sounds made by fish and shrimp resident on reefs to help them locate and settle on reefs and that some fish groups use specific components of the reef sound to guide their behavior. These findings could offer potential for active management of reef fisheries. 相似文献
9.
Scoffin TP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,178(4067):1280-1282
Living corals on Bermuda patch reefs build a primary framework which, in places, is so destroyed by boring organisms that the reef surface subsides. Organisms that encrust the reef cavities are preferentially preserved as the framework is bored. Burial by loose sediment stops framework growth, encrustation, and boring. Finally, cementation completes fossilization. 相似文献
10.
不同结构模型礁对许氏平鲉幼鱼的诱集效果 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
用鱼类行为学方法,观测了许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli幼鱼在水槽内无模型礁和有模型礁条件下的行为反应,并统计分析了PVC材质的5种结构模型礁对许氏平鲉幼鱼的聚集率。结果表明:水槽中无模型礁的条件下,标志区(模型礁设置区)的许氏平鲉聚集率为0,许氏平鲉选择光线较弱区域栖息;放入模型礁的条件下,5种模型礁均对许氏平鲉具有明显的诱集作用,群体重心在礁体周围移动,标志区对鱼的聚集率为56.7%~90%。方差分析结果表明:5种模型礁对许氏平鲉的诱集作用无明显差异,许氏平鲉对不同模型礁均表现出明显的趋集反应。 相似文献
11.
The relationship between natural variations in coral species diversity, reef development, and ecosystem function on coral reefs is poorly understood. Recent coral diversity varies 10-fold among geographic regions, but rates of reef growth are broadly similar, suggesting that diversity is unimportant for reef development. Differences in diversity may reflect regional differences in long-term biotic history in addition to environmental conditions. Using a combination of new and published fossil and stratigraphic data, we compared changes in coral diversity and reef development within the tropical western Atlantic over the past 28 million years. Reef development was unrelated to coral diversity, and the largest reef tracts formed after extinction had reduced diversity by 50%. High diversity is thus not essential for the growth and persistence of coral reefs. 相似文献
12.
礁体沉降作为人工鱼礁投放后普遍产生的现象,对人工鱼礁周围流场会产生影响。为研究多孔方型人工鱼礁不同沉降情况下流场效应的变化,采用计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)技术,利用Fluent软件模拟在固定来流流速为0.8 m/s时,5种不同沉降程度下单体鱼礁周围的流场情况。结果显示:与无沉降时(初始状态)相比,在沉降程度为20%时,上升流最大高度降低约1.0 m,最大上升流流速增大约0.015 m/s,侧向流速增大区域(大于来流速度)扩大至1.5倍左右,同时礁体背流面透水区域增大,背涡流区域沿水流方向移动约2 m,礁体周围流场情况一定程度上变得更加复杂;在沉降程度为40%时,上升流流速最大值与初始状态相比减少约为0.010 m/s,侧向流增大区域基本一致,此时礁体背流面透水区变化较大,有形成一个逆时针涡旋的趋势;当沉降程度达到60%时,礁体周围流场效应开始明显下降,上升流最大高度相较于初始状态降低约3.2 m,上升流最大流速降低约0.600 m/s,侧向流速增大区域与壁面间距缩短约0.4 m,背涡流区域有消失的迹象;在沉降程度达到80%时,礁体流场效应基本丧失。研究表明,对于多孔方型人工鱼礁,在沉降程度40%以内,人工鱼礁仍然能够发挥着较好的流场效应;礁体在沉降程度达到60%时,礁体周围流场复杂程度相较于初始状态有明显损失,之后随着沉降深度增加,礁体流场效应逐渐消失。 相似文献
13.
南海重要珊瑚礁过渡性水域软骨鱼类的组成与分布 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2004年5—7月和2005年3—4月采用深水三重刺网在南海的羚羊礁、华光礁、银砾滩、东岛、滨湄滩、排洪滩、本固暗沙、比微暗沙、武勇暗沙、海鸠暗沙、双子群礁、中业群礁、鲎藤礁、美济礁、仁爱礁、仙宾礁、南方浅滩、棕滩、大渊滩、永署礁、南薰礁、牛轭礁、道明群礁等23座重要珊瑚礁过渡性水域进行了2个航次专业调查，其中有21座岛礁共渔获到7目15科33种408尾软骨鱼类，而美济礁和南方浅滩没有渔获到软骨鱼类。根据调查资料，通过物种各分类阶元的分布、优势度（IRI）和单位努力量渔获量等几个方面分析南海重要珊瑚礁过渡性水域软骨鱼类的组成与分布，旨在为南海珊瑚礁渔业资源的开发和管理提供科学依据。结果表明，西沙群岛的重量单位努力量渔获量范围为73～499kg／10^4m^2，其优势种类是迈氏条尾虹、灰六鳃鲨和黑梢真鲨；中沙群岛的重量单位努力量渔获量范围为114～245kg／10^4m^2，其优势种类是迈氏条尾虹、灰三齿鲨；南沙群岛除了美济礁和南方浅滩外其重量单位努力量渔获量范围为51～846kg／10^4m^2，其优势种类是黑梢真鲨、灰三齿鲨。 相似文献
14.
广东省澄海莱芜拟建礁区建礁可行性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据2003年5月广东省澄海菜芜拟建人工鱼礁区海域和对比区海域本底调查所获资料,从水文、水质、底质、生物环境等方面分析了在拟建礁区建礁的优越性。结果表明,莱芜拟建人工鱼礁区海域水深8.5-11.0m,海面波高小于1m,拟建礁区相对于对比I墨具有明显的建礁优越性：流速较平缓,投礁后礁体所受到的波流影响较小、稳定性较强;拟建礁区的海水透明度高于对比区,更适合营光合作用的浮游生物和礁体附着生物生长;各站位pH值的平面分布和垂直分布都比较均匀;海水质量基本达到国家二类海水水质标准;表层沉积物类型主要为细砂、粘土-砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂和粘土质粉砂,属于硬质底质泥沙底,可减缓礁体投放下沉时的冲击力,投礁后礁体稳定性较强;浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖生物的栖息密度和生物多样性均高于同期调查的对比区;拟建礁区游泳生物的栖息密度明显比对比区高;鱼卵仔鱼数量较多;拟建礁海域以前是良好的渔场,附近无工业废水排放。因此,在澄海菜芜拟建礁区建礁是可行的。 相似文献
15.
2004年5—7月和2005年3—4月采用深水三重刺网在南海的羚羊礁、华光礁、银砾滩、东岛、滨湄滩、排洪滩、本固暗沙、比微暗沙、武勇暗沙、海鸠暗沙、双子群礁、中业群礁、鲎藤礁、美济礁、仁爱礁、仙宾礁、南方浅滩、棕滩、大渊滩、永署礁、南薰礁、牛轭礁、道明群礁等23座重要珊瑚礁过渡性水域进行了2个航次专业调查，其中有21座岛礁共渔获到7目15科33种408尾软骨鱼类，而美济礁和南方浅滩没有渔获到软骨鱼类。根据调查资料，通过物种各分类阶元的分布、优势度（IRI）和单位努力量渔获量等几个方面分析南海重要珊瑚礁过渡性水域软骨鱼类的组成与分布，旨在为南海珊瑚礁渔业资源的开发和管理提供科学依据。结果表明，西沙群岛的重量单位努力量渔获量范围为73～499kg／10^4m^2，其优势种类是迈氏条尾虹、灰六鳃鲨和黑梢真鲨；中沙群岛的重量单位努力量渔获量范围为114～245kg／10^4m^2，其优势种类是迈氏条尾虹、灰三齿鲨；南沙群岛除了美济礁和南方浅滩外其重量单位努力量渔获量范围为51～846kg／10^4m^2，其优势种类是黑梢真鲨、灰三齿鲨。 相似文献
16.
镂空型人工鱼礁流场效应的数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用CFD软件对中空结构梯形台鱼礁和方型鱼礁在非定常流作用下的三维流场进行了数值模拟,揭示了两类鱼礁形成的上升流、背涡流的规模和强度,分析了单体鱼礁和组合鱼礁的流场差异。数值模拟结果表明:梯形台鱼礁上升流区最大速度约为来流速度的0.58~0.67倍、上升流区平均速度约为来流速度的0.15~0.19倍、而上升流区的最大高度为礁体高度的2.12~2.49倍,背涡流区平均速度约为来流速度的0.35~0.36倍、背涡流区的最大宽度约为礁体宽度的1.40~1.61倍、组合鱼礁背涡流区的最大长度约为礁体高度的4.06~4.17倍;方型鱼礁上升流区最大速度约为来流速度的0.56~0.61倍、上升流区平均速度约为来流速度的0.15~0.17倍、而上升流区的最大高度为礁体高度的2.22~2.63倍,背涡流区平均速度约为来流速度的0.30~0.35倍、背涡流区的最大宽度约为礁体宽度的1.75~2.00倍、组合鱼礁背涡流区的最大长度约为礁体高度的3.90~4.06倍。从流场调控效果来看,在相同模拟工况下,选择方型鱼礁比梯形台鱼礁能够更好地发挥鱼礁的环境资源修复功能。 相似文献
17.
MT McCulloch AW Tudhope TM Esat GE Mortimer J Chappell B Pillans AR Chivas A Omura 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,283(5399):202-204
Uplifted coral terraces at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, preserve a record of sea level, sea-surface temperature, and salinity from the penultimate deglaciation. Remnants have been found of a shallow-water reef that formed during a pause, similar to the Younger Dryas, in the penultimate deglaciation at 130,000 +/- 2000 years ago, when sea level was 60 to 80 meters lower than it is today. Porites coral, which grew during this period, has oxygen isotopic values and strontium/calcium ratios that indicate that sea-surface temperatures were much cooler (22 degrees +/- 2 degreesC) than either Last Interglacial or present-day tropical temperatures (29 degrees +/- 1 degreesC). These observations provide further evidence for a major cooling of the equatorial western Pacific followed by an extremely rapid rise in sea level during the latter stages of Termination II. 相似文献
18.
基于考虑不同形状大小、组合规模的人工鱼礁投放于不同水域环境后形成的流态变化有较大差异,设计x、y、z三个方向不同通透方式的单个正方体人工鱼礁,采用LES(大涡模拟)紊流模式,对定常来流速度下人工鱼礁单体附近流场进行三维数值模拟,建立反映礁体结构的通透系数与礁体产生流场变化的关系。结果显示:上升流和背涡流的规模随通透系数增加而减小;来流方向上,礁体迎流面、背流面的通透系数变化对上升流和背涡流规模影响较为显著,而内部结构的变化则作用不明显,礁体上方与侧方的开口对上升流和背涡流的影响也不显著。迎流面通透系数变化是背涡流规模影响的主要因素。方形单礁缓流区体积随通透系数Tin增大呈线性减小,关系为Vx=-1241.8Tin+1206。通过该研究可在数值计算中通过通透系数与流场变化的关系,实现将复杂礁体简单化,有效地提高计算效率;为将小范围模拟扩大到群礁、甚至大海域的模拟,定量评估人工鱼礁的生态效应打下基础。 相似文献
19.
LT Toth RB Aronson SV Vollmer JW Hobbs DH Urrego H Cheng IC Enochs DJ Combosch R van Woesik IG Macintyre 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6090):81-84
Cores of coral reef frameworks along an upwelling gradient in Panamá show that reef ecosystems in the tropical eastern Pacific collapsed for 2500 years, representing as much as 40% of their history, beginning about 4000 years ago. The principal cause of this millennial-scale hiatus in reef growth was increased variability of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its coupling with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The hiatus was a Pacific-wide phenomenon with an underlying climatology similar to probable scenarios for the next century. Global climate change is probably driving eastern Pacific reefs toward another regional collapse. 相似文献
20.
嵊泗人工鱼礁建设初期效果评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于2004年渔业资源的本底调查和2005年四个季度的跟踪调查结果，对嵊泗人工鱼礁一期工程的建设效应进行了初步评估，得到如下结果：（1）投礁后，礁区渔业资源生物量的相对变化率呈现上升趋势，平均增幅达75％，到了秋季生产力达到2004年同期的4倍多，而对照区的资源量则以36％的平均幅度减小；（2）投礁前，各个多样性指数相差不多，投礁后，鱼礁区的多样性值逐渐赶上并超过对照区，平均高出25％左右；（3）投礁前后，对照区的经济种种类数维持在10种左右，而鱼礁区随着礁体的投放，经济种增加，多达25种。结果表明，鱼礁投放后，鱼礁区生产力得到了提高，群落结构也得以明显改善，人工鱼礁的经济、生态效应已有良好的初步体现。 相似文献