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1.
The performance of micro flood irrigation （MFI） under different inflow rates was evaluated on 90 m closed ended furrows in the South African Tukulu soil. A single irrigation was used to characterise the surface and subsurface soil water distribution from the 20, 40, 80 and 160 L/min inflow rates treatments. Neutron access tubes were installed to a depth of 1 m at every 10 m distance interval starting at 5 m from the furrow inlet. Soil water content measurements were taken using the WaterMan neutron water meter. The HYDRUS-2D software was also used to provide insight on irrigated furrows soil water content and subsurface water distribution. The 20 L/min produced a stream flow that could advance up to the 60 m furrow distance. The stream flow from the rest of the inflow rates were able to reach the furrow end with the 180 L/min recording the fastest advance time of 23 min. The 20 L/min and 40 L/min had recession period of less than 7 min while the 80 L/rain and 160 L/min lasted more than an hour. Distribution uniformity （DU） at longer furrow distances was the highest from the 80 L/min and 160 L/min with the 20 L/min and 40 L/min recorded similar performances at shorter distances. The 40 L/rain was one of the smaller inflow rates that recorded the highest DU of 0.96 for the generated average infiltrated depth of the 30 m long furrow and therefore should be adopted for furrow distances of less than 60 m on the Tukulu soil. 相似文献
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ZHENG Cheng-yan ;YU Zhen-wen ;SHI Yu ;CUI Shi-ming ;WANG Dong ;ZHANG Yong-li ;ZHAO Jun-ye 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2014,(11):2378-2388
Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efifciency （WUE） of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with ifve tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage （SR）, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling （SRS）, rotary tillage （R）, rotary tillage after subsoiling （RS）, and plowing tillage （P）. The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18%and 12.16, 14.75%higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88%for the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No signiifcant difference was found between the WUE of the lfag leaf at the later iflling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the lfag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield （9 573.76 and 9 507.49 kg ha-1 for 3-yr average） with no signiifcant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efifcient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE. 相似文献
3.
Canopy morphological changes and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different irrigation treatments 
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下载免费PDF全文 ZHAO Hong-xiang ZHANG Ping WANG Yuan-yuan NING Tang-yuan XU Cai-long WANG Pu 《农业科学学报》2020,19(4):1105-1116
Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013–2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions. 相似文献
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To explore the role of ethylene in sexual determination in ramie, the ethylene release rates in ramie stem apex of different sex, bud of the same node in female and hermaphrodite ramie in the second crop, and single inflorescence of different sex in hermaphrodite ramie were measured by gas chromatography. Effects of two ethylene inhibitors on sex expression in ramie were investigated. The ethylene release rate of stem apex was higher in the second crop or female ramie than that in the third crop or hermaphrodite ramie during growth. Although ethylene release rates between lower nodes and higher nodes were little different, it was lower in the middle nodes in hermaphrodite ramie. The ethylene release rates were higher in the higher nodes of female ramie at the second crop. At the third crop, the ethylene release rates were higher in lower nodes, lower in middle nodes and then highest in higher nodes in female ramie. However, an opposite ethylene release pattern was observed in hermaphrodite ramie. The ethylene release rate was higher in female flower than male flower and mixed inflorescence in hermaphrodite ramie. The male flower could be distinctly induced by AVG （aminooethoxyvinylglycine）. The node of the first male flower, percentage of female flowers and ratio of female flowers to male in ramie were evidently depressed by AVG in contrast to water. The percentage of mixed male and female flowers was also increased and the percentage of female flower decreased by spraying AgNO3. There was a close relationship between sexual differentiation and ethylene release rate in ramie. The female ramie could be induced by high ethylene release rate. The female flower could be inhibited by AVG and AgNO3. AVG at a concentration of 300 mg L^-1 was most effective. 相似文献
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Differences in transpiration and leaf water potential （LWP） in relation to cassava yield were investigated along inland valley toposequence in a 4×4 Latin square design. The landrace with the highest transpiration rate and lowest LWP yielded the lowest, while TMS 91/02324 and TMS 91/02327 with intermediate rate and highest LWP yielded the highest, indicating that high transpiration rate associated with low LWP reduced yield. Transpiration was lower in the fringe with deeper water table than valley bottom at deep water table site, while at shallow water table, it was higher in the fringe than valley bottom, suggesting that drought and excess moisture reduced transpiration. LWP and water table depth correlated negatively indicating that shallow water table reduced transpiration by reducing LWP. Transpiration increased and LWP decreased as radiation, leaf temperature and vapour pressure deficit increased and differences in these microclimatic conditions caused differences in the two processes between sites, years and time of day. Under mild water stress, transpiration and LWP were higher in the afternoon than the morning, but the reverse occurred under severe stress. TMS 91/02324 and TMS 91/02327 had the highest LWP under severe stress, indicating their higher drought tolerance than the other cultivars. 相似文献
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斜纹夜蛾感受器超微形态特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用扫描电镜技术,系统研究了斜纹夜蛾触角、跗节和产卵器的感受器形态结构特征,发现触角感受器主要包括毛形、锥形、刺形、耳形和腔锥感受器.雌、雄虫触角锥形感受器形态特征区别明显,雄蛾锥形感受器长约10～15 μm,基部直径约4～5μm,显著比雌虫锥形感受器长、粗,雄蛾锥形感受器顶端有一小锥,雌蛾没有.雌成虫和雄成虫前足、中足、后足跗节均分布有毛形和刺形感受器,但数量明显少于触角同类感受器数量.雌成虫产卵器上主要为长毛形和短毛形感受器,这些感受器可能与其感受环境信息、产卵场所选择等行为有关.Abstract： The ultrastructures of the sensilla on the antennae, the tarsi and the ovipositor of Spodoptera litura were observed with scanning electron-microscopy. The antennae of both male and female moths were found to contain five kinds of antennal sensilla, namely, sensillum trichodeum, sensillum basiconicum,sensillum chaeticum, ear-shaped sensillum and sensillum coeloconicum. The characters of sensillums basiconicum on the antennae were different between the male and the female. The length was 10-15 μm, the diameter at the base was approximately 4-5 μm for the male antennae, which were significantly longer and bigger than the female antennae, and the male moths had onesmall bradawl at the bass of the antennae while the female moths did not. The tarsi of both male and female moths contained two kinds of sensilla:sensillum trichodeum and sensillum chaeticum; however, their numbers were significant less than those on the antennae. The long sensillun trichodeum and short sensillun trichodeum were mainly distributed on the ovipositor. These results provided basis for exploring the molecular mechanism of oviposition deterrent. 相似文献
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Stem flow of seed-maize under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting in an arid region of Northwest China 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Maize is widely planted throughout the world and has the highest yield of all the cereal crops. The arid region of Northwest China has become the largest base for seed-maize production, but water shortage is the bottleneck for its long-term sustainability. Investigating the transpiration of seed-maize plants will offer valuable information for suitable planting and irrigation strategies in this arid area. In this study, stem flow was measured using a heat balance method under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting. Meteorological factors, soil water content(θ), soil temperature(Ts) and leaf area(LA) were also monitored during 2012 and 2013. The diurnal stem flow and seasonal dynamics of maize plants in the zones of south side female parent(SFP), north side female parent(NFP) and male parent(MP) were investigated. The order of stem flow rate was: SFPMPNFP. The relationships between stem flow and influential factors during three growth stages at different time scales were analyzed. On an hourly scale, solar radiation(Rs) was the main driving factor of stem flow. The influence of air temperature(Ta) during the maturity stage was significantly higher than in other periods. On a daily scale, Rs was the main driving factor of stem flow during the heading stage. During the filling growth stage, the main driving factor of NFP and MP stem flow was RH and Ts, respectively. However, during the maturity stage, the environmental factors had no significant influence on seed-maize stem flow. For different seed-maize plants, the main influential factors were different in each of the three growing seasons. Therefore, we identified them to accurately model the FP and MP stem flow and applied precision irrigation under alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation to analyze major factors affecting stem flow in different scales. 相似文献
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The relationships between photochemical reflectance index （PRI） and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were examined to assess suitability of PRI as a remote-sensing tool for the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using cotton and peanut crops under water stress condition. Five cotton and six peanut cultivars were grown using Andosole soil in pots maintained at two water levels; the control and water stress treatment （WS） of 100 and 50% of the daily transpiration, respectively. Higher non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） was exhibited by peanut than that of cotton by the water stress. On the other hand, the decreases of the actual quantum yield of photosystem II （△F/F＇m） and PRI by the water stress in cotton were larger than those in peanut. There were positively significant correlation coefficients between PRI and △F/F＇m in cotton at noon and in the afternoon including the control and WS. The correlations of PRI with NPQ were negatively significant at noon and in the afternoon for cotton, and in the afternoon for peanut. No clear relationship was found among these parameters in the morning probably due to the diurnal increase in global solar radiation. It was concluded that there would be a possibility to detect the effects of water stress on △F/F＇m and NPQ by PRI with some exceptions, although PRI could not note varietals differences in △F/F＇m and NPQ for each treatment. 相似文献
9.
The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting（RFRH） system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use efficiency（WUE）,a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2010 at the Heyang Dryland Experimental Station,China.Four treatments were used in the study.Furrows received uncovered mulching in all RFRH treatments whereas ridges were mulched with plastic film（PF）,biodegradable film（BF） or liquid film（LF）.A conventional flat field without mulching was used as the control（CK）.The results indicated that the average soil water storage at depths of 0-200 cm were 8.2 and 7.3%,respectively higher with PF and BF than with CK.However,LF improved soil water storage during the early growth stage of the crop.Compared with CK,the corn yields with PF and BF were increased by 20.4 and 19.4%,respectively,and WUE with each treatment increased by 23.3 and 21.7%,respectively.There were no significant differences in corn yield or WUE with the PF and BF treatments.The net income was the highest with PF,followed by BF,and the 3-yr average net incomes with these treatments were increased by 2 559 and 2 430 CNY ha-1,respectively,compared with CK.BF and PF had similar effects in enhancing the soil water content,crop yield and net income.Therefore,it can be concluded that biodegradable film may be a sustainable ecological alternative to plastic film for use in the RFRH system in northwest of China. 相似文献
10.
《农业科学学报》2016,(6)
Gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured to study the effects of soil water deficit(75, 60 and 45% of field capacity, FC) on the photosynthetic activity of drip-irrigated cotton under field conditions. At light intensities above 1 200 μmol m~(-2) s~(-1), leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_n) at 60 and 45% FC was 0.75 and 0.45 times respectively than that of 75% FC. The chlorophyll content, leaf water potential and yield decreased as soil water deficit decreased. Fiber length was significantly lower at 45% FC than at 75% FC. The actual quantum yield of the photosystem II(PSII) primary photochemistry and the photochemical quenching were significantly greater at 60% FC than at 75% FC. The electron transport rate and non-photochemical quenching at 45% FC were 0.91 and 1.29 times than those at 75% FC, respectively. The amplitudes of the K- and L-bands were higher at 45% FC than at 60% FC. As soil water content decreased, active PSII reaction centers per chlorophyll decreased, functional PSII antenna size increased, and energetic connectivity between PSII units decreased. Electron flow from plastoquinol to the PSI end electron acceptors was significantly lower at 45% FC than at 75% FC. Similar to the effect on leaf P_n, water deficit reduced the performance index(PI_(ABS, total)) in the dark-adapted state. These results suggest that(i) the effect of mild water deficit on photosystem activity was mainly related to processes between plastoquinol and the PSI end electron acceptors,(ii) PSI end electron acceptors were only affected at moderate water deficit, and(iii) PI_(ABS, total) can reliably indicate the effect of water deficit on the energy supply for cotton metabolism. 相似文献
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[目的]研究银杏雌雄株在水分生理上的差异,探讨其水分利用策略,以及在进化过程中的重要作用。[方法]对银杏雌雄株的树干液流（sap flow）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）以及水分利用效率（WUE）进行对比研究。[结果]雌雄银杏的液流昼夜进程具有相似的规律,且白天雌雄株液流基本相同,夜间雄株液流大于雌株;不同性别银杏的丹和岱同样呈现为早晚高、午间低的曲线趋势,早晚雌株有比雄株更高的Tr和Gs,但中午11：00-14：00之间雌株的值低于雄株;雌雄银杏的WUE曲线变化趋势相似,但雌株的平均水分利用效率略小于雄株。[结论]与其他伴性植物比较分析得知,不同性别银杏的水分生理有较强的趋同特征。这可能是在长期进化的压力下,雌雄异株植物的一种生存策略。 相似文献
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[目的]为银杏叶用品种选择在产量和质量水平上提出初步标准。[方法]采用31个银杏雌性品种(品系)和4个雄株类型的单株无性系,随机区组排列,研究叶产量性状及其与叶产量的相关性,叶黄酮、内酯含量。[结果]各品种间在平均叶厚、叶面积、单叶鲜重、叶黄酮和内酯含量在0.05水平上均存在显著差异。较好品种的叶面积、叶重、叶黄酮、内酯含量分别是较弱品种的2.04、2.47、2.45、2.01倍;雌雄株间叶产量性状、黄酮、内酯含量无差异,证明银杏品种(品系)或类型间叶产量性状、黄酮、内酯含量均存在遗传变异,这种变异与雌雄株无关。在银杏雌雄群体内选择是有效的。[结论]初步提出了叶用银杏品种选择的项目和标准,并筛选出了安陆1号等优良叶用品种;将选择的优良品种或变异在生产上加以推广利用,具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
[目的]保护银杏资源,寻找生产黄酮类物质的内生菌。[方法]以健康银杏叶片、树根为材料,通过组织块分离法和划线分离法分离银杏内生菌;再以银杏黄酮类提取液为对照,对各发酵液进行薄层层析（TLC）分析,用Al（NO3）3-NaNO2为黄酮类物质特异性显色剂。[结果]共筛选出8株内生菌。薄层层析检测表明,菌株07-Y8的发酵产物有1条层析带,与银杏黄酮类提取液的层析带迁移率相当。[结论]菌株07-Y8内生菌能分泌黄酮类或其类似化合物,这为银杏黄酮类成分的开发利用提供了新途径。 相似文献
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银杏漆酶同源基因片段的克隆与分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]克隆银杏漆酶同源基因,为今后深入研究漆酶在银杏体内的功能提供基础。[方法]在提取银杏雄株叶片基因组DNA的基础上,利用PCR的方法克隆银杏漆酶同源基因片段。[结果]获得了一段基因序列,经对该基因片段的核苷酸序列分析表明,它与桃漆酶同源基因在结构上高度保守,相似性高达68％。[结论]成功克隆了银杏漆酶同源基因的部分序列。 相似文献
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农杆菌介导银杏遗传转化体系的建立及Gb-DXR基因表达载体的构建 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]为提高农杆菌介导的银杏遗传转化效率提供参考。[方法]以成熟的银杏种子胚为外植体,在无激素MS培养基上预培养48h后,采用3种农杆菌介导将GUS基因导入银杏胚中,经过组织化学染色法检测到GUS瞬时表达活性,对影响GUS基因表达的因素进行初步分析;并构建了银杏内酯前体合成途径上1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸还原异构酶（DXR）的表达载体。[结果]该研究得到较合适的遗传转化方案,即用银杏胚作为外植体,用携带pCAMBIA1304＋的EHA105农杆菌进行侵染,共培养3d,进行GUS染色,结果显示转化后GUS阳性率较高。[结论]该研究为进一步的银杏转基因研究工作奠定了基础。 相似文献
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银杏叶黄酮提取工艺的优化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]优化银杏叶总黄酮的提取工艺,为银杏黄酮的精制提供前提条件。[方法]采用紫外分光光度法测定银杏叶中总黄酮的含量;用单因素试验考察乙醇浓度、回流温度、提取时间对银杏黄酮收率的影响,优化提取条件。[结果]银杏叶中总黄酮含量为1.502 6mg/ml;最佳提取条件：70%乙醇为提取剂,回流温度为80℃,提取时间为3.0 h。[结论]该研究得到银杏黄酮最佳的提取工艺,为银杏叶黄酮的精制提供了前提条件。 相似文献
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[目的]采用反相高效液相色谱法（RP-HPLC）法测定银杏外种皮中银杏内酯C含量。[方法]采用Waters ODSC18柱（250.0 mm×4.6 mm）;以乙腈∶水=40∶60为流动相;流速1.0 ml/min;柱温30℃;检测波长为210 nm。以银杏内酯C标准品为对照,采用外标法定量测定。[结果]银杏外种皮中银杏内酯C含量为0.043%;该方法平均回收率为101.06%,RSD为2.25%。[结论]该方法结果准确、可靠,便于操作,为银杏外种皮中银杏内酯C含量的测定以及进一步开发银杏外种皮资源提供了理论依据。 相似文献