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1.
In the literature reviewed, there are certain differences of opinion with regard tostructural details of the wall of the internal carotid artery in the cervical and petrosalportion. Therefore, histological material of human necropsies was processed in order toobtain 10pm. paraffin sections of the artery and surrounding tissues which were stainedwith orcein, resordn-fuchsine, Verhoeff and picrofuchsine. While in the cervical segment of theartery there is a neat predominance of muscle fibres over elastic ones in the media, the elasticelements can be found especially in the inner layers of the adventitia, and there exist aclearly defined elastica interna and externa. Therefore the authors consider this part ofthe artery as of the transitional type. On the other hand, the petrosal portion must be consideredas of the muscular type, with abundant muscle fibres in the media and a wellformed and even double elastica interna, while the externa is scarcely visible. In bothsegments, the artery is very well fixed with the surrounding connective sheath.  相似文献   

2.
The long stabilizers of the VT-LGM filter rest on large areas of the vascular wall. The morphometric study of the layers of the vascular wall, after implantation of filter in 15 ewes, divided into 3 groups of follow-up (2, 4 or 8 weeks) of 5 animals, was made at 3 levels opposite the filter and 1 level outside of it. Changes are seen for all the layers. Filter produces intimal hyperplasia. Stabilizers are quickly isolated from the blood flow. The thickness of the intimal hyperplasia grows for 4 weeks. It is more important at the base of the filter than at its head. There is also hyperplasia of the media with no change according to the follow-up or the level opposite the filter. The adventitia becomes thinner without variation of time or level of the filter. Smooth muscle cells of the adventitia become less frequent and smaller. Their density, in front of the stabilizers, is the smallest by 4 week follow-up and remains the same along the stabilizer. The full thickness of the wall is bigger opposite the stabilizers than between them. The filter produces changes that are limited in time and in space. The most important changes are seen at 4 weeks after insertion and opposite the stabilizers.  相似文献   

3.
Histochemical and morphometric study of fibrilar population in diaphragm muscle. Part I: Horse and Dog By using m-ATPase techniques, under alkaline and acid pre-incubations, as well as metabolic techniques (α-MGPDH and NADH-TR), sections from the lumbar and costal portions of diaphragm muscle in horse and dog were analysed. Fibre samples were exposed to image-analysis observations in order to determine the lowest fibre diameter and obtain estadistical data. The findings revealed that the lumbar portion of horse diaphragm consists of fibre types I, IIA and IIB; in the costal portion, the fibre types I and IIA were present. In the dog, the lumbar and costal portions consisted of fibre types I, IIA and IIC, which showed some specific histochemical characteristics. Some data concerning both morphometrical and statistical fibre-type analysis are presented.  相似文献   

4.
A study of the ultrastructural characteristics of developing cardiac muscle cells from in vitro culture was carried out with die aid of tissues taken from the cardiogenic areas of 5 H. H. stage chick embryos. The characteristics of the developing cells were quite comparable to those developed in situ.  相似文献   

5.
The cutaneous musculature of a young Manatee (Trichechus senegalensis Link, 1795; Mammals, Sirenia) Adaptation of the manatee to marine life and to a plant diet has markedly changed the cutaneous musculature of the head. Like whales the manatee lacks pelvic limbs and has an extensive cutaneous muscle of the trunk (m. panniculus carnosus) which also covers part of the head corresponding here to the m. platysma myoides of the other mammals. The muscle extends into the lateral parts of the overhanging upper lip, is very thick here and represents the m. zygomaticolabialis. As in whales whose skull is covered with thick skin, the occipitofrontal musculature has disappeared. The same is true for the musculature of the ear; only a connection between the m. platysma and the external acoustic meatus (pars auricularis) remains. The large upper lip with its pendulous lateral parts is thickened in addition by all the derivatives of the deep cervical sphincter (m. nasolabialis, m. maxillolabialis) and its very thick oral part. The oral part froms a ventral sling rostral to the fibrous plate situated under the chin, which, in conjunction with the mentalis and the mental part of the buccinatorius, seems to play a role in the prehension of plants in that it facilitates the grasp of the lateral part of the upper lip, The m. dilatator nasi together with the m. nasolabialis controls the opening and closing of the nostril similarly to what has been described for the hippopotamus.  相似文献   

6.
Histochemical and Morphometric Aspects of some Extraocular Muscles of the Dog
This investigation was carried out on retractor bulbi, lateral and medial rectus muscles of six adult dogs. Tissues were collected from near the center of individual muscle bellies. These were stained for m-ATPase at varying pHs during preincubation, NADH-TR, Alpha-GPDH, Modified Mason trichrome and Hematoxyline and Eosin. Muscle fibers were classified as type I and type II, based on their reaction for m-ATPase. The retractor bulbi muscle was composed entirely of type II, oxidative, muscle fibers, with no glycolytic fibers. The rectus muscles presented a stratified composition, with superficial muscle fiber bundles containing a mixture of type II fibers oxidative and glycolytic, and central bundles of type I, mixed with type II. It was observed that there was less interstitial tissue in the center of the muscle bellies. Large diameter nerve fibers were also observed in the central layers.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of exercise training on the longissimus muscle types was investigated in rats. There were four groups of rats, each exposed to exercise of equal intensity, but of varying duration. A segment of the longissimus muscle between the 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebrae was used for muscle fiber classification with histochemical ATPase classification. With exercise there were no significant changes in the percentage of the muscle comprised of type I muscle fibers. There was, however, significant increase in the percentage of type II A fibers. This paralleled a decrease in type II B fibers. The percentage of FG fiber types decreased significantly in all groups studied. There was a correlation between intensity and duration of exercise and the degree of decrease seen in the latter fiber types. An increase in oxidative muscle capabilities was evidence by the changes observed in the subtypes of class II fibers.  相似文献   

8.
Histochemical and Morphometric Study of the Fibrilar Population in Diaphragm Muscle. Part II: Ox and Pig M-ATPase techniques, at different pH levels prior to incubation, as well as metabolic procedures (α-MGPDH and NADH-TR), were used to determine the fibre-type content of the lumbar and costal portions in the bovine and porcine diaphragm. The fibre samples were exposed to image analysis in order to evaluate both the morphometrical and statistical values. On the basis of tintorial reactions, the fibre types IA, IB and IIC were found in the lumbar portion of the bovine diaphragm; in the costal portion of the same diaphragm, IA, IB, IIA and IIC fibre types were observed. With regard to the porcine diaphragm, the I, IIA, IIB, IIC fibre types were present in both portions of the muscle. Further morphometrical and statistical data concerning all the fibre types are obtained and discussed.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
This study describes the left and right coronary artery distribution in the Spanish fighting bull, and compares the findings of the investigation with those of other bovine species in which similar investigations have been carried out. It is concluded that the general distribution of the coronary system in the Spanish fighting bull is similar to that of other bovine species which have been studied.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
Introduction of the “Vorhofsmethode” (use of vestibulum auris internae as orientation and reference point for skull measurements) into the investigation of the peripheral parts of the skull of quadruped mammals In order to make some anatomical data more realistic which go beyond the classical data and permit modern estimates on ethnic distributions, we have applied the skull orientation and measurement technic, called “Vorhofsmethode” which is common in human anatomy and anthopology, to certain domestic mammals. By doing this, one obtains absolute statements on the position of the peripheral parts of the skull and with statistical analysis of the Vorhof (vestibulum) coordinates of the craniometric measuring points, statements on the changes in shape of the peripheral parts of the skull.  相似文献   

13.
The purpose of the study was to analyse the morphology of the equine m. articularis coxae with reference to its function during locomotion. The muscle was a constant finding in 50 horses of verying age nad sex. Different horses were selected for dissection of the muscle with its vessels and nerves, determining of length at different angles of the hip joint and weight. The muscle was shortest at maximal fexion, and the length incereased rapidly until a hip joint angle of 110°. Between 11° and maximal extension the increase in length was moderate. The mean weight of muscle was 2.7 g. Histological specimens were serially sectioned and the frequency of muscle spindles was recorded. The spindle density varied from 12 to 42 per gramme of muscel, with a mean of 26, and a mean length of the muscle spindles of 4.7 mm.
Myectomy was performed uni- or bilaterally on 5 horses to evaluate the influenceon the locomotion with no significant manges observed.
Considering the position, size, innervation and multitude of muscle spindles of the m. articularis coxae it is suggested that the muscle primarily has a receptor function inreporting on the torsion or "wrinkling" of the hip joint. The absence of manges in loconiotion of the myectomised horses indicates that the missing function of the muscle is taken over by other muscles.  相似文献   

14.
Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 is associated with fibrosis in many organs. Recent studies demonstrated that delivery of TGF‐β1 into chemically injured muscle enhances fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous TGF‐β1 on muscle regeneration and adipogenesis in glycerol‐injured muscle of normal mice. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were injured by glycerol injection. TGF‐β1 was either co‐injected with glycerol, as an ‘early treatment’ group, or injected at day 4 after glycerol, as a ‘late treatment’ group and the TA muscles were collected at day 7 after initial injury. Myotube density was significantly lower in the early treatment group than in the glycerol‐injured group (without TGF‐β1 treatment). Moreover, the Oil red O‐positive area was significantly smaller in the early treatment group than in the late treatment group and glycerol‐injured group. Furthermore, TGF‐β1 treatment increased endomysial fibrosis and induced immunostaining of α‐smooth muscle actin. The greater inhibitory effects of early TGF‐β1 treatment than that of late TGF‐β1 treatment during regeneration in glycerol‐injured muscle suggest a more potent effect of TGF‐β1 on the initial stage of muscle regeneration and adipogenesis. Combination of TGF‐β1 with glycerol might be an alternative to enhance muscle fibrosis for future studies.  相似文献   

15.
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16.
<正>GPAT,AIRC and purH genes are involved in the de novo purine biosynthesis,and they all had significant effects on muscle inosine monophosphate(IMP) content in chickens.This study was designed to investigate the effects of GPAT,AIRC and purH genes on muscle IMP content in a relatively large population of Baier chickens;single genotype effects as well as the combined genotype effects were analyzed.The results further support that GPAT,AIRC and purH genes had effects on muscle IMP content;they might be candidate loci or linked to major genes affecting muscle IMP content.The combined genotypic effects were significantly higher than those of the single genotypes and were even larger when more gene loci were combined.We tentatively conclude that combined genotypes are superior to single genotypes as potential molecular markers for meat quality traits in chicken.  相似文献   

17.
The development of adipose tissue in skeletal muscle is important for improving meat quality. However, it is still unclear how adipocytes grow in the proximity of muscle fibers. We hypothesized that adipocytes would suppress muscle cell growth so as to grow dominantly within muscle. In this study, we investigated the effect of adipocytes on the differentiation of muscle cells in a co‐culture system. The fusion index of C2C12 myoblasts co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes was significantly lower than that of the control. The expression of myogenin and myosin heavy chain in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes was significantly lower than in the control. Furthermore, the expression of Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 was higher in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes than the control. These results suggest that 3T3‐L1 adipocytes suppress the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. In addition, 3T3‐L1 adipocytes induced the expression and secretion of IL‐6 in C2C12 muscle cells. The fusion index and myotube diameter were higher in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 cells in medium containing IL‐6‐neutralizing antibody than the control. Taken together, there is a possibility that adipocyte‐induced IL‐6 expression in muscle cells could be involved in the inhibition of muscle cell differentiation via autocrine.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of excess leucine (Leu) vs. its metabolites α‐ketoisocaproate (KIC) and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methyl butyrate (HMB) on Leu metabolism, muscle fibre composition and muscle growth in growing pigs. Thirty‐two pigs with a similar initial weight (9.55 ± 0.19 kg) were fed 1 of 4 diets for 45 days: basal diet, basal diet + 1.25% L‐Leu, basal diet + 1.25% KIC‐Ca, basal diet + 0.62% HMB‐Ca. Results indicated that relative to the basal diet and HMB groups, Leu and KIC groups exhibited increased Leu concentrations and decreased concentrations of isoleucine, valine and EAAs in selected muscle (p < 0.05) and had lower mRNA levels of MyHC I and higher expression of MyHC IIx/IIb (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the basal and HMB‐supplemented groups. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of AMPKα and UCP3 were higher but the myostatin mRNA levels were lower in the soleus muscle of the HMB group than those from other groups (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrated that doubling dietary Leu content exerted growth‐depressing effects in growing pigs; dietary KIC supplementation induced muscular branched‐chain amino acid imbalance and promoted muscle toward a more glycolytic phenotype; while dietary HMB supplementation promoted the generation of more oxidative muscle types and increased muscle growth specially in oxidative skeletal muscle, and these effects of HMB might be associated with the AMPKα‐Sirt1‐PGC‐1α axis and mitochondrial biogenesis.  相似文献   

19.
On the postnatal development of the skeletal muscle cells in the pig Skeletal muscle cells of pigs up to ten years old were examined histologically and histometrically for age-related changes. Also examined was the relationship between the changes of the average muscle cell diameter and the age-related weight changes of the muscles. It was found that, during the entire postnatal period, skeletal muscle cells, despite their high differentiation, continued to develop and developed anew. The two muscle celltypes, red and white, could be differentiated by the end of the first month. The white cells formed the periphery of the muscle cell bundle. They developed from the red muscle cells and can be regarded as more highly differentiated than the latter. The red muscle cells, which retained many postnatal reatures, after the first month formed a group of cells in the center of a muscle cell bundle. Growth of muscle therefore does not only occur by enlargement of the muscle cells (hypertrophy) buy also by their increase in numbre (hyperplasia). The average diameter of the muscle cells in thus related in addition to age, breed, sex, diet and husbandry, also to mitotic intensity and the formation of new muscle cells.  相似文献   

20.
As there are very few informations available in the literature about the blood vessels of the brain in the fighting-bulls, the authors studied them in three five-year old speciemens, injected with Rhodopax AX/85, blue and red, from the carotid arteries. Among all the anatomical details described, there is no caudal rate mirabile to be found, while the rostral one is well developed. Instead of the caudal net, a second circulus arteriosus can be described which is connected with the circulus arteriosus cerebri. Morphological details about size and situation of all these vascular elements are given.  相似文献   

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