首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Soils of the Arkaim Reserve in the area around a unique settlement-fortress of the Bronze Age in Chelyabinsk oblast have been studied. These soils are generally typical of the entire Trans-Ural Plateau. The soil properties are characterized in detail on the basis of factual data on 170 soil pits and four soil catenas. The soil cover of the reserve is specified into six geomorphic groups: (a) denudational surfaces of the low mountains, (b) accumulative-denudational surfaces of the low mountains, (c) denudational-accumulative plain surfaces, (d) lacustrine-alluvial plain surfaces, (e) floodplain surfaces, and (f) slopes and bottoms of the local ravines and hollows. Chernozems occupy about 50% of the reserve; solonetzes and saline soils, 32%; meadow chernozems, 7%; and forest soils, 1%. The soils of the reserve are relatively thin; they have a distinct tonguing of the humus horizon and are often saline and solonetzic. The latter properties are inherited from the parent materials and are preserved in the soils for a long time under the conditions of a dry continental climate. The genetic features of the soils differ in dependence on the composition and age of the parent materials. With respect to the thickness of the soil profiles and the reserves of soil humus, the soils can be arranged into the following lithogenic sequence: the soils developed from the eluvium of igneous rocks-redeposited kaolin clay-montmorillonite-hydromica nonsaline and saline loams and clays. The content of Corg in the upper 20 cm varies from 2.5 to 5.6%, and the reserves of Corg in the layers of 0?C0.5 and 0?C1.0 m reach 57?C265 and 234?C375 t/ha, respectively. The soils of pastures subjected to overgrazing occupy two-thirds of the reserve. Their humus content is 10?C16% higher in comparison with that in the analogous plowed soils. Another characteristic feature of the humus in the soils of the pastures is its enrichment in the labile fraction (28?C40% of Corg).  相似文献   

2.
In leached chernozems used in crop rotations with different amounts of plant residues for nine years, the following parameters have been determined: the changes in the contents of the total carbon and carbon and nitrogen from the readily hydrolyzable components of the soil organic matter: the labile humus, detritus, and mortmass. No significant differences in the content of Corg in the soil among the crop rotations have been found. The different inputs of plant residues have significantly affected the contents of carbon and nitrogen in the readily mineralizable soil organic matter. The decrease in the mean annual input of the aboveground plant residues to the soil from 1.5 to 0.2 t C/ha resulted in the reduction of the carbon and nitrogen contents in the soil by 19–25% for the labile humus, 24–28% for the detritus, and 33–36% for the mortmass. The labile humus formed the largest fraction (3890 mg of C/kg soil or 10.3% of Corg on the average for the crop rotations); the fractions of the detritus (1546 mg C/kg soil or 10.3%) and mortmass (627 mg C/kg soil or 1.7% of Corg) were the next.  相似文献   

3.
The soils of the Kamennaya Steppe (Voronezh oblast) were studied. The rate of changes in the contents of Corg and the particular forms of organic matter (labile, microbial, and stable) were revealed in the quasi-natural soils of the fallows and shelterbelt and in the arable soils (rainfed farming for 12, 55, 85, and 115 yrs and irrigated farming for 40 yrs) of different positions on the watersheds and slopes. The effect of the increased soil moistening in the recent decades was also studied. In the upper 50 cm of the fallow soils that were not plowed since 1882, the relative Corg accumulation in the recent 30 yrs has amounted to 5%. The soils of the shelterbelt planted in 1903 were similar to the fallow soils. As compared to the soil of the unmown fallow, the Corg loss from the 1-m soil layer under the shelterbelt and the 12-year-old cropland were less than 9%; the losses from the plowed soils (used for 55–115 yrs) were 21–27% on the watersheds and 37–46% on the slopes. In the first decade, the rate of the Corg losses in the 0- to 20-cm layer of the cultivated chernozem was 120 g C/m2. With the increasing duration of the soil plowing (from 55 to 115 yrs), the Corg losses decreased from 45 to 28 g C/m2 per yr in the watershed soils and from 51 to 35 g C/m2 per yr in the soils on the slopes. The maximum loss of Corg was found for the soils on slopes, waterlogged soils, and irrigated soils. In the slope soils, the Corg loss due to erosion was 9–18% of the total. In the upper horizons of the old agrogenic soils, compared to the soil of the unmown fallow, the Cha/Cfa increased, since the content of fulvic acids (FA) faster decreased than that of the humic acids (HA); the C content of the nonhydrolyzable residue was reduced. The slope and waterlogged soils differed from the watershed soils in the smaller amounts of HA and FA and in the greater content of humin carbon. In the 0- to 20-cm layer of the soils studied, the rate of the basal respiration (BR) was 0.2–0.5 μg C/g soil per h, the content of the microbial biomass (Cmicr) was 326–1073 μg C/g, and the share of Cmicr amounted to 1.0–1.9%. These values were minimal in the irrigated soil and maximal in the fallow ones. A high correlation coefficient (r = 0.88–0.92) was found between the Cmicr content and the BR, between the contents of Corg and HA, and between the contents of Corg and mobile C. The correlation coefficient between the contents of Corg and FA and Corg and humin C was 0.67.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of land use types and fertilizing systems on the structural and aggregate composition of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soil and the quantitative parameters of soil organic matter has been studied. The contribution of soil aggregates 2–1 mm in size to the total Corg reserve in the humus horizon is higher than the contributions of other aggregates by 1.3–4.2 times. Reliable correlations have been revealed between the contents of total (Corg), labile (Clab), and active (C0) organic matter in the soil. The proportion of C0 is 44–70% of Clab extractable by neutral sodium pyrophosphate solution. The contributions of each of the 2–1, 0.5–0.25, and <0.25 mm fractions to the total C0 reserve are 14–21%; the contributions of each of the other fractions are 4–12%. The chemically labile and biologically active components of humic substances reflect the quality changes of soil organic matter under agrogenic impacts. A conceptual scheme has been proposed for the subdivision of soil organic matter into the active, slow (intermediate), and passive pools. In the humus horizon of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soil, the active, slow, and passive pools contain 6–11, 34–65, and 26–94% of the total Corg, respectively.  相似文献   

5.
The water stability of typical chernozems was studied, as well as the content and composition of the labile humic substances (LHSs) in the structural units of perennial experiment treatments: Corg was 4.68% on an unmown steppe (fallow), 3.55% under continuous winter wheat without fertilizers, and 2.92 and 2.78% in two treatments of permanent black fallow. It was shown that the water stability of the chernozem??s structure depended on the land use; it deteriorated in the following series: fallow > winter wheat > permanent fallow. No clear relationship was found between the content of Corg in the aggregates obtained by dry sieving and the size of these aggregates. At the same time, the content of Corg in the water-stable aggregates was shown to increase with their size. A positive correlation between the size of the water-stable aggregates and their content of LHSs was found for the unmown steppe and continuous winter wheat treatments.  相似文献   

6.
The spatial variability in the organic carbon content (Corg) in the gray forest soils was studied in relation to topography, soil density (D); and concentrations of Al, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn measured at 47 points in the upper (0–10 cm) and lower (10–20 cm) layers by the X-ray fluorescent method. The study area (48 by 104 m) under meadow vegetation included the break of slope of a river valley with strongly eroded gray forest soils and active development of erosional processes. Methods of geomorphometry were used for the quantitative characterization of topographic conditions. Statistical relationships between the studied characteristics were investigated by multiple regression methods with verification of the models according to specially developed criteria. The obtained statistical relationships were used to develop 3D cartographic models of the Corg and D distribution in the two soil layers. It was shown that the content of Corg in the upper layer increased on south-facing slopes, whereas the content of Corg in the lower layer gained its maximum of southwestern slopes, and the reasons for this distribution were determined. The major characteristics of topography affecting the distribution of Corg in the different soil layers were identified. The Corg content in any soil layer was most tightly correlated with the D values; a less tight correlation was observed between the Corg and Mg contents. The Zn and Cu contents correlated with the Corg in the lower (10–20 cm) layer, whereas the Ca and Fe contents correlated with the Corg in the upper (0–10 cm) layer. The interpretation of the observed regularities involved data on the stability of metal complexes with humic acids under different conditions of the soil acidity; the effect of the erosional processes was also taken into account.  相似文献   

7.
Urban soils (constructozems) were studied in Moscow and several cities (Dubna, Pushchino, and Serebryanye Prudy) of Moscow oblast. The soil sampling from the upper 10-cm-thick layer was performed in the industrial, residential, and recreational functional zones of these cities. The biological (the carbon of the microbial biomass carbon, Cmic and the microbial (basal) respiration, BR) and chemical (pHwater and the contents of Corg, heavy metals, and NPK) indices were determined in the samples. The ratios of BR to Cmic (the microbial respiration quotient, qCO2) and of Cmic to Corg were calculated. The Cmic varied from 120 to 738 μg C/g soil; the BR, from 0.39 to 1.94 μg CO2-C/g soil per hour; the Corg, from 2.52 to 5.67%; the qCO2, from 1.24 to 5.28 μg CO2-C/mg Cmic/g soil per h; and the Cmic/Corg, from 0.40 to 1.55%. Reliable positive correlations were found between the Cmic and BR, the Cmic and Cmic/Corg, and the Cmic and Corg values (r = 0.75, 0.95, and 0.61, respectively), as well as between the BR and Cmic/Corg values (r = 0.68). The correlation between the Cmic/Corg and qCO2 values was negative (r = −0.70). The values of Cmic, BR, Corg, and Cmic/Corg were found to correlate with the ammonium nitrogen content. No correlative relationships were revealed between the determined indices and the climatic characteristics. The principal component analysis described 86% of the variances for all the experimental data and clearly subdivided the locations of the studied soil objects. The ANOVA showed that the variances of Cmic, Corg, and BR are controlled by the site location factor by 66, 63, and 35%, respectively. The specificity of the functioning of the anthropogenic soils as compared with their natural analogues was clearly demonstrated. As shown in this study, measurable biological indices might be applied to characterize the ecological, environmental-regulating, and productive functions of soils, including urban soils.  相似文献   

8.
We evaluated the contents of organic carbon (Corg) of Ap horizons from 11 North German study areas along a Southeast to Northwest precipitation gradient with respect to their general levels and as related to C : N ratio, soil texture (clay content), bulk soil density, climate, and historical land‐use since 1780. The focus was on sandy soils, with the largest group of samples originating from 308 km2 of the Fuhrberg catchment north of Hannover/Lower Saxony. Data from loess areas were used for comparisons. Major aims were (1) to quantify current Corg stocks, (2) to provide data on site‐specific, steady‐state Corg levels in old arable soils, and (3) to identify the main controls of Corg levels in the studied sands. The mean Corg content in sandy, well‐drained, old Ap horizons (uplands, > 200 years under cultivation, near steady‐state) increased with precipitation from < 8 g kg—1 in the dry eastern parts of the study area (530 mm year—1, 8.3°C) to 25 g kg—1 in the moist Northwest (825 mm year—1, 8.4°C). The Corg levels in lowlands which have been drained for more than 40 years were approximately 3 g kg—1 higher than those of uplands under a similar climate. The factor clay content had no predictive value because low contents were associated with high Corg levels. Large proportions of refractory organic matter in sands resulting from specific features of historical land‐use and soil development (calluna heathland, heath plaggen fertilization, podzolization) appeared to be the most probable reason for such high Corg levels. However, the high Corg levels of these old arable sites were still exceeded by those of younger arable areas formerly under continuos grassland. A chrono‐sequence suggested that a period of about 100 years is necessary until a new steady‐state Corg level is established after conversion of grassland into arable land. Elevated Corg levels in current Ap horizons were also found for former woodland and heathland soils. The main conclusion is that sands can contain a lot of stable organic matter, sometimes more than finer textured soils.  相似文献   

9.
In 11 rain‐fed arable soils of the Potohar plateau, Pakistan, the amounts of microbial‐biomass C (Cmic), biomass N (Nmic), and biomass P (Pmic) were analyzed in relation to the element‐specific total storage compartment, i.e., soil Corg, Nt, and Pt. The effects of climatic conditions and soil physico‐chemical properties on these relationships were highlighted with special respect to crop yield levels. Average contents of soil Corg, Nt, and Pt were 3.9, 0.32, and 0.61 mg (g soil)–1, respectively. Less than 1% of Pt was extractable with 0.5 M NaHCO3. Mean contents of Cmic, Nmic, and Pmic were 118.4, 12.0, and 3.9 µg (g soil)–1. Values of Cmic, Nmic, Pmic, soil Corg, and Nt were all highly significantly interrelated. The mean crop yield level was closely connected with all soil organic matter– and microbial biomass–related properties, but showed also some influence by the amount of precipitation from September to June. Also the fraction of NaHCO3‐extractable P was closely related to soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass, and crop yield level. This reveals the overwhelming importance of biological processes for P turnover in alkaline soils.  相似文献   

10.
Soil samples from the upper 10-cm-thick layer of the humus horizon (without forest litter) were taken in Podol’sk and Serpukhov districts (1130 and 1080 km2, respectively) of Moscow oblast. At each sampling site, ecosystem (forest, plowland, or fallow), soil (soddy-podzolic, soddy-gley, bog-podzolic, meadow alluvial, gray forest, and anthropogenically transformed soils of lawns and industrial zones), predominant vegetation, and topography (floodplain and low, medium, and upper parts of watersheds) were determined. The carbon content of the microbial biomass (Cmic) was determined by the method of substrate-induced respiration; we also determined the rate of basal (microbial) respiration (BR) and the organic carbon content, pH, and particle-size distribution. Overall, 237 samples from Serpukhov district and 45 samples from Podol’sk district were analyzed. The BR/Cmic ratios (respiration quotient qCO2) and Cmic/Corg ratios were calculated. The Cmic content in the soils ranged from 43 to 1394 μg C/kg; the BR varied from 0.06 to 25 μg CO2-C/g per h, qCO2, from 0.34 to 6.52 μg CO2-C/mg Cmic per h; and the Cmic/Corg ratio, from 0.19 to 10.65%. It was found that the most significant factors affecting the variability of the Cmic and BR are the parameters of ecosystem (50% and 80%, respectively) and soil (30% and 9%, respectively). The most significant variability of these indices was found in forest soils; it was mainly controlled by the soil texture (33 and 23%) and the Corg content (19 and 24%). The Cmic parameter made it possible to differentiate the soils of the territory for the purposes of their evaluation, monitoring, and biological assessment more clearly than the BR value and the soil chemical characteristics.  相似文献   

11.
Silicon fractions in Histosols and Gleysols of a temperate grassland site   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The importance of silicon (Si) in nutrition is currently being recognized by its beneficial effects on many crops. Therefore, it is important to determine the soil Si status and to examine different extractants for testing plant‐available Si. Little information is available about the Si status of Histosols and Corg‐rich Gleysols in temperate climate. This study was undertaken (1) to characterize different Si pools in Corg‐rich groundwater soils of an experimental site and (2) to study the influences of small‐scale variability on element distribution. At the experimental site, the thickness of the Corg‐rich layer ranges between 4 and 5 dm overlying fine‐sandy fluvial sediments. Four extractants were evaluated: 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.5 M acetic acid, 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate, and 0.1 M Tiron (C6H4Na2O8S2 · H2O). Further, total element content was determined following HNO3/HF digestion. Calcium chloride–soluble Si shows no significant relations to other parameters analyzed. On the basis of published data, the soils investigated could be classified as Si‐deficient. The Si fraction extracted with acetic acid displays relations to Corg content of the soil and a weak correlation to CaCl2‐soluble Si, indicating that both solutions extract overlapping but not the same fractions. Sodium pyrophosphate extracts mainly organo‐mineral Fe and Al complexes in the soils studied, which is reflected in a highly positive correlation to Corg. Pyrophosphate‐soluble Si showed a negative relationship to Corg, which means a closer relation of this Si fraction to mineral matter than to Corg. The Tiron solution extracted most Si of all extractants, but this amounts only 1% of the total Si content. Taking into account the element‐specific relationship between pyrophosphate and Tiron‐extractable Fe, Al, and Si, it can be concluded that Tiron dissolves mainly the opaline silica present in Histosols and Corg‐rich Gleysols. The distribution of Corg and ash content shows clear spatial trend at the experimental site, which is correlated to pyrophosphate‐extractable as well as total Si. This small‐scale variability of soil parameters itself is related to a distinct microrelief.  相似文献   

12.
Using data from long-term experiments at the Loess-Chernozem site, Bad Lauchstädt und 12 other European sites, the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in soils, the determination of decomposable soil organic matter (SOM), the effect on yield of SOM as well as carbon and nitrogen balances are discussed. Both C and N in SOM have to be divided into an inert and a decomposable fraction. The inert C is strongly correlated with clay content, while most changes in both C and N occur in the readily decomposable fraction. In the experiments considered the latter ranges between 0.2 to 0.6% C and 0.02 to 0.06% N. The annual changes of the Corg content amount only to about 0.01% Corg corresponding to 500 kg/ha, even under extreme changes of the fertilizing system. Hot water extractable C (Chwe) has proved to be an appropriate criterion for the calculation of the decomposable C and thus for the N release from soil. Different methods to maintain a SOM balance are compared and first guideline values for an agronomically and ecologically justified SOM content of arable soils are recommended. In arable soils the exceeding of an upper Corg value influences neither crop yield nor the C and N balance in a positive way. In terms of ecology and environment, set-aside-programmes or fallows in a crop rotation affect the balances negatively. Atmospheric N deposition can amount to about 50 kg/ha·yr.  相似文献   

13.
Experimental and literature data on the contents and stocks of active organic matter in 200 soil samples from the forest-tundra, southern-taiga, deciduous-forest, forest-steppe, dry-steppe, semidesert, and subtropical zones have been generalized. Natural lands, agrocenoses, treatments of long-term field experiments (bare fallow, unfertilized and fertilized crop rotations, perennial plantations), and different layers of soil profile are presented. Sphagnum peat and humus–peat soil in the tundra and forest-tundra zones are characterized by a very high content of active organic matter (300–600 mg C/100 g). Among the zonal soils, the content of active organic matter increases from the medium (75–150 mg C/100 g) to the high (150–300 mg C/100 g) level when going from soddy-podzolic soil to gray forest and dark-gray forest soils and then to leached chernozem. In the series from typical chernozem to ordinary and southern chernozem and chestnut and brown semidesert soils, a decrease in the content of active organic matter to the low (35–75 mg C/100 g) and very low (<35 mg C/100 g) levels is observed. Acid brown forest soil in the subtropical zone is characterized by a medium supply with active organic matter. Most arable soils are mainly characterized by low or very low contents of active organic matter. In the upper layers of soils, active organic matter makes up 1.2–11.1% of total Corg. The profile distribution of active organic matter in the studied soils coincides with that of Corg: their contents appreciably decrease with depth, except for brown semidesert soil. The stocks of active organic matter vary from 0.4 to 5.4 t/ha in the layer of 0–20 cm and from 1.0 to 12.4/ha in the layer of 0–50 cm of different soil types.  相似文献   

14.
Based on studying five agrochronoseries, including recent forest (dark) gray soils and soils plowed for 100, 150, and 200–240 and more years in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland, the dynamics of the pedogenic carbon pool, including the Corg and Ccarb, are considered. In the 2-m-thick layer of the agrogenic soils studied, the pedogenic carbon pool was shown to increase by 15–30% (up to 50%) mainly due to the changes in the Ccarb content. The insignificant (by ～10%) growth of the Corg content was found in the soils that were plowed for more than 200–250 years. As the hydrothermal regime changed when passing from the forest to croplands, the Ccarb reserves increased due to the ascending of carbonates from the parent rock through the capillary pores, probably, in colloid solution-suspensions. This process proceeded without exchange with the soil CO2, since the 14C age and the content of the newly formed carbonates became higher. These carbonates may be called pedogenic-lithogenic agrocarbonates, since they appear in soils as a result of the (agro-) pedogenesis. In this case, their additional source is the lithogenic carbonates, which bring in the “old” carbon. The process of carbonates ascending could be referred to the rapid soil-forming ones with their implementation time being close to ≤50 years.  相似文献   

15.
Alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) mainly originates from soil microbial secretion and plays a crucial role in the turnover of soil phosphorus (P). To examine the response of ALP-encoding microbial communities (analysed for the biomarker of the ALP gene, phoD) of soils and derivative soil fractions to different fertilisation regimes, soil samples were collected from a long-term experimental field (over 35 years). The different organic P (Po) pools of soil fractions and the ALP activity of soil were also determined. Compared with chemical-only fertilised soils, the ALP activity was 232–815% higher in organic-amended soils, and the highest enzyme activity was observed in the organic-only fertilised treatment. The abundance of the phoD gene harbouring in soil fractions, determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR), was affected by different fertilisations. The highest abundance of the phoD gene was generally detected in the 2–63-μm-sized fraction (silt), but most phoD-encoding microbial species were associated to the 0.1–2-μm-sized fraction (clay) in the chemical-only fertilised soil. The contents of labile Po (LPo), moderately labile Po (MLPo) and fulvic acid-associated Po (FAPo) were significantly correlated with the phoD gene abundance, whereas only LPo content was significantly correlated with the ALP activity. The dominant phoD-encoding phylas were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, according to a high-throughput sequencing. Bradyrhizobium, a N2-fixer identified as a phoD-encoding genus, showed the highest abundance in fertilised soils. The abundance of Bradyrhizobium, Streptomyces, Modestobacter, Lysobacter, Frankia and Burkholderia increased with the organic-only amendment and was significantly correlated with the ALP activity. According to structure equation models (SEM), pH and LPo content significantly and directly affected the ALP activity; the soil organic C (Corg) content was related to composition and abundances of phoD-harbouring microbial communities; since both microbial properties were correlated to the ALP activity, the Corg content was indirectly related to the ALP activity. In conclusion, soil management practices can be used to optimise the contents of soil available P and the organic P with regulation of soil ALP activity and the community composition of corresponding microbes.  相似文献   

16.
Interactions between microbial communities and organic matter were analyzed for soils from the project regions ’︁Ecosystem Research in the Agricultural Landscape/FAM, Munich’ in southern Germany and ’︁Ecosystem Research in the Bornhöved Lake district’ from northern Germany using ratios between microbial biomass content (Cmic), microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) and organic carbon content (Corg). In the agricultural soils in southern Germany, the qCO2/Corg ratio differed significantly with respect to agricultural management in contrast to ecophysiological Cmic/Corg ratio. In addition, Cmic/Corg ratio decreased from 39 to 21 mg Cmic g—1 Corg and qCO2/Corg ratio increased from 72 to 180 mg CO2‐C g—1 Cmic h—1 (g Corg g—1 soil)—1 with increasing soil depth. For the upper soil horizons from the landscape in northern Germany the two quotients differed significantly with reference to land use showing highest microbial colonization under grassland and lowest under beech forest. In contrast, C use efficiency was lowest in arable field under maize monoculture and highest in a wet grassland having a high organic C content.  相似文献   

17.
The objectives were to investigate (1) to which extent water-stable macro- and microaggregates sequester organic matter (OM) in a minimum tillage (MT) system compared to a conventional tillage (CT) system and (2) if the content of biochemically stabilized OM differs between both tillage systems, and (3) to study the temporal dynamics of the distribution of aggregate size classes and of storage of OM within aggregates in the field. Surface soils (0–5 cm) and subsoils (10–20 cm) were sampled after fallow (March 2007) and directly after tillage (November 2007) from a long-term experimental field near Göttingen, Germany. Macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) were in general less abundant after fallow than directly after tillage. In March, only 21% (CT) and 45% (MT) of Corg was stored within macroaggregates in the surface soil, whereas in November, the percentages increased to 58% and 73%, respectively. CT and MT soils of both depths were incubated as bulk soil (CTbulk, MTbulk) and with macroaggregates disrupted (<0.25 mm) (CTmd, MTmd) for 28 days at 22°C and water content of 50% of the maximum water holding capacity. For the MTbulk and MTmd surface soils, C mineralization was significantly higher compared to the CT soils. Incubation of md soils did not generally result in a significantly higher C mineralization compared to the respective bulk soils, except for the MTmd subsoil. Acid hydrolysis showed that the proportion of biochemically stabilized, nonhydrolysable, Corg to total Corg was lower in the MT than in the CT soils. Overall, the data indicate that the effect of physical stabilization of OM stored in the macroaggregates may not be a mechanism protecting very labile C with a turnover time of weeks, but that longer preservation likely occurs after macroaggregate transformation into microaggregates, and the surplus of OM found in the surface soil of MT does not only depend on the biochemically stabilized OM. Finally, our data suggest that the temporal variability of distribution of aggregate size classes in the field is large, but spatial and operator variability also contributed to the observed differences.  相似文献   

18.
The phenomenon of mineralization (biological mineralization) of organic matter in chernozems has been studied. A decrease in the content of Corg with time can be considered an index of the organic matter mineralization. It is suggested that the humus horizons of modern chernozems contain the pools of organic matter of different ages: easily decomposable organic matter, labile biologically active humus, stable biologically active humus, and relatively inert humus. The composition and mean residence times of these pools and their contribution to the total organic matter content have been estimated. The particular types of the biological mineralization have been determined on the basis of the comparison between the velocities of mineralization (M) and humification (H) processes: total unidirectional mineralization (M ≫ H), equilibrium mineralization (M ∼ H), nonequilibrium mineralization (M> <H), and zero mineralization. The separation of subtypes is based on data on the relative rates (%) of the organic matter mineralization. On the basis of available experimental data on chernozems buried under kurgans and in loess sediments (with the age of up to 800 ka), the quantitative relationship of the humus content in the buried soils on their age has been found; it has an exponential shape. During the first 100 ka after the soil burial, the soil humus content gradually (with a slowing intensity) decreases from 100–75 to 6.5% of its content in the virgin chernozems. Then, 100–1000 ka after the soil burial, the soil humus content remains approximately constant (6.5% of the initial level, or 0.3% of the soil mass). The rates of mineralization have been estimated. It is shown that the elemental composition (C, H, N, O) of humic acids remains relatively stable for a long time due to the regeneration of the chemical structure of humus (matric restoration of humus). It is suggested that several different forms of humus related to pedogenesis should be distinguished in the biosphere. The renewable humus in the equilibrium state with the environment is typical of the open biospheric (soil) systems. The fossil humus, whose content decreases with time, and whose composition remains stable, is typical of the semiclosed and closed systems. With time, it transforms into residual humus, whose content and composition remain stable. The fossilized organic matter in the fossil soils and sediments of the past geological epochs (Mesozoic and Paleozoic) considerably differs from the renewable, fossil, and residual humus.  相似文献   

19.
 The effects on soil condition of increasing periods under intensive cultivation for vegetable production on a Typic Haplohumult were compared with those of pastoral management using soil biological, physical and chemical indices of soil quality. The majority of the soils studied had reasonably high pH, exchangeable cation and extractable P levels reflecting the high fertilizer rates applied to dairy pasture and more particularly vegetable-producing soils. Soil organic C (Corg) content under long-term pasture (>60 years) was in the range of 55 g C kg–1 to 65 g C kg–1. With increasing periods under vegetable production soil organic matter declined until a new equilibrium level was attained at about 15–20 g C kg–1 after 60–80 years. The loss of soil organic matter resulted in a linear decline in microbial biomass C (Cmic) and basal respiratory rate. The microbial quotient (Cmic/Corg) decreased from 2.3% to 1.1% as soil organic matter content declined from 65 g C kg–1 to 15 g C kg–1 but the microbial metabolic quotient (basal respiration/Cmic ratio) remained unaffected. With decreasing soil organic matter content, the decline in arginine ammonification rate, fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity, earthworm numbers, soil aggregate stability and total clod porosity was curvilinear and little affected until soil organic C content fell below about 45 g C kg–1. Soils with an organic C content above 45 g C kg–1 had been under pasture for at least 30 years. At the same Corg content, soil biological activity and soil physical conditions were markedly improved when soils were under grass rather than vegetables. It was concluded that for soils under continuous vegetable production, practices that add organic residues to the soil should be promoted and that extending routine soil testing procedures to include key physical and biological properties will be an important future step in promoting sustainable management practices in the area. Received: 18 November 1997  相似文献   

20.
The fate of photosynthetically‐fixed carbon (C) in the plant–soil–microbe continuum has received much interest because of its relevance to soil C and the global C cycle. However, information on the flow of this plant C below ground and its contribution to soil C sequestration in soils with contrasting organic C (Corg) is limited. In this study, soyabean (Glycine max L. Merr.) was grown in three Mollisols with low (1.04%), medium (2.90%) and high (5.05%) Corg, respectively. Plants were labelled with 13CO2 to trace the photosynthetic C dynamics in the plant–soil system for up to 288 hours. The total amount of net fixed 13C by plants ranged from 66 to 78 mg pot?1, and there was no difference between soils. The amount of 13C in soil organic matter (SOM) increased from 1.9 to 6.1 mg pot?1 over time in the high‐Corg soil, while it showed a non‐significant change with 2.2 mg pot?1 (on average) in the medium‐Corg soil, and decreased from 2.9 to 0.1 mg pot?1 in the low‐Corg soil. In the low‐Corg soil, the amount of 13C in soil microbes decreased markedly over time, showing a fast turnover, and had a significant correlation (P ≤ 0.01) with 13C in the SOM pool. However, such a relationship was not significant in the soil with high or medium Corg. These results indicate that most of the root‐derived C in the low‐Corg soil is degraded quickly by microbial activity, while the greater input of the photosynthetic C to SOM in the high‐ and/or medium‐Corg soil can probably be attributed to physical sorption of root‐derived C by SOM and minerals, thus protecting it against microbial decomposition.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号