Transformation and contamination of soils in iron ore mining areas (a review)     

I. V. Zamotaev  I. V. Ivanov  P. V. Mikheev  V. P. Belobrov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(3):359-372

Current concepts of soil transformation and contamination in iron ore mining areas have been reviewed. Changes of soils and ecosystems in the mining areas are among the largest-scale impacts of economic activity on the nature. Regularities in the radial differentiation, spatial distribution, and accumulation of heavy metals in soils of different natural zones are analyzed. The effects of mining technogenesis and gas–dust emissions from enterprises on soil microbial communities and fauna are considered. In zones of longterm atmotechnogenic impact of mining and processing plants, the stable state of ecosystems is lost and/or a new technoecosystem different from the natural one, with own microbial cenosis, is formed, where communities of soil organisms are in the stress state. In the ore mining regions, embriozems are formed, which pass through specific stages of technogenically-determined development, as well as technosols, chemozems, and technogenic surface formations with variable material compositions and properties. Technogenic soils and soil-like bodies form a soil cover differing from the initial one, whose complexity and contrast are not related to the natural factors of differentiation.  相似文献   

Properties of soils and soil-like bodies in the Vorkuta area     

A. A. Dymov  D. A. Kaverin  D. N. Gabov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2013,46(2):217-224

The specific features of the formation of soils and soil-like bodies on technogenic substrates in Vorkuta—a polar city specializing in coal mining—are characterized. According to the new Russian soil classification system, these soils are classified as urbanozems (urban soils) and constructozems (soil-like bodies constructed by humans); the latter are subdivided into recreazems (soil-like bodies of recreation zones) and replantozems (soil-like bodies of reclaimed urban areas with planted vegetation). They are characterized by the increased content of heavy metals and by some alkalization of the upper soil horizons in comparison with the natural background soils. The benz(a)pyrene content in most of the soil samples exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). The maximum levels of the soil contamination with benz(a)pyrene reach 80 MPCs. According to the total contamination index calculated relative to the background concentrations of the major contaminants, the upper horizons of the investigated soils and soil-like bodies are qualified as ecologically hazardous and extremely hazardous bodies.  相似文献   

Anthropogenic Soils on the Territory of the New Jerusalem Monastery,Moscow Region     

I. S. Urusevskaya  V. M. Kolesnikova  V. Yu. Vertyankina 《Eurasian Soil Science》2018,51(9):1095-1104

The soil cover inside the walls of the New Jerusalem Monastery (in the city of Istra, Moscow region) has been completely transformed during the long history of anthropogenic loads on the local landscape. Specific anthropogenic soils have been formed from the technogenic deposits on the top and slopes of the monastery hill. These soils contain numerous artifacts; in their upper part, horizons with characteristic features of the modern humus-accumulative process have been developed. The major types of anthropogenic soils on the territory of the monastery—urbiagrostratozems, soddy urbistratozems, and soddy-calcareous urbistratified soils—have been described. The composition of technogenic deposits determines the shift of pH values towards the alkaline reaction, the high content of available phosphorus compounds, and the soil contamination with heavy metals. The post-alluvial gray-humus soils close in their morphology and chemical properties to the natural soils of the floodplain predominate in the soil cover of the park zone adjacent to the walls of the monastery in the Istra River valley.  相似文献   

Communities of microorganisms and invertebrates in soil-like bodies of soccer fields in Moscow oblast     

O. V. Kutovaya  I. V. Zamotaev  V. P. Belobrov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2014,47(11):1107-1115

Artificially created soil-like technogenic formations (STFs) of soccer fields are developed under combined action of intense technogenic and natural factors and processes, which cannot but affect the structure and biological activity of their microbial communities and mesofauna. The microflora of the STFs is very similar to the microflora of the background soddy-podzolic soils of Moscow oblast with respect to the composition of the physiological groups of microorganisms. However, they are drastically different in their quantitative characteristics. The numbers of all the trophic groups of microorganisms, except for the microscopic fungi, in the STFs are much higher than those in the zonal soils. An increased biological activity of the STFs is due to regular watering, heating, application of sand and mineral fertilizers, and technogenic turbation processes. The mesofauna of the STFs is represented by several ecological groups of earthworms, including soildwelling (endogeic) earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa), epigeic earthworms dwelling at the soil-litter interface (Lumbricus rubellus), and litter-dwelling earthworms (Eisenia foetida).  相似文献   

Soil cover and landscape evolution in the Senegal floodplain: a review and synthesis of processes and interactions during the late Holocene     

S. Furian  A. O. Mohamedou  C. Hammecker  J.‐L. Maeght  L. Barbiero 《European Journal of Soil Science》2011,62(6):902-912

The aim of this paper is to summarize the successive biological, pedological, hydrodynamic, geomorphological and geochemical processes that have occurred in the Senegal valley, and to describe how their interactions during the late Holocene conditioned soil cover formation and landscape evolution. Potential acidity accumulated as pyrite in the floodplain sediment during the last marine transgressions, and was expressed during the following regressions because of oxidation. Soil acidification was mitigated by the soil buffer capacity and by the interaction with the slightly alkaline continental freshwater of the river. Two pedogenetic transformation processes that resulted from the succession of acidic and neutral conditions, transformed unripe muds with pyrite (potential Acid Sulphate soil) to actual Acid Sulphate soils, and then to Vertisols. Geochemical modelling with PHREEQC quantitatively confirmed the feasibility of the processes involved. These two pedogenetic processes also controlled two independent salt accumulation processes: (i) the transformation of shell accumulation beds into gypsum layers and (ii) aeolian deflation and formation of clay dunes. The study shows that pedogenetic effects on alluvial material can lead to contrasting horizons that cannot be explained stratigraphically. It also shows that the presence of saline areas in the Senegal middle valley results from much more complex processes than a simple salt deposition during transgressions.  相似文献   

Geochemical transformation of soil cover in copper–molybdenum mining areas (Erdenet,Mongolia)     

Ivan V. Timofeev  Natalia E. Kosheleva  Nikolay S. Kasimov  Petr D. Gunin  Enkh-Amgalan Sandag 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(4):1225-1237

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Hydrocarbon contamination of arctic tundra soils of the Bol’shoi Lyakhovskii Island (the Novosibirskie Islands)     

V. L. Kachinskii  Yu. A. Zavgorodnyaya  A. N. Gennadiev 《Eurasian Soil Science》2014,47(2):57-69

Data on the distribution of the components of oil products that have accumulated in the arctic tundra soils of the Bol’shoi Lyakhovskii Island (the Novosibirskie Islands) under the impact of technogenic loads are analyzed. The examined soils differ in the vertical and lateral distribution patterns of the methanenaphthenic and naphthenic hydrocarbons and in the degree of their transformation. This is determined by the position of particular soils in the catenas and by the sorption of particular hydrocarbon compounds in the soils. The portion of light molecular-weight hydrocarbons in the upper horizons decreases by two-ten times in comparison with the deeper soil layers. In the lateral direction, the twofold difference in the contents of the methane-naphthenic and naphthenic hydrocarbons in the upper horizons is seen. The degree of transformation of the hydrocarbons under the impact of microbiological processes depends on the aeration conditions, the depth of permafrost table, the composition of oil products, and the soil organic matter content.  相似文献   

Sorption of heavy metals by iron-manganic nodules in soils of Primorskii region     

Ya. O. Timofeeva  V. I. Golov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(12):1308-1315

The accumulation and deactivation (detoxification) of heavy metals in soils and in soil iron-manganic nodules have been studied. Data on the relative distribution of the total and mobile compounds of heavy metals in soils and nodules upon different rates of technogenic loads are obtained. It is shown that iron-manganic nodules play the role of specific depositors in the soil system, affect the redistribution of heavy metals in the soil cover, and control their migration in the soil profiles.  相似文献   

Complex pedogenesis related to differential aeolian sedimentation in microenvironments of the southern part of the semiarid region of Argentina     

《CATENA》2001,43(2):137-156

The aim of this paper is to explain soil genesis and spatial variability in the soil cover of a flat landscape in the southern part of Argentina's semiarid region. Soil survey data indicate random differences in the properties of soils lying within a few hundred meters of one another, as reflected in an intricate distribution pattern which cannot be explained by the climatic theory of soil genesis in a single pedogenetic cycle. This pattern is unrelated to the actual vegetation cover. The soil parent materials consist of a <2-m mantle of aeolian Holocene sediments overlying a thick plio-Pleistocene “tosca” layer (calcrete, caliche). The undulations in the tosca layer are indicative of a paleomicrorelief levelled up to the present surface after the deposition of the Holocene sediments. Soils with fine-textured sandy loess and strong development (Meridiano soil: A–Bw–Ck–2Ckm) occupied a higher position within paleomicrorelief of the tosca layer. Adjacent soils on border or intermediate positions of the petrocalcic paleosurface have more complex profiles with a relict calcic horizon (Vizcachera soil: A–C–2Ck–3Ckm) and coarser texture (silty clayey sand) in the topsoil. In the lower positions of the paleomicrorelief of the tosca layer, the silty clayey sand directly overlie the petrocalcic horizon (El Khazen soil: A–C–2Ckm). The intricate distribution pattern is due to the coexistence of older polypedon (Meridiano soil), remnants of an earlier erosion cycle complexed with two younger soils, one from partial erosion (Vizcachera soil) and the other where total erosion of earlier soils was followed by successive pulses of aeolian deposition (El Khazen soil). The distribution pattern of the three soils thus reflects a complex history involving at least three stages of landscape evolution.  相似文献   

Pedo‐ecological consequences of lithological discontinuities in soils—examples from Central Europe     

Carsten Lorz  Jonathan D. Phillips 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2006,169(4):573-581

Soil profiles having lithological discontinuities, i.e., stratified or layered profiles, occur worldwide. Their genesis as part of the upper‐regolith formation is comparatively well understood, particularly in Central Europe where extensive research on relic periglacial cover beds has been done. But the pedogenetic and ecological implications of lithologically discontinuous soils (LDS) are less well known. Most textbooks rely on the so‐called A‐B‐C‐model as a climate‐driven approach to soil formation. After reviewing definitions and concepts of lithological discontinuities and how they form, we present a pedogenetic model extending the traditional approach by considering substrate genesis and regolith dynamics. The consequences in the interpretation of vertical distributions of parameters of soil acidification and of heavy metals are investigated for typical soil profiles from the W Ore Mountains and the central‐German lowlands. Results show how lithological discontinuities influence the depth gradients and that properties inherited from substrate should be distinguished, if possible, from those developed by pedogenesis.  相似文献   

Early transformation and transfer processes in a Technosol developing on iron industry deposits     

H. Huot  M. O. Simonnot  F. Watteau  P. Marion  J. Yvon  P. De Donato  J. L. Morel 《European Journal of Soil Science》2014,65(4):470-484

Large surface areas covered with man‐made materials are subject to pedogenetic evolution. However, pedogenetic processes in the resulting Technosols are seldom fully assessed. This work was conducted to identify and characterize the processes occurring on deposits of industrial technogenic materials. A former settling pond of the iron and steel industry where a forest has established since termination of the industrial activity approximately 50 years ago was chosen. A 2‐m deep pit was opened, and a series of layers of the soil profile were sampled. The macro‐ and micro‐structure were studied, and soil samples were analysed for structural, chemical and mineralogical assessment (chemical analyses, X‐ray diffraction, infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopies, scanning and transmission electron microscopies coupled with energy dispersion spectrometry). Results showed that the profile was composed of a succession of sub‐horizontal layers arranged in two groups according to their structure and composition, linked to the composition of the industrial effluent. Group 1 was composed of iron‐, carbonate‐ and aluminosilicate‐rich layers exhibiting a compact structure. Group 2 contained manganese‐rich layers with a friable structure. Pedogenetic processes of various intensities were detected at different depths. Besides an accumulation of organic matter at the surface, transformations of minerals were recorded all along the soil profile, with weathering, leaching and precipitation of new phases. Phenomena occurred primarily in specific zones, such as cracks and interfaces between two layers. In conclusion, the soil maintained characteristics of the original industrial material and displayed several stages of pedogenesis, which were controlled chronologically by climatic and biological factors.  相似文献   

Classification of anthrosols with vitric/andic properties derived from lignite ash     

《Geoderma》2005,124(3-4):253-265

To test the applicability of the Soil Reference Base of Soil Resources (ISSS/ISRIC/FAO, 1998. World Reference Base for Soil Resources, World Soil Resources Report 84, FAO, Rome) for soils derived from anthropogenic substrates, soils developed on lignite ashes in Germany which have some similarities with andosols were compared with natural volcanic soils from different countries. Soil parameters used for comparison were bulk density, clay content, Al_o+0.5 Fe_o, and P-retention, as they serve as diagnostic criteria to define either vitric or andic horizons. For Al_o+0.5 Fe_o, and P-retention, there was no statistically significant difference between both soil groups, the bulk densities of the lignite ash-derived soils were even significantly lower than those of the natural volcanic soils. Moreover, pH, total organic carbon, cation exchange capacity as well as the contents of carbonates and gypsum were collated and differences emerged between both soil groups concerning the contents of carbonates, gypsum and total organic carbon. In case of the lignite ash-derived soils, these parameters as well as the contents of oxalate soluble oxides were strongly influenced by the composition of the anthropogenic parent material. Up to now, such soil materials are not included as soil-forming materials in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources. We therefore suggested the introduction of a new diagnostic soil material, the so-called technogenic soil material into the anthropogeomorphic soil materials and to introduce “technogenic anthrosols” as a new reference subunit. In our proposition, technogenic materials are defined as anthropogeomorphic materials which are formed by technical processes including a distinct degree of transformation and/or new formation of soil-forming materials. Soil materials are categorised as “technogenic” when they consist of more than 70% (by volume) of soil material derived from technical processes like, e.g. combustion products of fossil energy sources, sewage sludges, blast furnace slags, etc.To include as much information as possible into the name of a soil, we developed a concept of reference soil series for the WRB combining pedogenetic and lithogenic information. Within this concept, these soils should be considered to be a subunit of anthrosols (vitri- or andi-technogenic anthrosols) and the specific properties of the soil-forming material (coaly, calcaric, gypsiric) should be given as additional information as Reference Soil Series as well as texture and kind of parent material.  相似文献   

Microbial biomass and biological activity of soils and soil-like bodies in coastal oases of Antarctica     

D. A. Nikitin  O. E. Marfenina  A. G. Kudinova  L. V. Lysak  N. S. Mergelov  A. V. Dolgikh  A. V. Lupachev 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(9):1086-1097

The method of luminescent microscopy has been applied to study the structure of the microbial biomass of soils and soil-like bodies in East (the Thala Hills and Larsemann Hills oases) and West (Cape Burks, Hobbs coast) Antarctica. According to Soil Taxonomy, the studied soils mainly belong to the subgroups of Aquic Haploturbels, Typic Haploturbels, Typic Haplorthels, and Lithic Haplorthels. The major contribution to their microbial biomass belongs to fungi. The highest fungal biomass (up to 790 μg C/g soil) has been found in the soils with surface organic horizons in the form of thin moss/lichen litters, in which the development of fungal mycelium is most active. A larger part of fungal biomass (70–98%) is represented by spores. For the soils without vegetation cover, the accumulation of bacterial and fungal biomass takes place in the horizons under surface desert pavements. In the upper parts of the soils without vegetation cover and in the organic soil horizons, the major part (>60%) of fungal mycelium contains protective melanin pigments. Among bacteria, the high portion (up to 50%) of small filtering forms is observed. A considerable increase (up to 290.2 ± 27 μg C/g soil) in the fungal biomass owing to the development of yeasts has been shown for gley soils (gleyzems) developing from sapropel sediments under subaquatic conditions and for the algal–bacterial mat on the bottom of the lake (920.7 ± 46 μg C/g soil). The production of carbon dioxide by the soils varies from 0.47 to 2.34 μg C–CO₂/(g day). The intensity of nitrogen fixation in the studied samples is generally low: from 0.08 to 55.85 ng С₂Н₄/(g day). The intensity of denitrification varies from 0.09 to 19.28 μg N–N₂O/(g day).  相似文献   

Soils of Israel     

M. B. Shapiro 《Eurasian Soil Science》2006,39(11):1170-1175

Israel, whose area is comparable to half the area of Moscow oblast, has a wide range of soils, from Terra Rossas in the subhumid northern regions to Regosols on the arid southern plains. This diversity is due to both the present-day differentiation of the climate and the landscape structure of the region and due to evidence of the past, mainly of the Neogene and Quaternary environments. The pre-Quaternary history resulted in the prevalence of soils developed on calcareous rocks differing in weathering forms; the Quaternary age is imprinted in soils developed on different rocks of continental genesis, including coastal dunes and lacustrine deposits. This pattern is completed with soils developed on Neogene-Quaternary magmatites. The soil cover of the country was influenced by the eolian accumulation of silty-clay material and experienced periodic climatic changes from more humid to drier ones during the entire Quaternary period and acquired features of a particular spatial unit. At the same time, similar soils occur in adjacent countries: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. During the last 50–70 years, many new agrogenically transformed soils and soil-like formations have appeared in the soil cover of the country.  相似文献   

Contemporary pedogenetic processes in a ferrallitic soil in Uganda,I. Identification     

J.D. Pidgeon 《Geoderma》1976,15(5):425-435

Ferrallitic soils were originally considered to be pedogenetically “dead”, with few pedological processes taking place except perhaps leaching. A study of the Buganda clay loam series, a widespread soil in southern Uganda, showed that although this ferrallitic soil is very highly weathered chemically, two important groups of pedogenetic processes are currently active, differentiating the B from the C horizon. These are alteration of soil structure/physical properties and clay translocation. Leaching and clay mineral transformation are not occurring. It is suggested that the pedogenetic basis for classifying soils as ferrallitic has become outdated and that the criteria used need revision.  相似文献   

Genesis of a polycyclic Terra Rossa (Chromic Cambisol on Rhodic Nitisol) at the Poggio del Comune in Central Italy     

Aldo Mirabella  E. A. C. Costantini  S. Carnicelli 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1992,155(5):407-413

A polycyclic Terra Rossa (Chromic Cambisol on Rhodic Nitisol) was studied with the aim of characterizing pedogenetic processes and relating the most evolved term of a previously defined catena with its parent material. Results obtained by field, chemical, micromorphological, sedimentological and mineralogical techniques evidenced how the profile was lithologically and pedologically discontinuous. While the lower part of the profile was related to the underneath limestone, the upper part showed evidence of allochthonous aeolian addition. From a pedogenetic point of view, the existence of two different kinds of processes was revealed. The deepest horizons exhibited fully expressed nitic properties and a strong kaolinitization, whereas the upper horizons were less weathered, showing only rubefaction and slight lessivage, while the formation and hydroxy-interlayering of vermiculite was the dominant process in the clay minerals. The study revealed that Terra Rossa can differ not only in age and parent material, but also in evolutive process, so that quite different, and even contrasting, products of the pedogenesis can be present.  相似文献   

Priority organic pollutants in soil of arboretum of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University: Report 3. Specific features of vertical distribution pattern of organochlorine pesticide in profile of urbanozem     

G. I. Agapkina  E. S. Brodskiy  A. A. Shelepchikov  D. B. Feshin 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2015,70(4):180-186

The vertical distribution pattern of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)) in the urbanozem of the arboretum of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University at Vorob’evy Gory is studied. The highest contents of DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and HCH isomers in the soil profile are found in the Au humus horizon and/or in the top part of the U technogenic 10–20-cm-thick layer. The greatest HCB content is typical of the U technogenic 20–30-cm-thick layer. The total content of DDT and its metabolites (156.2 mg/kg) in the surface layer is within the range typical of soils of old parks and recreational zones. The residual DDT content in the soil profile is 0.336–1.47 of the maximum permissible content. The ratio between metabolites and isomers of DDT points to its slight transformation (5.67–37.6%) and application as an industrial chemical. The contents of HCB (2.479–5.868 μg/kg) and the total content of HCH isomers (α + β + γ) in the profile of the urbanozem are 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than the maximum permissible contents or approximate permissible contents (0.3824–0.9863 μu/kg) and correspond to their background levels. The ratio between the HCH isomers shows that the transformation rate of the pesticide is rather high and that in the preceding period it was mainly used in the form of lindane.  相似文献   

The role of large arthropods in the development of halomorphic soils in the south of Siberia     

V. G. Mordkovich  I. I. Lyubechanskii 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(6):688-700

Soil sequences along catenas crossing the peripheral parts of shallow-water drying lakes in the south of Siberia have been studied. They include the sulfidic and typical playa (sor) solonchaks (Gleyic Solonchaks), playa solonchak over the buried solonetz (Gleyic Solonchak Thapto-Solonetz)), shallow solonetz–solonchak (Salic Solonetz), and solonetzic and solonchakous chernozemic-meadow soil (Luvic Gleyic Chernozem (Sodic, Salic)). This spatial sequence also represents a series of historical stages of the development of halomorphic soils: the amphibian, hydromorphic, semihydromorphic, and automorphic–paleohydromorphic stages. During all of them, the biogenic component plays a significant role in the matter budget of halomorphic soils. The diversity, number, and functional activity of large insects and spiders are particularly important. Their total abundance in the course of transformation of the halomorphic soils decreases from several thousand to about 100 specimens/(m² day), whereas their species diversity increases from 17 to 45 species. Changes in the functional structure of the soil zoocenosis and its impact on the character and intensity of pedogenetic processes can be considered driving forces of the transformation of hydromorphic soils. This is ensured by the sequential alteration of the groups of invertebrates with different types of cenotic strategy and different mechanisms of adaptation to biotic and abiotic components of the soil in the course of the development of the soil zoocenosis.  相似文献   

Walkley–Black analysis of forest soil organic carbon: recovery, limitations and uncertainty     

B. De Vos  S. Lettens    B. Muys  & J. A. Deckers 《Soil Use and Management》2007,23(3):221-229

Organic carbon levels of 542 soil samples from temperate lowland forest were determined by the original and modified Walkley–Black (WB) dichromate methods and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. The performance and the lower and upper quantification limits of the WB method were assessed. Variable recovery rates were related to laboratory and field conditions and to the sample composition. The percentage carbon recovered by the original WB method was found to be systematically lower than commonly accepted, and the correction factor was estimated at 1.58 instead of 1.30–1.35. However, a good linear relationship with TOC enabled acceptable prediction of soil organic carbon which was most precise when using the original WB method. Texture class and pedogenetic horizon showed significant differences in recovery. Depending on the modifications of the WB method, recoveries varied significantly between laboratories, explaining up to 29% of the total variation of the topsoil carbon assessment of a site. Low recovery from samples was partly attributed to charcoal and resistant elementary carbon particles. No interference was found to be caused by iron or manganese compounds. In order to use WB carbon data of forest soils, laboratory‐ and method‐specific determination of the recovery rate using a total analyser is strongly recommended. The original WB method was unable to predict reliably forest soil carbon contents higher than 8% TOC.  相似文献   

Relationships between soil and vegetation characteristics of tundra ecosystems and their use to assess soil resilience, degradation, and rehabilitation potentials     

V. D. Vasil’evskaya  V. Ya. Grigor’ev  E. A. Pogozheva 《Eurasian Soil Science》2006,39(3):314-323

Definitions of the notions of soil resilience and degradation of the soil-vegetation cover are suggested. These problems are considered with respect to vulnerable tundra ecosystems. The analysis of available experimental data made it possible to obtain empirical equations characterizing the relationships between the plant productivity and the soil properties. These equations can be used to predict the degree of soil degradation under particular types of technogenic loads and the soil and vegetation potential for the natural restoration or artificial rehabilitation of the soil-vegetation cover in tundra ecosystems. The results obtained can be applied for the development of optimal nature management strategies in the areas of oil and gas fields in the north.  相似文献