共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 892 毫秒
1.
《Forest Ecology and Management》1997,91(1):5-15
Agroforestry practices and the policies influencing development and adoption within the United States are reviewed. Agroforestry is defined as ‘intensive land-management systems that optimize the benefits from biological interactions created when trees and/or shrubs are deliberately combined with crops and/or livestock’. The five agroforestry systems identified as having importance in the US are tree-agronomic crop systems (alley cropping and intercropping), riparian vegetative buffer strip systems, tree-animal systems (silvopasturing), forest/speciality crop systems (forest farming) and windbreak systems (shelterbelts). A lack of federal policy relating specifically to agroforestry exists. If agroforestry is to achieve its full potential in the United States, adequate financial, institutional and technical support for its development must be provided. 相似文献
2.
Compensation payment schemes play an important role in conservation efforts around the world, particularly for implementing agri-environmental policy. Unfortunately, huge investments such as those conducted in China under the Grain for Green Program (GGP) and elsewhere around the world have historically provided few long-term benefits. To design a cost-effective compensation policy for ecological restoration, the approach must integrate economic and ecological components. Here, we describe such a policy model (“Buying Green Cover”) and compare it with an existing approach, the GGP, using data from China's Northern Shaanxi Province. The modified compensation program pays farmers to build terraced farmland or perform other “green” activities that will also sustain their livelihoods once the program ends. The resulting program costs 30% less than the GGP, and will take only 3 to 7 years to achieve the GGP's 16-year goal of converting sloping farmland into forests and grassland. In contrast with the failures of the GGP and related programs, the new approach improves the management and restoration of rapidly degrading landscapes and should be applicable both in China and around the world. 相似文献
3.
ABSTRACT There is growing concern that public benefits from forests are underprovided in current forest management regimes and need to be increased through policy and economic measures that promote conservation. Ecological compensation is a type of institutional arrangement for the sustainable use of ecosystem services achieved by adjusting the distribution of costs and benefits among different stakeholders using economic measures. However, how to accurately and reasonably determine the compensation standard for ecological services has not been guided by scientific methods and theories. This study provides an estimation of the compensation standard for forest ecological services based on the forest multifunction evaluation and financial net present value analysis, and a case study was performed in Southwest China. The results showed that most forest types brought some economic loss to the managers but contributed great ecological benefits to the public when they were managed as ecological forests. It is crucial to incentivize forest managers to participate in voluntary conservation programs through ecological compensation. The results of this analysis can potentially guide sustainable forest management by both accurate quantification of the value of forest ecosystem services and an improved understanding of the costs of voluntary forest conservation schemes currently in use in many countries. 相似文献
4.
如何加快我国森林认证的进程是当前我国林业企业和政府面临的难题之一。在是否实施森林认证的决策中,虽然企业对财务效益最大化的追求起主导作用,但政府的支持与推动也是森林认证广泛、健康发展的重要条件。分析并比较了森林认证的成本与收益,从促进林业企业财务效益可补偿性、相关性、持续性和增长性的角度去设计森林认证激励补偿机制,以期为推动林业企业森林认证提供决策参考。 相似文献
5.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3-4):337-364
Abstract Panama contains some of the most productive and diverse ecosystems in the world, and receives many benefits from the natural services provided by those ecosystems. Yet formal markets for ecosystem services in Panama are poorly developed. We assume that functioning markets for ecosystem services would partially counter development pressures on Panama's natural forests and ecosystems, and propose a suite of policy alternatives that could help develop such markets with the expectation that revenues would fund conservation and restoration efforts. These recommendations fall into five broad categories: (1) increase conservation of existing forests; (2) promote reforestation; (3) strengthen institutional capacity; (4) lower transaction costs; and (5) build the Panama brand for environmental services. A variety of fiscal, legal, organizational, and information-based approaches are recommended. In addition, we recommend convening a national Ecosystem Services Task-Force to organize diverse stakeholders and implement policy alternatives deemed most appropriate for advancing market development. We emphasize policy alternatives that are consonant with political and economic conditions in the country, that leverage outside funding, that recognize political feasibility, and that build upon existing legal and institutional frameworks. 相似文献
6.
Opportunities for Small-Scale Forestry in Carbon Markets 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
This paper presents an explanatory framework of how greenhouse gas emissions offsets produced from natural and planted forests
(‘carbon forestry’) feature in voluntary and regulated carbon markets. An introduction to the convoluted policy malaise surrounding
the use of forests in regulated carbon markets is also presented. Whilst there are many opportunities and potential benefits
of using forests to produce offsets, relatively few carbon forestry projects currently exist, particularly in regulated carbon
markets. This seems due to financial, institutional and administrative obstacles, with prohibitive transaction costs often
cited as the most prominent constraint to expanded carbon forestry development. The papers in this special issue present a
wide coverage of carbon forestry development policy issues. The special issue provides a unique insight into the state of
carbon forestry globally and highlights the pressing need for policy and market reform to facilitate more sustainable carbon
forestry development. 相似文献
7.
《Forest Policy and Economics》2005,7(3):357-368
Among many other stakes, the economic stake derived from the exploitation of tropical forest resources is a burning issue. This is evidenced by insecurity in intergenerational access to forest resources and financial benefits relating to the latter, on the one hand, and by a deep iniquity at the intra-generational level, on the other hand. The following paper highlights, as a moral, social and policy dilemma, how stakeholders and generations, ‘self-interested’, mark out access to forest resources and to financial benefits relating to the latter. Through intensive participatory research, quantitative data collection, participant observation, future scenarios and some International Forestry Research's social science methods and interactive games (SSM & IG) based on the evaluation of the sustainability of forest management systems, field research conducted in the forest zone of Cameroon on access to forest resources has generated two central results. Firstly, future generations will be confronted—in a dramatic way—to quantitative and qualitative scarcity of forest resources, following their over exploitation by present generations. Secondly, as concerns the intra-generational access benefits generated by commercial exploitation of forests and the assessment of the circulation of forestry fees, there is much inequity, in as much as those benefits are more profitable to a ‘forestry elite’—‘a self-interested block’—than to local communities, who strongly claim to have historical rights over these forests. As a contribution of social science to public knowledge and to policy development, this article is nourishing ‘rational choice’ and ‘rational egoism’ theory and is targeting decision-making processes in the ever first attempt of forest management decentralization and ‘legal’ benefits sharing in Central Africa (the second largest forest of the World). The article recommends the shortening of the distance between decision-making and beneficiaries, downwardly accountability, ‘bottom-up’ mechanisms of public dialogue in forest management and a collaborative infrastructure in the circulation and the distribution of forest benefits. 相似文献
8.
以国家开发银行贷款建设200 hm2黑木相思与速生桉用材林培育为例,采用动态经济分析方法进行财务净现值、内部收益率等指标及投资不确定性分析,研究两者投资经营的经济效益。结果表明,计算期（13a）内,黑木相思和速生桉用材林的内部收益率、投资利润率和资本金利润率均高于行业基准收益率（8%）,项目可行。黑木相思的财务净现值、内部收益率高于速生桉,其经济效益好,盈利能力和抗风险能力强。 相似文献
9.
建立森林生态效益补偿制度的博弈分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
森林生态效益补偿制度的建立是保证我国生态公益林可持续发展的关键性措施．文章从外部性和公共物品理论角度出发,指出建立森林生态效益补偿制度的必要性,即用财政政策调节存在于森林生态价值循环补偿中的“市场失灵”．运用博弈论理论和方法,构建了一个生态效益补偿政策下生态保护实施者与生态保护受益者之间的博弈模型．通过模拟现实中各方的行动策略和得益,分析均衡结果,以验证森林生态效益补偿制度是否安排有效,是否能使个人理性选择的结果符合集体理性的要求． 相似文献
10.
Emil Sandulescu John E. Wagner Sharon Pailler Donald W. Floyd Craig J. Davis 《Forest Policy and Economics》2007,10(1-2):14-24
Forest management in Romania is based on sustained yield. However, the current sustained-yield policy may be outdated and may not be the best way of achieving Romania's intended objectives of biological sustainability and community stability. The existing policy also does not incorporate objectives consistent with Romania's new economic and social systems. We examine the potential economic net benefits from timber harvests that could result from changes to the existing sustained-yield policy by comparing the state-approved management plan of a community forest with three alternative forest management plans. We find that the three alternatives appreciably increase the potential economic net benefits. Certain aspects of these alternative plans deviate from Romania's current sustained-yield criteria; however, the costs associated with changes to the current regime could be balanced by the economic net benefits of implementing an alternative management plan. To employ the same static forest management policy throughout time without adapting to a dynamic socio-economic environment will likely lead to inefficient, ineffective, and unproductive utilization of Romania's forest resources. 相似文献
11.
Investigating agroforestry systems that incorporate poultry is warranted in Northern Europe as they may offer benefits including: improved welfare and use of range; reduced feed costs; price premia on products; reduced payback periods for forests; and, greater returns on investment. Free-range egg production accounts for 27% of the United Kingdom egg market and demand for outdoor broilers is increasing. No research has been conducted recently on the economic viability of agroforestry systems with poultry. An economic model was constructed to: assess economic viability of a broiler agroforestry system; and, investigate the sensitivity of economic performance to key factors and interactions, and identify those which warrant attention in research and management. The system modelled is a commercial trial established in Southern England in 2002 where deciduous trees were planted and broilers reared in six- or nine-week periods. The model uses Monte Carlo simulation and financial performance analyses run for a 120-year period. An Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 15.5% is predicted for the six-week system which remains viable under a ‘worst case’ scenario (IRR of 12.6%). Factors which affect financial performance most (decreasing in magnitude) are prices achieved for broilers, costs of brooding houses, chicks, arks, feed and timber prices. The main anticipated effects of biological interactions on financial performance (increased ranging on feed conversion and excess nutrient supply on tree health) were not supported by analysis. Further research is particularly warranted on the welfare benefits offered by the tree component and its relation to price premia. 相似文献
12.
贵州省公益林面积占林业用地面积的57.6％,截至2011年底,已纳入中央和地方财政森林生态效益补偿的公益林362.11万hm2,落实公益林专职护林人员55 819人.文中分析了公益林管护中存在的生态效益补偿未全面实施,生态效益补偿标准低,林农缺乏护林积极性,公益林管护与农民放牧及生活用材之间的矛盾突出,监管不力,护林员的选聘不公正等问题.藉此,提出提高公益林补偿标准,尽快出台公益林管理政策,积极开展公益林的非木质利用,建立健全公益林管理机构等对策措施. 相似文献
13.
单晓华 《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》1999,(4)
阐述了我国个人财力和理财方式的的形成，指出了我国现阶段个人投资结构分布不合理及制约个人理财水平的两个主要问题：一是对个人理财缺乏前瞻性的政策支持，二是没有兼顾投资者的理财心理特征．最后强调了建立科学的个人理财学科体系的必要性． 相似文献
14.
林业是生产周期长、资金周转慢、要兼顾公益效能的一种特殊产业。国家如何通过立法有效地保障和促进林业的发展是应当深入探索的课题。本文认为,日本的一些做法,如(1)为了弥补林业与其它产业之间的差距,国家对林业采取经济扶持的政策,并相应地提高林业工作者的社会地位;(2)建立森林计划体系,对全国森林经营进行全面监督和管理;(3)各级政府官员的林业职责等都有明确的法律规定;可供我国的森林立法工作借鉴。 相似文献
15.
本文根据系统的观点,从林业生产的实际出发,运用马克思主义劳动价值论和价值规律,对林业生产经营活动中的财务信息进行管理,解决实现国营林场财务管理中会计帐目处理、会计报表输出和会计决算决策的计算机化问题。 相似文献
16.
Tropical dry deciduous forests provide numerous ecosystem services yet their contribution to agricultural production remains underexplored. We address this research gap by quantifying the broader suite of ecosystem services that support small holder farmers and identifying farmers' knowledge of storm hazard reduction benefits provided by forest fragments in Madagascar. We survey 240 households and interview eight key informants to identify household and community responses in two communities with contrasting forest cover trajectories. Using multivariate statistics, results show a heavy dependence on forests for food and raw materials and a majority of the respondents holding a positive view of hazard mitigation services provided by forest fragments. Education levels, earning an income from forest based tourism and honey production are the only predictors of participation in forest management. Positive view of the hazard reduction benefits derived from forests could be due to external influences or personal observations, and together with barriers to participation in forest management need to be further investigated to better link forest management to reduced hazards risks. These findings are significant for forest management policy, as local knowledge and rationale for decisions are instrumental in the success of decentralized forest management and maintenance of vital forest benefits to farmers. 相似文献
17.
本文分析了太湖县油茶产业发展中存在的问题,提出执行科学规划、培育良种壮苗、延长产业链、加大政策及资金支持、实行典型引路等具体措施,确保油茶产业真正做大做强,达到农民增收,社会经济生态效益相统一的目标。 相似文献
18.
中国热带林资源和利用现状及２０００年发展前景朱敏慧（中国林科院科信所,北京１０００９１）１中国热带林资源概况中国的热带林处于热带北缘,属干湿交替型的热带向干热带过渡地带,按区域划分大体可分为３个地带：（１）东部过渡性热带季雨林、雨林区,包括福建东南部... 相似文献
19.
Salla Rantala Renee Bullock Mwilla A. Mbegu Laura A. German 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(8):777-797
The Tanzanian Community-Based Forest Management policy is based on the assumption that formalized forest tenure by village communities results in increased incentives for sustainable forest management. We compared the policy expectations to village forest management practices in northeastern Tanzania. Findings suggest that the practices follow policy in terms of increased security of rights, but exclusionary management of village forests precludes livelihood benefits while costs are unevenly distributed. Management appears effective at the village scale, but concerted efforts are likely to be needed to increase its long-term and landscape-level sustainability, and to create more significant incentives for the communities involved. 相似文献
20.
This article examines alternative forest harvesting regimes when ecosystem services in terms of water quality, biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation are included in the analysis. The harvesting regimes are whole-tree harvesting with stump removal and conventional stem-only harvesting. The harvesting regimes are evaluated under two alternative climate policy contexts. The first alternative is a carbon neutral bioenergy policy, which assumes the carbon dioxide (CO2) neutrality of bioenergy and produces substitution benefits, as bioenergy replaces fossil fuels. The second alternative climate policy, a carbon non-neutral bioenergy policy, takes into account the fact that bioenergy causes carbon dioxide emissions, producing substitution costs, and that harvested woody biomass affects the ability of a forest to act as a carbon sink. We extend the traditional Faustmann (1849) rotation model to include nutrient load damage, biodiversity benefits, and climate impacts. The empirical analysis is based on Finnish data from a catchment experiment carried out on drained peatland forests. The empirical results show that under a carbon neutral bioenergy policy, whole-tree harvesting with stump removal produces the highest net social benefits. However, if a carbon non-neutral bioenergy policy is assumed, the net social benefits are greater under stem-only harvesting. 相似文献