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1.
The innervation of the capybara thoracic limb was characterized. The following nerves were observed constituting the right and left brachial plexus: n. dorsalis scapulae (C4 and C5; C4, C5 and C6) which innervates the m. serratus ventralis cervicis and m. rhomboideus; n. suprascapularis (C4, C5 and C6; C5, C6 and C7) supplying the m. supraspinatus and the m. infraspinatus; cranial and caudal nn. subscapulares (C5 and C6; C5, C6 and C7) innervating the m. subscapularis; n. axillaris (C5 and C6; C6, C7 and C8) which supplies the m. triceps brachii (caput mediale); n. radialis (C6, C7, C8 and T1; C6, C7 and C8) which innervates the m. triceps brachii (caput longum and caput mediale) and the m. extensor carpi radialis, m. extensor digitorum communis, m. extensor digitorum lateralis; n. medianus joined to the n. musculocutaneus (C6, C7, C8 and T1; C6, C7 and C8) supplying the m. biceps brachii, m. flexor carpi radialis and m. coracobrachialis; n. ulnaris (C6, C7, C8 and T1; C6, C7 and C8) leading to the m. flexor carpi radialis, the m. flexor carpi ulnaris and the m. flexor digitorum superficialis; n. thoracodorsalis (C6, C7, C8 and T1; C6, C7 and C8) supplying the m. latissimus dorsi; n. thoracicus lateralis (C8, T1; C7, C8, T1) which innervates m. pectoralis profundus (caudal portion); n. thoracicus longus (C6, C7; C7, C8) which is distributed to the m. serratus ventralis thoracis. A communication between the n. radialis and n. ulnaris was observed at the left brachial plexus.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the electrical impulse duration thresholds (chronaxy) for maximal motor contraction of various muscles without stimulation of pain fibers in dogs. ANIMALS: 10 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURES: The dogs were used to assess the minimal intensity (rheobase) required to elicit motor contraction of 11 muscles (5 in the forelimb [supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoideus, lateral head of the triceps brachii, and extensor carpi radialis], 5 in the hind limb [gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis, and tibialis cranialis], and the erector spinae). The rheobase was used to determine the chronaxy for each of the 11 muscles in the 10 dogs; chronaxy values were compared with those reported for the corresponding muscles in humans. RESULTS: Compared with values in humans, chronaxy values for stimulation of AA motor fibers in the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles and muscles of the more distal portions of limbs were lower in dogs. For the other muscles evaluated, chronaxy values did not differ between dogs and humans. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Application of the dog-specific chronaxy values when performing electrical stimulation for strengthening muscles or providing pain relief is likely to minimize the pain perceived during treatment in dogs.  相似文献   

3.
The macroscopic, radiographic and ultrasonographic anatomy of the carpal region of eight clinically normal camels (Camelus dromedarius) was determined with the help of a 7.5-MHz linear transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis and extensor digitorum lateralis tendons were easily identified. The ulnaris lateralis tendon was observed laterally. The extensor carpi obliqus tendon was identified with difficulty. At the palmar aspect, the flexor carpi radialis, the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus tendons were observed. Other soft structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament and the medial collateral ligament. Ultrasonographic findings correlated with gross anatomy in the dissected limbs. The results of the present study serve as reference data for ultrasonographic investigation of disorders of camel carpus.  相似文献   

4.
Intensive short intervals of exercise are used to condition horses for racing. In this study, the effect of exercising horses one, two, or three times a week during 6 weeks using two intervals with near-maximal speed over 100 m on v4 (speed at which, under defined conditions, the blood lactate concentration reaches 4 mmol/L) and muscle thickness (MT) of supraspinatus and extensor carpi radialis was examined. Thoroughbreds (4-5 years of age) were exercised twice at near-maximal speed over 100 m, separated by a 10-minute period at walk, on dirt track during conditioning periods (CP) of 6-week duration. This exercise was undertaken once (six horses), twice (six horses), or thrice (five horses) a week during a CP. Before, every 2 weeks during, and 2 weeks after the CP, horses were subjected to a standardized exercise test to determine their v4. Before and after CP, the MT of the extensor carpi radialis and the supraspinatus was examined by ultrasonography. There was no differential effect of the number of weekly exercises on v4. Pooling the data of all horses, a decrease of v4 was found. The decrease became evident after the sixth week of conditioning. MT did not change. The results indicate that the examined exercise protocols could negatively impact racing performance of horses.  相似文献   

5.
The objectives of this experiment were to determine the extent of variation in proteolysis, sarcomere length, and collagen content among pork muscles and the association of those factors with tenderness variation among muscles at 1 d postmortem. Twenty-three white composite barrows were slaughtered and carcasses (66 kg) were chilled at 0 degrees C for 24 h. At 1 d postmortem, the longissimus lumborum, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and triceps brachii, long head were dissected from one side of each carcass and frozen. Trained sensory panelists evaluated tenderness, amount of connective tissue, juiciness, and pork flavor intensity of grilled (70 degrees C) chops on 8-point scales. Raw chops were used for total collagen content, sarcomere length, and the extent of desmin proteolysis. Tenderness ratings were highest (P < .05) for semitendinosus (7.2) and triceps brachii (7.1), followed by longissimus lumborum (6.4) and semimembranosus (5.7) and were lowest (P < .05) for biceps femorus (4.0). The simple correlations between longissimus lumborum tenderness and the tenderness of other muscles were .54 (semimembranosus), .34 (semitendinosus), .36 (triceps branchii), and .17 (biceps femorus). Total collagen was highest (P < .05) for biceps femorus (7.1 mg/g muscle), followed by triceps branchii (6.0 mg/g) and semitendinosus (5.3 mg/g), and lowest for semimembranosus (4.5 mg/g) and longissimus lumborum (4.1 mg/g). Sarcomere length was longest (P < .05) for semitendinosus (2.5 microm) and triceps branchii (2.4 microm), followed by semimembranosus (1.8 microm), longissimus lumborum (1.8 microm), and biceps femorus (1.7 microm). Proteolysis of desmin was greatest (P < .05) in longissimus lumborum (39.3%), followed by semimembranosus (21.0%) and biceps femoris (18.5%), then semitendinosus (.2%) and triceps brachii (.2%). Multiple linear regression using total collagen, sarcomere length, and proteolysis accounted for 57% of the variation in tenderness rating among all samples. Piecewise linear regression was used to account for the interaction of sarcomere length with proteolysis and collagen. This analysis accounted for 72% of the variation in tenderness rating. Variation in collagen, proteolysis, and sarcomere length and the degree of their interaction with one another determine the tenderness of individual muscles.  相似文献   

6.
The function of several intrinsic muscles of the fore-and hind limbs of 5 ponies walking normally was evaluated via surface electromyography. Electromyographic signals were band-pass filtered, rectified, linear enveloped, and standardized to the stride duration. Mean data from the muscles of the left and right limbs that were obtained from at least 30 strides in 2 recording sessions were recorded as electromyographic signals-time curves. The timing of muscle activity was determined from these graphs. On the basis of the major peaks in the electromyographic signal, muscle functions were identified. In the forelimb, the extensor carpi radialis muscle was involved in extension of the carpus at the end of the swing phase of the stride, and it provided support to flexion of the cubital joint at the beginning of the swing phase. The common digital extensor muscle extended the distal joints of the forelimb at the end of the swing phase. The ulnaris lateralis muscle provided support to extension of the cubital joint at the beginning of the stance phase, and the flexor carpi radialis muscle flexed the carpus at the beginning of the swing phase. The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle extended the cubital joint at the end of the swing phase. In the hind limb, the long digital extensor muscle flexed the tarsus at the beginning of the swing phase and extended the digital joints preceding the stance phase. The deep digital flexor muscle prevented overextension of the distal interphalangeal joint during the stance phase and flexion of the digital joints during the swing phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

7.
As revealed by the NADH-diaphorase and myosine ATPase, the M. extensor carpi radialis longus of the rat possesses at least 3 main kinds of fibres, with different distribution on the superficial and deep portions of the muscle. The superficial portion revealed that 67.68 % are FG (fast-twitch-glycolytic) fibres, 14.72 % are FOG (fast-twitch-oxidative) fibres and 17.60 % are SO (slow-twitch-glycolytic) fibres. Already the deep portion revealed that 71.29 % are SO (slow-twitch-glycolytic) fibres, 17.46 % are FOG (fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic) fibres and 11.25 % are FG (fast-rwitch-glycolytic) fibres. The miosine ATPase reaction was used to demonstrate contracting characteristics. These findings suggest that the movements of fast contraction of the M. extensor carpi radialis longus are predominant.  相似文献   

8.
【目的】研究马身猪、晋汾白猪和杜长大猪骨骼肌肌纤维类型和能量代谢相关基因的表达特性。【方法】选取6月龄马身猪、晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,屠宰后采集背最长肌和趾长伸肌,采用HE染色检测肌纤维的直径、密度和横截面积,通过实时荧光定量PCR分别检测Ⅰ型、Ⅱa型、Ⅱb型和Ⅱx型肌纤维的标记基因(MYH7、MYH2、MYH4和MYH1),线粒体活性相关基因(ATP5A1、PGC1-α和PPARβ),电子传递链活性相关基因(UQCRC2、SDHA、NDUFA9),以及糖酵解活性相关基因(LDHA、LDHB和GK)的表达量。【结果】马身猪背最长肌肌纤维直径和横截面积均显著低于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,而密度显著高于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪(P<0.05);马身猪和晋汾白猪趾长伸肌肌纤维直径和横截面积均显著低于杜长大猪,而密度显著高于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。马身猪背最长肌MYH7基因的表达量最高,晋汾白猪最低;马身猪和晋汾白猪趾长伸肌MYH7基因的表达量显著高于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。马身猪背最长肌和趾长伸肌MYH2基因的表达量显著高于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,晋汾白猪趾长伸肌MYH2基因的表达量显著高于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。马身猪背最长肌MYH4基因的表达量显著低于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,马身猪和晋汾白猪趾长伸肌MYH4基因的表达量显著低于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。马身猪背最长肌中ATP5A1和PGC1-α基因的表达量均显著低于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,晋汾白猪PGC1-α和PPARβ基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪(P<0.05);马身猪和晋汾白猪趾长伸肌中ATP5A1、PGC1-α和PPARβ基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。晋汾白猪背最长肌中UQCRC2、SDHA和NDUFA9基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪和马身猪(P<0.05);晋汾白猪和马身猪趾长伸肌中UQCRC2、SDHA和NDUFA9基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪,马身猪UQCRC2和SDHA基因的表达量均显著低于晋汾白猪(P<0.05)。晋汾白猪和马身猪背最长肌和趾长伸肌中LDHA、LDHB和GK基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。【结论】马身猪骨骼肌肌纤维直径和横截面积都较小,Ⅰ型和Ⅱa型肌纤维标记基因的表达量较高;杜长大猪骨骼肌Ⅱb型肌纤维标记基因的表达量较高,氧化磷酸化和糖酵解相关基因的表达量均较高。  相似文献   

9.
Five dogs with unusual muscle and tendon disorders of the forelimb are described. In one dog, mineralisation of the tendon of insertion of the supraspinatus muscle was treated surgically but lameness returned following the resumption of exercise. Of two cases of avulsion of the origin of the extensor carpi radialis muscle, one was successfully managed conservatively while the other needed surgical intervention to resolve the lameness. A single case of chronic avulsion/rupture of the tendon of insertion of the extensor carpi radialis muscle was successfully managed conservatively while a case of medial displacement of the biceps brachii tendon was surgically corrected by repair of the transverse humeral ligament. The aetiology, diagnosis and management of the above conditions is discussed.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of magnetic motor-evoked potentials (MMEPs) for assessing the integrity of the cervical, thoracic, and thoracolumbar spinal cord in horses with bilateral hind limb ataxia. ANIMALS: 9 horses and 1 donkey with bilateral hind limb ataxia of various degrees. PROCEDURE: The motor cortex was stimulated magnetically, and MMEPs were recorded bilaterally from the extensor carpi radialis and cranial tibial muscles. RESULTS: In 5 horses and 1 donkey, MMEPs with normal onset latencies and peak-to-peak amplitude were recorded from the extensor carpi radialis muscles, whereas abnormal onset latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes were recorded from the cranial tibial muscles. In these animals, a spinal cord lesion in the thoracic or thoracolumbar segments was suspected. In 4 horses, onset latencies and peak-to-peak amplitude of MMEPs recorded from the extensor carpi radialis and cranial tibial muscles were abnormal. In these horses, a cervical spinal cord lesion was suspected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be considered a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing the integrity of the spinal cord, and MMEPs may be used for differentiating thoracic or thoracolumbar spinal cord lesions from mild cervical spinal cord lesions that cause ataxia in the hind limbs only.  相似文献   

11.
One hundred beef carcasses were selected at three packing plants and were used to determine the relationship between glycolytic potential (GP) and dark, firm, and dry (DFD) beef and to determine the effects of DFD status and GP on cooked beef palatability. Eight individual muscles were excised from one hindquarter of each carcass at d 7 postmortem: longissimus lumborum, psoas major, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, rectus femoris, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus. Ultimate pH, colorimeter readings, and Warner-Bratzler shear force were determined for all eight muscles at d 7 postmortem. A nine-member trained sensory panel evaluated cooked longissimus lumborum, gluteus medius, and semimembranosus steaks. Traits determined solely for the longissimus lumborum were GP (2 x [glycogen + glucose + glucose-6-phosphate] + lactate) and ether-extractable fat. A curvilinear relationship existed between GP and ultimate pH within the longissimus muscle. There appeared to be a GP threshold at approximately 100 micromol/g, below which lower GP was associated with higher ultimate pH and above which GP had no effect on ultimate pH. The greatest pH and muscle color differences between normal and DFD carcasses were observed in the longissimus lumborum, gluteus medius, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles. Cooked longissimus from DFD carcasses had higher shear force values (46% greater) and more shear force variation (2.3 times greater variation) than those from normal carcasses. Dark cutting carcasses also had higher shear force values for gluteus medius (33% greater) and semimembranosus (36% greater) than normal carcasses. Sensory panel tenderness of longissimus, gluteus medius, and semimembranosus was lower for DFD carcasses than for normal carcasses. Longissimus and gluteus medius flavor desirability scores were lower for DFD than for normal carcasses. Steaks from DFD carcasses had more off-flavor comments than steaks from normal carcasses, specifically more "peanutty," "sour," and "bitter" flavors. The DFD effect of higher shear force values was approximately five times greater (+3.11 kg vs +0.63 kg) for carcasses with "slight" marbling scores than for carcasses with "small" marbling scores. In general, higher GP was associated with increased tenderness, even among normal carcasses. In conclusion, low GP was associated with DFD beef and resulted in substantially less-palatable cooked steaks.  相似文献   

12.
The histologic and histochemical staining characteristics of the triceps brachii (long head), extensor carpi radialis, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles of 8 Thoroughbreds, 2 Quarter Horses, 1 Arabian, 1 Paso Fino, and 1 Shetland Pony are described. Muscle fiber morphology, staining distribution and intensity, amount of IM connective tissue, number of IM blood vessels and IM nerves, calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity (CaATPase), percentage of fibertype population, percentage of relative fibertype area, mean fiber diameter, nonspecific esterase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and acid phosphatase activity were evaluated, using 10 common histochemical and histologic stains. Two fiber types (I, II) and 3 subtypes (IIA, IIB, IIC) were observed, using CaATPase-, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase-, periodic acid-Schiff hematoxylin-, and nonspecific esterase-stained frozen serial muscle sections. Type I muscle fibers in general had low CaATPase activity, high oxidative capacity, low glycogen capacity, and low esterase activity. Type IIA muscle fibers had high CaATPase activity, intermediate oxidative capacity, high glycogen concentration, and high esterase activity. Type IIB fibers had high CaATPase activity, low oxidative capacity, high glycogen concentration, and a high esterase activity. Type IIC muscle fibers had high CaATPase activity, high oxidative capacity, variable glycogen concentration, and high esterase activity. Type II (IIA and IIB) muscle fibers predominated in the muscles. The percentage of muscle fiber population, mean minimal muscle fiber diameter, and percentage of relative muscle fiber area were determined for each sampled muscle. Type IIA and IIB muscle fibers predominated in the percentage of muscle fiber population and percentage of relative muscle fiber area. Type IIB muscle fibers had the greatest minimal fiber diameter, type IIA muscle fibers had intermediate minimal fiber diameter, and type I muscle fibers had the smallest minimal fiber diameter. The percentage of relative muscle fiber area was less variable (P less than or equal to 0.05) than the percentage of muscle fiber population. Mean muscle fiber diameter did not significantly differ between breeds. Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were at low levels in all muscles biopsied and were limited to the IM connective tissue fibrocytes, macrophages, and capillaries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)  相似文献   

13.
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14.
A three-month-old dobermann was presented with hyperfiexion of the right carpus. The abnormality had evolved over a three-week period, following circumferential soft tissue trauma to the distal brachium. The carpal joint angle measured at the limit of passive extension was 105 degrees compared with 175 degrees for the left carpus, and prevented placement of metacarpal and digital pads on the ground. Neurological examination revealed marked atrophy of the carpal extensors, an absent extensor carpi radialis reflex and moderate atrophy of the carpal flexors. Spontaneous electromyographic activity consistent with denervation was recorded in the carpal extensor and flexor muscles. Surgical exploration of the distal radial nerve disclosed a region of fibrosis enmeshing the deep branch of the radial nerve. Following relief of the entrapped nerve, carpal hyperflexion, muscle atrophy and the extensor carpi radialis reflex deficit gradually resolved over four months. It is suggested that, In the rapidly growing limb, myoneural dysfunction Induced by trauma was the underlying pathophysiological mechanism for carpal hyperflexion.  相似文献   

15.
Myosins from canine limb muscles (triceps brachii [medial and long heads], anconeus, and extensor carpi radialis) were compared biochemically with myosins from canine masticatory muscles (temporalis and masseter). Compared with the limb muscles, the temporalis and masseter muscles had: a unique myosin isoform pattern as determined by nondenaturing pyrophosphate gel electrophoresis; unique light chains as determined by 1-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and peptide mapping; and a unique heavy chain as determined by peptide mapping.  相似文献   

16.
A 16 month old filly was presented with the complaint of a severe laceration to the right foreleg with resultant transection of the extensor carpi radialis. Normal principles of wound treatment were followed and a bandage and splint were used for support and immobilization. The return to partial function of the damaged extensor carpi radialis was evidenced by resolution of the wound and an improvement in the patient's gait four months after the time of injury.  相似文献   

17.
A retrospective study of 24 cases of inflammation of carpal extensors (m. extensor carpi radialis, m. extensor digitorum communis, m. abductor digiti I longus) was conducted. The findings of anamnestic, clinical, and post-mortem investigations are described. Half of the patients were first calf heifers at the ages of 2 1/2 to 3 years. The rest of the animals were older cows (with one exception). In all of the young cows the disease had become apparent within 11 weeks post partum. The most striking clinical finding is the posture of the animals when lying down: the affected forelimbs are extended forward. Palpation reveals a homogeneous firm swelling of the cranial portion of the forearm. Most of the patients also had pododermatitis in hind and/or front legs, and exhibited signs of a systemic reaction in the form of "polysynovitis" and raised serum total protein concentrations. Post mortem examination revealed a hemorrhagic edematous impregnation of the distal part of the radial carpal extensor muscle and particularly of its fascia. The tendon and tendon sheath had unclear contours and were swollen. Histologically the lesions are typical of subacute granulating inflammation. As to the cause, it is assumed that the ailment is a significant complication of some other disease of the locomotion system. Type and localization of the lesions suggest a traumatic etiology. Therapeutic results have been unsatisfactory.  相似文献   

18.
Two horses were examined due to lacerations at the level of the craniodistal antebrachii. Further evaluation of the lacerations revealed communication with the extensor carpi radialis tendon sheath and potentially the antebrachiocarpal joint. Positive contrast arthrography performed via the palmarolateral pouch of the antebrachiocarpal joint was used to diagnose communication with the extensor carpi radialis tendon sheath. Both the joints and tendon sheaths were treated aggressively with surgical debridement and lavage, followed by post operative medical management and rehabilitation. Both horses made a full recovery and are performing in their intended level of use with acceptable cosmetic results. Traumatic communication with the carpal joints should be considered when evaluating lacerations involving the forelimb extensor tendon sheaths.  相似文献   

19.
Wick catheters were used to measure intracompartmental muscle pressures (ICMP) within the long heads of the triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis muscles of 8 horses maintained under halothane anesthesia while their breathing was controlled by intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Blood gas, cardiac output, and blood pressure determinations were monitored to maintain a stable plane of anesthesia. The horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency and were placed sequentially on each of 4 contact surfaces for 1 hour. The 4 surfaces used for each horse were concrete, foam rubber, air dunnage bag, and a water mattress. Hematologic and biochemical determinations were made before and 24 hours after anesthesia. All horses recovered from the anesthesia. One horse had forelimb lameness for 36 hours after anesthesia, which was clinically diagnosed as a myoneuropathy. The ICMP values were markedly elevated in the muscle bellies of the lower limb of all horses. Supporting the horse on a water mattress caused the least dramatic pressure elevation and foam caused the most. The triceps muscle and, to a lesser extent, the extensor carpi radialis muscle of the lower limb are at risk of ischemia in anesthetized horses because the ICMP may exceed the critical closing pressure of 30 mm of Hg required for capillary blood flow.  相似文献   

20.
Reasons for performing the study: Therapeutic options for stringhalt in horses are limited, whereas medical experiences with botulinum toxin type A (Botox) have been positive. To evaluate its effectiveness in horses, surface electromyography (sEMG) signals before and after injection need to be quantified. Hypothesis: Treatment of healthy ponies and cases with Botox should reduce muscle activity in injected muscles and reduce spastic movements without adverse side effects. Methods: Unilaterally, the extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum lateralis and lateral vastus muscles of 6 healthy mature Shetland ponies and 2 talented Dutch Warmblood dressage horses with stringhalt were injected (maximum of 400 iu per pony and 700 iu per case; 100 iu in 5 ml NaCl divided into 5 injections) with Botox under needle EMG guidance. Surface EMG data were evaluated using customised software, and in the individuals gait was analysed using Proreflex. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed models and independent sample t test (P<0.05). Results: Surface EMG signals were quantified using customised software. The area under the curve (integrated EMG) in time was used as variable. It became significantly reduced in injected muscles after injection of Botox in normal ponies (P<0.05). This effect was present from Day 1 until Day 84 after injection. In the 2 cases, after injection of 3 muscles, the integrated EMG in time became significantly reduced in all 3 muscles. Kinematic measurements confirmed reduction of frequency and amplitude of hyperflexing or hyperabducting strides of the affected hindlimbs. The duration of effect was also seen in the cases until around 12 weeks after injection. Conclusions and potential relevance: After EMG guided injections of Botox, sEMG signals recorded from injected muscle were reduced, which proves this to be a useful tool in statistically evaluating a treatment effect. The positive results of this pilot study encourage further research with a larger group of clinical cases.  相似文献   

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