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有机无机肥配施对玉米-豇豆种植系统土壤N2O排放的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在等施氮量条件下,比较有机肥与无机肥施用后旱地玉米-豇豆复种系统土壤硝化与反硝化作用、N_2O排放与作物产量的变化,有助于正确认识肥料施用对N_2O排放的影响,为制定大田合理的丰产减排措施提供理论依据。本研究通过田间试验,利用静态箱技术和BaPS气压过程分离技术研究了不同肥料类型处理(无机肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施)下玉米-豇豆种植系统土壤N_2O排放、硝化与反硝化作用的变化特征。结果表明:1)相对于单施无机肥或有机肥,有机无机肥配施可显著降低土壤硝化作用速率;在玉米生长季,有机无机肥配施处理平均土壤硝化作用速率分别比化肥和有机肥处理显著降低了28.74%和13.96%,豇豆生长季显著降低了24.66%和13.28%。土壤反硝化作用速率在各施肥处理间差异不显著。2)有机无机肥配施显著降低土壤N_2O排放;在玉米生长季,有机无机肥配施处理分别比无机肥处理和有机肥处理显著降低33.44%和32.29%,在豇豆生长季分别显著降低27.00%和15.14%。3)相关分析表明,土壤N_2O排放与硝化作用速率呈极显著相关,而与反硝化作用速率呈不显著相关。4)有机无机配施处理玉米和豇豆产量最高。因此,有机无机肥配施能有效降低玉米-豇豆系统土壤N_2O排放和提高作物产量,是一项丰产低N_2O排放的施肥技术,但长期有机无机肥配施对土壤N_2O排放和作物产量的影响还需要进一步研究。 相似文献
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施氮模式对冬小麦/夏玉米产量及氮素利用的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
采用大田试验,在小麦季N 250kg /hm2和玉米季N 200kg /hm2氮肥供应条件下,连续2年度（2007～2009）观测了不同施氮模式对冬小麦/夏玉米产量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,常规施肥、有机无机复合肥、控释复合肥、控失复合肥以及改变氮肥基追配比处理均显著提高冬小麦/夏玉米子粒产量和干物质积累量,小麦季各处理产量大小依次为:控释复合肥控失复合肥有机无机复合肥改变氮肥基追配比常规施肥,提高幅度在107.5%～147.4%;玉米季各处理产量大小依次为:控释复合肥控失复合肥有机无机复合肥常规施肥改变氮肥基追配比,提高幅度在28.5%～56.1%。与常规施肥处理比较,控释复合肥、控失复合肥和有机无机复合肥处理冬小麦氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率提高2.2～5.1 kg/kg,夏玉米提高3.6～7.6 kg/kg;但改变基追配比处理在小麦季高于常规处理,在玉米季则低于当地常规施肥处理。从产量和氮肥利用率方面综合分析,有机无机复合肥、控释复合肥、控失复合肥均可作为适宜研究区域推广的肥料品种,而改变基追配比处理相对较适宜冬小麦季。 相似文献
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以含钾岩石为原料制作的发酵有机肥对苋菜生长的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解采用低品位含钾岩石与有机废物为原料研制的发酵有机肥在苋菜生长中的作用,设置不同施肥条件种植苋菜,检测苋菜生长期的性状并采用ICP-AES方法分析苋菜地上及地下部分钾离子含量,以明确苋菜不同部位对钾离子的富集能力,检验发酵有机肥对苋菜生长的作用。研究结果表明,施用发酵有机肥后苋菜的地上部分生物量与施用无机复合肥的地上生物量基本持平,同时其地下生物量高于施用无机复合肥的苋菜地下生物量;施用发酵有机肥的苋菜对钾的富集能力显著提高:其地上、地下部分的钾素含量平均值分别达到8.81%和7.27%,均高于其他处理;施用发酵有机肥的苋菜在第73 d地上和地下部分钾素含量分别比施用无机复合肥提高57.83%和35.67%。说明该发酵有机肥在此条件下可代替无机复合肥,促进苋菜的生长并有利于苋菜对钾的富集。 相似文献
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针对江汉平原早稻-再生稻模式不利种植越冬作物的突出问题,研究中稻-再生稻模式培肥增效可为提高土地利用率提供科学依据。以水稻品种两优1208为试验材料,针对头季稻进行施肥处理,以施磷钾肥不施氮肥为对照(CK),设置3种基肥与追肥组合处理,各处理的总有效养分相同(N-P2O5-K2O＝120-63-135 kg/hm2),钾肥作基施和穗肥分2次等量施用,氮肥作基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥分3次施用,其施用比例对于处理CRF(基施缓控释复合肥)为8∶0∶2,对于处理CF(基施复合肥)和OCF(基施有机无机复混肥)为5∶3∶2。结果表明,两优1208作为再生稻用种,全生育期为156～157 d;通过观测不同施肥处理下水稻叶面积指数、SPAD值和干物质积累发现,基施复合肥可促进头季稻前期至中期生长,基施缓控释复合肥可促进头季稻后期和再生稻的生长,基施有机无机复混肥可促进再生季水稻生长。 相似文献
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采用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用提高席草品质与产量的效果。结果表明,有机无机肥配合施用能显著提高席草分蘖和生长整齐度,对提高席草品质有明显效果,但是产量与单施化肥、单施有机肥的产量没有显著差异。从营养生长期到工艺成熟期的200多天内,有机无机肥配合施用平均苗数比对照增加116.9%,比单施化肥、单施有机肥分别高10.7%、34.3%。有机无机肥配合施用,91~100 cm席草针茎比例平均比对照增加8.2%,而单施化肥、单施有机肥处理分别比对照高5.9%和3.4%。 相似文献
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Meta分析有机肥施用对中国北方农田土壤CO2排放的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探明中国北方地区不同气候类型、施肥措施、有机肥类型和试验年限下,有机肥施用(单施有机肥、有机无机肥配施)对生育期农田土壤CO_2排放量的影响,该研究以不施肥、施用无机肥分别作为对照,根据已发表的相关田间试验数据,采用Meta分析方法,定量研究有机肥、有机肥配施无机肥对农田土壤CO_2排放量的影响。结果表明:与不施肥、施用无机肥相比,有机肥施用总体上显著提高了农田土壤CO_2排放量,分别提高了50.6%和36.3%;有机肥施用下,农田土壤CO_2排放量依次减少的顺序为:单施有机肥、有机无机配施、无机肥+有机肥+缓释肥;采用有机肥+无机肥+缓释肥配施,土壤CO_2排放量未显著增加;相比牛粪、猪粪和商品有机肥,鸡粪类有机肥对土壤CO_2排放正效应最大;有机肥施用下,灰漠土农田土壤CO_2排放量相对高;农田土壤CO_2排放量与年均气温正相关,与年均降水量负相关。从环境的角度考虑,建议在中国北方采用无机肥+有机肥+缓释肥配施技术,不建议鸡粪大量施用及在灰漠土农田大量施用有机肥。该研究成果可为有机肥替代部分化肥在中国北方地区的推广应用提供参考。 相似文献
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验证有机-无机复混肥料在玉米生产上的应用效果,通过小区试验,验证有机无机复混肥料在新疆阿图什市松它克乡肖鲁克村玉米上施用效果,为大面积推广应用提供科学依据。 相似文献
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添加生物黑炭对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了寻找一种既能使作物高产、优质又环境友好的施肥模式,在天然降雨条件下,通过田间小区试验,研究了5种不同施肥模式(不施肥、纯施化肥、生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭)对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响。结果表明:与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施和有机无机肥配施对玉米产量无明显影响,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭可使玉米产量显著提高21.14%;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可提高粗蛋白含量和氮、磷肥利用率,其中对粗蛋白含量提高幅度为12.14%~19.64%,并以有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭对其提高幅度最大;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可显著减少氮、磷径流损失量,降幅分别为30.47%~59.69%和12.08%~31.22%,其中,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭的氮素径流损失降幅最大,生物黑炭与化肥共施的磷素径流损失降幅最大。因此,从提高玉米产量、品质,氮、磷肥利用率以及减少土壤氮、磷径流损失的角度综合考虑,在旱地作物种植施肥模式中推荐有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭施肥模式。 相似文献
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Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau 
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下载免费PDF全文 J. Cao Y. Gong E. T. Yeh N. M. Holden J. F. Adamowski R. C. Deo M. Liu J. Zhou J. Zhang W. Zhang S. Zhang D. Sheng S. Yang X. Xu M. Li Q. Feng 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(4):663-671
Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 107 and 6.15 × 107 Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist. 相似文献
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近50年来全球变暖背景下青藏高原气温变化特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用青藏高原1961—2010年逐日气温气候统计资料,采用了线性回归方程、曼—肯德尔突变检验等方法,研究了青藏高原气温气候时间和空间尺度上的变化趋势,研究表明:(1)青藏高原年平均气温以0.022 8℃/a的速率递增,在1993年之后年平均气温值较高,在南部区域年平均气温较高,而在中部区域年平均气温较低,且1996年为青藏高原年平均气温开始突变的年份;(2)青藏高原年平均气温存在显著的季节变化特征,且4个季节下的年平均气温均呈递增的变化趋势,其中春季增温幅度最大,冬季增温幅度最小;(3)通过对青藏高原年平均气温EOF分解分析得出,年平均气温呈南—中—北型、南—北型分布特征 相似文献
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近51 a青藏高原雪灾时空分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取青藏高原地区62个气象站点1961-2011年(普兰、改则为1973-2011年)逐日、逐月气温和降水量等气象资料,利用统计方法和空间Kriging插值方法研究青藏高原地区雪灾时间发生趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明,青藏高原近51 a雪灾频次呈增长趋势,雪灾发生站次不断增多,尤其是90年代以来增加趋势更为显著;初春为雪灾多发季节,前冬其次,后冬最少;雪灾发生频次空间分布很不均匀,雪灾发生较多区域,轻、中、重度雪灾都频繁发生,这些地区主要位于高原中部和高原东南部边缘。 相似文献
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利用经验正交函数分解(EOF)、相关分析、小波分析等方法对低纬高原地区148站的气象观测数据进行分析,以揭示该区域冬、春季的降水时空分布及其环流背景差异,了解低纬高原干旱的原因。结果表明：冬、春季降水时空分布特征差异显著,春季降水量较大幅度高于冬季,差异最大区域位于低纬高原的西部和南部,呈“L”型区域分布;冬季降水在1985-1990年和2005年以后存在4～6a的振荡周期,1990年以后存在准2a和10a左右的振荡周期;春季降水在1995年以前存在较明显的4～6a振荡周期,2001年以后存在准2a的振荡周期。导致冬、春季降水差异显著的环流背景主要为：与冬季相比,春季青藏高原北侧的东亚大槽较弱;但高原南侧的南支槽活跃;海洋上的西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西,沿着高压外围的气流更容易到达低纬高原,从而水汽输送更强;副高与南亚高压的两高辐合区向北延伸的范围更大,有利于低纬高原降水。进一步研究表明,低纬高原冬季降水主要与青藏高原南侧孟加拉湾附近区域的热力作用密切相关,春季降水则与该地区的比湿关系显著。 相似文献
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基于秸秆补饲的青藏高原草地载畜量平衡遥感监测 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
为了快速准确地掌握青藏高原草地生产力/产草量及草畜平衡情况,促进藏区草地资源可持续利用,实现青藏高原生态与生产协调发展,有必要对青藏高原不同行政区域天然草地及补饲后的载畜能力和草畜平衡问题开展研究。该研究首先结合MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer)的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)数据、青藏高原草地类型图、气象数据、土壤质地数据等数据,利用改进的CASA(carnegie-ames-stanford-approach)模型,对青藏高原草地产草量进行了估算,并分析了青藏高原草地天然产草量的空间分布情况。然后利用草谷比法估算了青藏高原饲用秸秆资源量及空间分布情况,计算得出各县市可利用的秸秆资源的载畜量情况。最后根据草地产草量、秸秆资源载畜量和实际载畜量,利用草畜平衡模型,模拟得出各县市的超载过牧情况。结果表明:2010年,青藏高原年产草量区域差异十分明显,西藏年产草量最大为2642.89万t,青海藏区次之,为2 307.60万t;云南藏区最低,为37.36万t。青藏高原天然草地总载畜量为8 363.04万只(羊单位,以下同),其中,青海省藏区为2 889.10万只,西藏为2 789.35万只,四川藏区为1 854.10万只,甘肃藏区为796.42万只,云南藏区为34.09万只。青藏高原饲用秸秆资源量为372.16万t,其中青海藏区和西藏的饲用秸秆资源总量占整个藏区的74.77%;其他3个省份的可饲用秸秆总量比例仅占25.23%。青藏高原饲用秸秆资源可饲养牲畜293.53万只,其中青海省藏区为172.48万只,西藏为46.80万只,四川藏区为31.94万只,甘肃藏区为19.69万只,云南藏区为22.65万只。青藏高原各县市超载过牧十分突出。在未补饲情况下,超载率超过5倍的县市占7.69%,2~5倍的占13.46%,1~2倍的占28.84%,超载率小于1倍的占38.82%,未超载的仅占11.19%。通过补饲秸秆资源,未超载过牧的县市比例未发生变化,但各县市的超载过牧情况有所改善。超载率超过5倍的县市比例下降了3.2个百分点,2~5倍的下降了4.49个百分点,1~2倍的增加了5.49个百分点,超载率小于1倍的增加了2.2个百分点。因此,今后青藏高原需根据草地资源及饲用秸秆资源的承载能力严格控制牛羊的养殖数量,实现生态环境和畜牧业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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Nie Xiuqing Peng Yunfeng Li Fan Yang Lucun Xiong Feng Li Changbin Zhou Guoying 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(1):322-331
Purpose
Although large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in the shrublands, information about SOC storage was little on the Tibetan Plateau. This study aims to evaluate the spatial patterns and storage of SOC in the shrublands and the relationships of climatic variables and soil pH on the Tibetan Plateau.
Materials and methodsWe used 177 profiles of soil samples obtained from 59 shrubland sites on the northeast Tibetan Plateau from 2011 to 2013. Ordinary least squares regressions, curve estimation, and multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate controlling factors on SOC stock. Kriging interpolation was used to upscale sit-level measurements to the whole study area.
Results and discussionWe found that SOC storage in the northeast Tibetan shrublands was 1.36 Pg C in the top 1 m with an average SOC stock of 12.38 kg m?2. SOC stock decreased from east to west and south to north but generally increased significantly with the mean annual temperature (MAT) and the mean annual precipitation (MAP), and tended to decrease with soil pH. Although similar relationships were also observed in alpine shrublands, the trends among SOC stock, MAP, and MAT were not observed in desert shrublands. Our results indicate that a reduction in soil pH accelerates the C sequestration potential. Furthermore, global warming contributed to C sequestration in alpine shrublands, specifically, SOC stock increased 8.44 kg m?2 with an increased unit of MAT in alpine shrublands just considering temperature effects. Meanwhile, the C sequestration was different among different regions due to the uneven increases in precipitation. However, in desert shrublands, MAP and MAT did not significantly affect SOC stock.
ConclusionsThe results indicate that though a reduction in soil pH could contribute to C sequestration, MAT and MAP have different effects on SOC stock in different Tibetan Plateau shrublands. Increased MAT and MAP were 0.05 °C and 1.67 mm every year on the Tibetan Plateau, which will increase C sequestration in alpine shrublands, but might have limited impacts on desert shrublands, which help us comprehend soil C cycling in the global climate change scenario.
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M. Hasan F. Seyis A. G. Badani J. Pons-Kühnemann W. Friedt W. Lühs R. J. Snowdon 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(4):793-802
Genetic diversity throughout the rapeseed (Brassica napus ssp. napus) primary gene pool was examined by obtaining detailed molecular genetic information at simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci
for a broad range of winter and spring oilseed, fodder and leaf rape gene bank accessions. The plant material investigated
was selected from a preliminary B. napus core collection developed from European gene bank material, and was intended to cover as broadly as possible the diversity
present in the species, excluding swedes (B. napus ssp. napobrassica (L.) Hanelt). A set of 96 genotypes was characterised using publicly available mapped SSR markers spread over the B. napus genome. Allelic information from 30 SSR primer combinations amplifying 220 alleles at 51 polymorphic loci provided unique
genetic fingerprints for all genotypes. UPGMA clustering enabled identification of four general groups with increasing genetic
diversity as follows (1) spring oilseed and fodder; (2) winter oilseed; (3) winter fodder; (4) vegetable genotypes. The most
extreme allelic variation was observed in a spring kale from the United Kingdom and a Japanese spring vegetable genotype,
and two winter rape accessions from Korea and Japan, respectively. Unexpectedly the next most distinct genotypes were two
old winter oilseed varieties from Germany and Ukraine, respectively. A number of other accessions were also found to be genetically
distinct from the other material of the same type. The molecular genetic information gained enables the identification of
untapped genetic variability for rapeseed breeding and is potentially interesting with respect to increasing heterosis in
oilseed rape hybrids. 相似文献