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辽宁省三种类型作物产区饮用水硝态氮污染状况研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对辽宁省水稻、玉米、蔬菜3类作物产区189个地下水饮用水井的硝态氮含量进行调查分析。结果表明,辽宁省平原农区饮用水硝态氮含量平均为4.63 mg/L,其中10.6%的饮用水井硝态氮含量超标(硝态氮含量≥10 mg/L),2.1%的饮用水井硝态氮含量严重超标(硝态氮含量≥20 mg/L),超过国家Ⅲ类饮用水质量标准。3种类型作物产区中,玉米产区饮用水硝态氮污染情况最轻,硝态氮平均含量为2.49 mg/L,超标率为4.2%,无严重超标率,87.5%采样点井水水质良好;蔬菜产区饮用水质量相对较差,硝态氮平均含量为4.48 mg/L,超标率和严重超标率分别为7.1%和1.8%,71.4%采样点井水水质良好;水稻产区饮用水硝态氮污染情况最为严重,20.8%采样水井硝态氮含量超标,3.8%水样严重超标。化学氮肥的施用对辽宁省不同作物产区饮用水中硝态氮含量有着直接且重要的影响,呈明显的正相关关系。由于氮肥施用量的增加,辽宁省水稻产区饮用水硝态氮污染呈恶化趋势,而蔬菜产区饮用水硝态氮含量在田间氮肥用量减少之后呈明显降低趋势,玉米产区饮用水硝态氮含量变化略有波动,但随着氮肥的增施已然出现了超标现象。 相似文献
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以新疆焉耆盆地绿洲灌区为例,通过野外取样和室内分析,调查不同农田种植类型在0~100 cm土层氮素的分布特征及累积状况,研究冬灌条件下土壤水、盐、氮的淋失过程及对地下水污染的程度。结果表明:不同土壤剖面之间硝态氮含量与分布特征存在差异,且呈现随土层深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势,铵态氮在不同土层的分布差异不显著;生育期末土壤硝态氮主要在0~60 cm土层累积,不同农田种植类型硝态氮在该层累积量的大小关系表现为番茄小麦玉米辣椒;浅层地下水硝态氮含量较高,超标率达57.1%,严重超标率达28.6%,该区域浅层地下水已受到硝酸盐污染;冬灌具有一定的储水降盐与淋氮的效应。 相似文献
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《中国农村水利水电》2019,(5)
为研究控制排水措施对土壤硝态氮运移和转化的影响,通过测坑试验分析了不同控制排水位下土壤不同深度硝态氮的含量和分布。结果表明:①控制与非控制排水条件下土壤剖面硝态氮分布规律相似,硝态氮含量集中在0～40 cm土层,深层土壤中硝态氮浓度很小在1 mg/kg左右,不会污染地下水;②排水结束后至降雨前,表层至40 cm土壤剖面硝态氮浓度变化率和各田硝态氮含量的增大率与控制排水出口的高度成负相关,降雨至排水结束后,表层硝态氮的浓度均减小,表层以下硝态氮浓度变化与地下水埋深有关,地下水位以上硝态氮浓度一般增大,地下水位以下硝态氮浓度一般减小。结论为控制排水措施减小了深层土壤硝态氮含量,且大大减少了土壤中硝态氮的含量,且控制排水能有效减少硝态氮的流失量。 相似文献
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[目的]揭示负压水肥一体化灌溉对红壤水分及氮素运移特征的影响。[方法]配置6种不同质量浓度硝酸铵溶液(0、10、15、20、25、30mg/L),设置无压(负水头高度为0)和负压(1/2极限负水头高度)2个水平进行红壤入渗试验,分析了其入渗特性及氮素分布规律。[结果]硝酸铵溶液促进水分入渗,无压和负压状态下,入渗溶液质量浓度为25mg/L和15mg/L时水平与垂直方向湿润锋运移均达到最大,与相应CK相比累积入渗量最大分别增长2.69倍和3.00倍,平均入渗率分别增长2.38倍和2.18倍;土壤硝态氮和铵态氮量显著增加(p<0.05),与相应CK相比无压和负压状态下硝态氮量最大分别增长8.05倍和7.75倍,铵态氮量最大分别增长13.37倍和10.42倍。停渗时刻,同一质量浓度入渗溶液无压状态下水平与垂直方向湿润锋运移距离、累积入渗量均显著高于负压状态,各处理最大分别高出2.01、2.148和4.69倍;距出水点相同的距离,无压状态下土壤含水率、硝态氮和铵态氮量均高于负压状态。[结论]负压灌溉显著缩短水平与垂直方向湿润锋运移距离,降低土壤累积入渗量、含水率、硝态氮和铵态氮量。2种入渗条件下,土壤硝态氮量随入渗距离增加而增加,而土壤铵态氮量随入渗距离增加则呈下降趋势。 相似文献
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在河北省平原区开展小麦-玉米轮作区农田硝态氮田间试验,采用雷磁计测定土壤剖面硝态氮含量,并分析降雨、土壤性质及微生物等影响因素。试验结果表明:常规施肥条件下,氮肥的当季利用率较低,残留率为27.5%。施肥灌溉后土壤硝态氮的分布呈现双峰形式,分别出现在55～70cm土层和150～170cm土层。小峰值出现在土壤剖面上层,硝态氮平均含量为47.75mg/kg;大峰值出现在土壤剖面下层,平均含量为93.72mg/kg。大峰值约是小峰值的2倍,且含量随时间、土层深度变化较大。不合理的灌溉方式使硝态氮深层淋失现象明显,根层以下土壤剖面硝态氮含量占氮肥总量的85%,对地下水环境构成极大威胁。 相似文献
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《中国农村水利水电》2016,(10)
以焉耆盆地开都河下游灌区为例,通过野外调查、采集水土样品,分析土壤剖面和地下水中氮素含量水平及空间分布特征。结果表明:研究区土壤氮素含量达到一级水平,属于高肥力区;浅层地下水水质在Ⅲ级以下,水质较差,均不满足生活饮用水标准要求。土壤及地下水中氮素含量空间变异属于中等变异,各采样点间氮素含量差异明显,主要受施肥时间和灌水条件影响。土壤剖面硝态氮表层积聚特征明显,存留在根系层的硝态氮含量较高,淋失不显著;铵态氮在土壤剖面主要表现为均匀分布和震荡分布,淋失量较大。该研究结果对预防地下水污染,维护农田生态系统平衡具有重要现实意义。 相似文献
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不同施氮方式对向日葵氮肥利用效率的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
传统撒施肥料方式氮素易于挥发,肥料利用效率不高。【目的】提高河套灌区肥料利用效率。【方法】设置了不施肥(CK1)、仅撒施基肥(CK2)、撒施肥(SF)、穴施肥(XF)和沟施肥(GF)共5个田间试验处理,探索不同施肥方式下土壤硝态氮、铵态氮在不同生育期的变化特征以及不同施肥方式对向日葵产量、水肥利用效率的影响。【结果】不同施氮方式下,土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮量均随土壤深度的增加而降低。撒施处理的硝态氮和铵态氮主要集中在0~20 cm土层,而穴施和沟施处理下的硝态氮和铵态氮主要分布在0~40 cm土层。在施肥后20 d内,穴施和沟施处理下硝态氮和铵态氮量峰值早于撒施处理,其中穴施处理硝态氮和铵态氮量分别在施氮后第10 d和第5 d达到最大值(93.85 mg/kg和47.6 mg/kg);沟施处理硝态氮和铵态氮量均于施氮后第10天达到最大值(103.95 mg/kg和48.4mg/kg),而撒施处理硝态氮和铵态氮量则在第20 d和第10 d达到最大值(78.5 mg/kg和36.9 mg/kg)。穴施和沟施处理植株吸氮量、籽粒吸氮量、氮肥利用率和氮收获指数显著高于撒施处理,其中穴施处理氮收获指数较撒施处理高11.5%,比不施肥和仅施基肥氮收获指数高33.2%和27.2%。穴施处理向日葵产量和增产率明显高于撒施处理,同时,穴施处理和沟施处理的水分利用效率较高,与撒施处理差异显著。【结论】综合氮肥利用率、氮收获指数、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率等指标,在河套地区采用穴施肥处理有利于提高向日葵产量和氮肥利用效率。 相似文献
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《灌溉排水学报》2019,(8)
【目的】探究不同施肥时序下滴灌双点源交汇水、氮的运移规律和分布特征,为滴灌系统施肥装置的合理运行提供技术支撑。【方法】通过室内土槽试验,设置3个硝态氮质量浓度(300、600、900 mg/L)和3种施肥时序(1/2N-1/2W、1/4W-1/2N-1/4W、3/8W-1/2N-1/8W),分析了土壤湿润锋的运移以及水分、硝态氮在土体内的分布情况。【结果】交汇前湿润锋在水平和垂直方向上的运移距离与时间t符合幂函数关系,在交汇面垂直方向上的湿润锋运移距离与时间t可用二项式拟合。各处理的水分分布规律基本相同,随深度的增加,土壤含水率降低,从0～10 cm的30%～35%缓慢降低至10～15 cm土层的19%～25%。在交汇面上的土壤含水率不大于相同土层其他位置的含水率,但硝态氮量比相同土层其他位置的大。增加肥液质量浓度,土体内相同位置的硝态氮量增加。不同施肥时序下,硝态氮在点源交汇区域的内部和边缘的量存在差异。【结论】综合考虑硝态氮的分布规律和减少淋失,在点源交汇情况下,采用水-肥-水的施肥时序(即1/4W-1/2N-1/4W、3/8W-1/2N-1/8W)较肥-水的施肥时序(1/2N-1/2W)能减少硝态氮在点源交汇区域的边缘积累,控制氮肥的淋失。 相似文献
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Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology. 相似文献
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数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。 相似文献
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分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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G. L. Hammer J. W. Hansen J. G. Phillips J. W. Mjelde H. Hill A. Love A. Potgieter 《Agricultural Systems》2001,70(2-3):515-553
Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.
In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.
In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.
We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential. 相似文献
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针对野生刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的测量方法繁琐、时间较长及需破坏叶片等问题,提出了一种基于高光谱技术对不同时段的刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的估算模型。首先,分析提取地域、年龄、长势相近的20株刺五加叶片光谱特征,通过对叶片进行烘干、磨粉及利用紫外分光光度计等化学方法测得叶片中黄酮的真实含量,并选择4种预处理互相结合、比较的方式,判断出最优预处理模型;通过SPA与PCA算法的结合,选择出较明显的特征波段,通过MatLab2018a将特征波段的反射率分别与40组预测集验证相关性后,再分别选取预测值和20组实测值与BP神经网络、支持向量机进行模型建立。实验结果表明:利用BP神经网络建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.8649、0.7976、0.8485,支持向量机建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.7526、0.7742、0.7243,证明SNV和1 Der结合的预处理方式与BP神经网络所构建的模型效果最好。研究为高光谱技术对刺五加叶片中黄酮的反演提供了有力的支持,也会提高工业和药用采摘的效率及刺五加的利用价值。 相似文献
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S.H. KimM. Fan S.O. Prasher R.M. PatelS.A. Hussain 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(4):653-660
Pesticides degrade principally through biodegradation processes, whereas antibiotics kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth in soils and thus may affect the fate of pesticides. In this study, the impact of antibiotics on the degradation of atrazine in a sandy soil is investigated in lysimeters over a ninety-day period. Four treatments, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and non-antibiotic, were assigned in triplicate to twelve PVC lysimeters. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In all treatments, atrazine was found to leach down through the soil profiles with the concentration level decreasing with depth, and only trace amounts of atrazine were found in the leachate. However, the statistical analysis of the results showed that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of the atrazine level as compared to the non-antibiotic treatment; the mass balance analysis indicated an increased half-life of atrazine in the presence of antibiotics. 相似文献
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农村精神文明建设还存在一些亟待解决的问题:思想认识不到位,阵地建设滞后,农民参与精神文明建设的积极性不够高等.加强社会主义新农村精神文明建设的措施及对策是:努力发展经济;着力提高农民整体素质,加快阵地建设;加强环境建设;突出“乡风文明“建设;积极构建社会主流评价体系;以“村校“为基地,辐射带动农村精神文明建设. 相似文献
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北京典型灌区土壤和农产品多氯联苯污染风险评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多氯联苯(PCBs)含量和污染水平以及人体健康风险,2015年在该灌区采集了20个土壤样品和28个作物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了样品中7大类PCBs含量。研究结果表明,灌区表层土壤PCBs质量比为ND(低于检出限)到0.711 776μg/kg,均值为0.43μg/kg,总体上土壤PCBs含量随污灌历史年限增加而增加。本研究区表层土壤PCBs含量处于较低水平,土壤未受到PCBs污染且其生态风险概率均小于10%。灌区采集的冬小麦籽粒、大葱、茄子、梨、白薯、芥蓝PCBs含量均低于实验检出限,未检出;夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜PCBs总量分别为0.17~0.47μg/kg、1.63μg/kg和5.91μg/kg。不同污灌历史年限并未显著影响夏玉米籽粒PCBs含量。本研究区农产品PCBs含量处于较低水平,均低于美国卫生及公共服务部建议限量。采集的土壤和农产品样品仅四氯联苯含量高于实验检出限,能检测出;一氯联苯到三氯联苯和五氯联苯到七氯联苯均低于实验检出限,未检出。本研究中成人和儿童PCBs致癌风险分别为8.49×10-7和4.66×10-7,非致癌风险分别为1.41×10-1和3.88×10-1,均低于US EPA规定限值,说明PCBs未对人群产生明显的健康危害。致癌危害和非致癌危害均以口-作物(玉米和蔬菜)为主,其对人体健康所造成的风险占总个人年风险的比例分别为99.79%~99.95%和99.81%~99.94%。 相似文献
20.
Targeted sampling of water was performed in streams, the river mouth, and the municipal drinking-water tap in the vicinity of San Francisco, South Leyte, Philippines. Samples were processed on site and transported back to Sweden for analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the pesticides commonly used in the area. Collaborations were initiated with employees at the local Department of Agriculture and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council to learn more about the rice cultivation in this area and times for spraying. Detectable levels of pesticides λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin (0.0005-1.4 μg/L) were found in representative water samples. In 47% of samples the detected levels exceeded the recommended limit values for pesticides in surface water according to Swedish guidelines (Swedish Chemicals Agency, 2008). The analysis of samples taken at the river mouth revealed measurable levels of λ-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, which means that residues of pesticides applied to rice paddy fields were shown to end up at the river mouth. The success of the sampling and analysis methods was confirmed by the data which was in accordance with the expected effect of dilution from day to day. Variable levels of insecticides in the river and all the way down to the sea may have adverse health effects on people using the water and on the aquatic environment, including sensitive coral reefs. This situation is applicable not only to the Philippines, but also to the whole of Southeast Asia, with approximately 70% of their human population living in coastal areas. As Southeast Asia encompasses approximately 34% of the world's coral reefs and between a quarter and a third of the world's mangroves, as well as the global biodiversity triangle formed by the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and New Guinea, the need to reduce the impacts of marine pollution in this region is of great importance. 相似文献