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1.
播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号干物质积累及产量的调控效应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为确定江苏淮南麦区红皮强筋小麦高产栽培的适宜播期、种植密度和氮肥施用量,选用红皮强筋小麦新品种镇麦10号作为试验材料,在基施45%复合肥375 kg·hm-2和尿素150 kg·hm-2条件下,分析了播期和密氮组合对小麦群体干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号产量及干物质积累量有极显著的影响。随着播期的延迟,镇麦10号产量先升后降,穗数和千粒重下降,穗粒数略有增加。11月5日播种较10月20日和11月20日播种分别增产2.26%和10.59%;种植密度对籽粒产量的影响因播期不同而有所差异;种植密度增加有利于提高有效穗数,但降低穗粒数和千粒重。10月20日播种时,提高种植密度不利于产量的增加,在基本苗225×104 株·hm-2下平均产量最高,较基本苗300×104 和375×104 株·hm-2分别增产3.52%和9.21%;11月5日和11月20日播种时,籽粒产量随着密度的提高而增加,以基本苗375×104 株·hm-2的产量最高,较基本苗225×104 和300×104株·hm-2分别增产6.32%、4.89%和4.58%、3.25%。增加追氮量有利于穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的增加,但过量追氮时,穗数、穗粒数和千粒重降低;追施纯氮120 kg·hm-2可显著提高籽粒产量,追氮量过多过少均不利于产量的增加。早播、增加种植密度、增施氮肥均能促进镇麦10号干物质积累,但不利于产量的提高。在本试验条件下,镇麦10号高产最适播期为11月5日,最优密度为375×104 株·hm-2,适宜追氮量为120 kg·hm-2。 相似文献
2.
灌水和施肥对垄作沟灌啤酒大麦产量及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为给甘肃河西绿洲灌区啤酒大麦垄作沟灌栽培的水肥管理提供参考,通过裂区试验,设置4个不同灌溉定额(1 500 m·hm-2、2 100 m·hm-2、2 700 m·hm-2和3 300 m·hm-2)和3个不同施肥水平（N 75 kg·hm-2+P2O556.25 kg·hm-2、 N 150 kg·hm-2+P2O5112.5 kg·hm-2、N 225 kg·hm-2+P2O5168.75 kg·hm-2）,研究了灌水和施肥对垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌溉定额、施肥量及水肥互作对啤酒大麦的产量和水分利用效率均有明显影响。当灌溉定额从1 500 m·hm-2增大到2 700 m·hm-2时,啤酒大麦千粒重提高5.36 g,成穗数增加1.16×106·hm-2,增产57.99%,水分利用效率提高24.12%;灌水量超过2 700 m·hm-2时,增产效果不明显。在N 75～150 kg·hm-2、P2O556.25～112.5 kg·hm-2范围内,增施肥料有利于啤酒大麦千粒重和穗粒数增加,并显著提高产量和水分利用效率。在灌溉定额2 700 m·hm-2、纯N 150 kg·hm-2、P2O5 112.5 kg·hm-2条件下,垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦的产量和水分利用效率分别为6 239.84 kg·hm-2和13.33 kg·mm-1·hm-2,水肥利用效果和经济效益相对较优。 相似文献
3.
机播条件下行距与密度对小麦产量和品质的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
为给小麦优质高产机械化栽培提供理论依据,在机播条件下,研究了密度、行距对小麦生长发育、产量、品质及光合速率的影响。结果表明,行距和基本苗对小麦籽粒产量均有影响。不同密度间产量差异达极显著水平,以基本苗240万·hm-2产量最高;不同行距间产量差异显著,以20 cm行距产量最高;行距与密度互作对产量影响不显著。宽行距高密度有利于群体干物质积累。密度、年份及二者互作对部分籽粒品质指标有显著影响,不同行距间籽粒品质差异不大。宽行距和低密度有利于小麦个体的生长发育,生育后期以行距24 cm、基本苗150万·hm-2处理的净光合速率最高。在淮北地区适宜播期范围内,皖麦52优质高产栽培的适宜行距和基本苗分别为20 cm和240万·hm-2。 相似文献
4.
利用“3414”回归设计方案对锦科杂1号高产优质栽培施肥用量进行试验,对试验结果进行统计建模,建立了以子棉产量为目标函数的氮、磷、钾三因素肥料效应模型.经模拟仿真因素取值和统计分析,得出子棉产量3982.11～4015.17 kg·hm-2的施肥量的95%置信区间分别为纯氮311.91～328.73 kg·hm-2,P2O5 151.87～162.33 kg·hm-2,K2O 238.88～255.86 kg·hm-2。并对两因素互作效应及单因素效应进行了剖析。通过对氮磷钾、氮磷、氮钾、磷钾及氮、磷、钾三类7种模型提供的施肥量和期望产量进行经济效益分析,据此提出锦科杂1号高产优质高效栽培的推荐施肥措施：每公顷施纯氮300 kg,P2O5 145.53 kg,K2O 232.85 kg,产量期望为4029.42 kg·hm-2,产投比12.57。 相似文献
5.
稻茬晚播小麦高产群体特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为给稻茬晚播小麦高产、稳产栽培提供参考,以扬麦23为材料,在稻茬晚播（12月5日,较适播期晚约30~40 d）条件下设置不同密度、氮肥施用量及运筹处理,按产量高低划分为不同产量水平群体（≥6 750 kg·hm-2高产;6 000~6 750 kg·hm-2中产;<6 000 kg·hm-2低产）,研究了晚播小麦高产群体的产量及其结构、群体质量特征和光合特性。结果表明,稻茬晚播条件下,产量大于6 750 kg·hm-2小麦高产群体的平均穗数、穗粒数、千粒重分别为516×104·hm-2、36粒、39.8 g。通径分析表明,穗数对产量的影响最大,穗粒数与千粒重的影响较小。稻茬晚播小麦在以下条件下有利于达到6 750 kg·hm-2产量水平：拔节期、开花期茎蘖数在1 350×104·hm-2、700×104·hm-2左右,茎蘖成穗率为38%左右;开花期的干物质积累量为13 500 kg·hm-2左右,成熟期为18 500 kg·hm-2以上,花后干物质积累量大于5 300 kg·hm-2;孕穗期、开花期、乳熟期LAI控制在7.5、5.5、3.5左右;提高花后旗叶SPAD值以及净光合速率,尤其是乳熟期。本试验条件下,稻茬晚播小麦实现高产的最佳组合为密度330×104株·hm-2、施氮量225 kg·hm-2和氮肥运筹6∶0∶2∶2处理。 相似文献
6.
为给小麦新品种中麦895的推广提供技术支撑，2013-2015在关中中部灌区，采用二次D饱和最优设计方法研究了播期与播量对中麦895产量及品质的效应。结果表明，播期和播量显著影响中麦895的产量，其高产适宜的播期为10月12日-19日，适宜的播量为170.2 kg·hm-2～206.5 kg·hm-2。不同处理之间成穗数、千粒重和产量差异极显著，穗粒数差异显著。播量为185.5 kg·hm-2时，达到最高产量的适宜播期为10月14日-22日；播期为10月14日时，达到最高产量适宜的播量为130.5 kg·hm-2～207.3 kg·hm-2。播期和播量可显著影响中麦895的蛋白质含量和容重，对加工品质和拉伸品质没有显著影响；适期偏晚播种有利于提高中麦895的成穗数和千粒重以获得高产。 相似文献
7.
播量和施肥对甘啤6号产量和品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为筛选出河西地区啤酒大麦高产优质栽培的适宜播量和施肥组合,以当地啤酒大麦主栽品种甘啤6号为材料,采用正交设计,研究了播量、氮肥、磷肥对该品种产量、籽粒品质及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,播量、氮肥、磷肥组合对大麦产量、籽粒品质和麦芽品质影响显著。就产量而言,最佳播量为525 万粒·hm-2,施氮最佳水平为180 kg·hm-2,P2O5最佳水平为90 kg·hm-2;对产量的影响表现为播量>氮肥>磷肥。播量在375万～525万粒·hm-2范围内,籽粒蛋白质含量随播量的增加而下降,但播量达到600万粒·hm-2时蛋白质含量又有所增加。籽粒蛋白质含量随着氮肥施用量的增加呈直线上升趋势,适量施磷可以在保证产量的同时,抑制蛋白质含量的增加;对蛋白含量的影响表现为氮肥>播量>磷肥,对千粒重的影响表现为播量>磷肥>氮肥。综合来看,在播量为525万粒·hm-2、施氮量为120 kg·hm-2、P2O5施用量为210 kg·hm-2条件下,甘啤6号具有较高的籽粒产量和较低的蛋白质含量,且千粒重、整齐度和主要麦芽品质均达国家优级水平,因此该处理可作为河西地区甘啤6号实现高产优质的适宜播量与施肥组合。 相似文献
8.
微喷灌条件下不同水氮处理对冬小麦水氮利用和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在关中平原冬小麦生产中,降雨分布不合理和肥料利用效率低制约了农业的发展。为提高该地区小麦产量和水氮利用效率,于2017-2019年在陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学曹新庄试验站进行冬小麦田间试验,供试品种为普冰151,采用施氮和灌水二因素裂区设计,灌水量为主区（W0:0m·hm-2;W1:600 m·hm-2;W2:12 00 m·hm-2）,灌溉方式为微喷灌;施氮量为副区（N0:0 kg·hm-2;N1:75 kg·hm-2;N2:150 kg·hm-2;N3:225 kg·hm-2;N4:300 kg·hm-2）,研究了灌溉量和施氮量对冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果发现,灌溉量和施氮量对冬小麦产量、经济效益和水氮利用效率有显著影响;灌溉能提高氮肥偏生产力和水分利用效率,灌溉水利用效率随着灌溉量增加而降低,水分利用效率随着灌溉量增加先升高后降低。施氮量超过150 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率和冬小麦产量不会显著增加,氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量升高而降低。因此,施氮量150 kg·hm-2配合越冬灌水600 m·hm-2,能够在保障高产的基础上,提高水、氮利用效率,降低种植投入成本,增加农民收入,实现关中平原小麦高产高效水氮运筹的目标。 相似文献
9.
为研究肥料运筹方式对不同用途大麦品种产量和品质的影响,以啤用大麦品种扬农啤7号和饲食兼用大麦品种扬饲麦3号为材料,分析4种肥料运筹方式对大麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,在中等偏上肥力的土壤上,扬农啤7号优质高产施肥方式为基施尿素150 kg·hm-2+复合肥375 kg·hm-2,苗肥施尿素75 kg·hm-2,拔节肥施尿素75 kg·hm-2+复合肥225 kg·hm-2,其产量水平在7 500 kg·hm-2左右;主要啤酒麦芽品质接近国标二级,可适当减少氮肥用量及提前施用拔节肥改善扬农啤7号籽粒的麦芽品质。无论哪种肥料运筹方式,扬饲麦3号的麦芽品质指标均达不到国家二级麦芽标准,该品种不适宜作为啤酒大麦原料种植,宜作优质高产饲食大麦种植,其较佳肥料运筹方式为基施尿素75 kg·hm-2+复合肥750 kg·hm-2,拔节肥施尿素112.5 kg·hm-2+复合肥375 kg·hm-2,其产量水平在8 000 kg·hm-2左右,籽粒蛋白质含量在14.0%左右。 相似文献
10.
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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16.
Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
19.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
20.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献