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1.
有机无机复混肥对旱地作物水分利用效率的影响   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
农业废弃物进行无害化处理和肥料化资源利用后,获得有机无机复混肥,为了明确有机无机复混肥在旱地作物上的施用效果,2000～2002年在陕西渭北旱地夏玉米、冬小麦上进行了田间试验。结果表明,有机无机复混肥可以改善夏玉米、冬小麦产量结构,提高夏玉米产量874.5～1144.5kg/hm2,冬小麦产量756.0～901.5kg/hm2,提高夏玉米水分利用效率2.784～3.399kg/(mm·hm2),冬小麦水分利用效率1.311～1.695kg/(mm·hm2)。在旱地可以通过施用有机无机复混肥提高作物产量和水分利用效率。  相似文献   

2.
在宁南旱平地进行了夏闲期深松、免耕及传统翻耕(对照)对土壤水分及后作冬小麦水分利用效率影响的研究结果表明,夏闲期深松和传统翻耕能有效地蓄雨保墒,提高旱平地冬小麦播前的土壤贮水量,深松和翻耕土壤蓄墒率极显著高于免耕处理,深松处理较翻耕高0.79%;夏闲期末深松处理0～200 cm土壤贮水量(310.78 mm)分别较免耕、传统翻耕高8.23 mm、1.61 mm.深松和免耕较传统翻耕显著改善了冬小麦苗期的土壤水分状况,对越冬期0～60 cm耕层土壤水分状况的改善有利于冬小麦的越冬.苗期0～200 cm土壤贮水量深松、免耕分别较传统翻耕(351.05 mm)高35.9 mm、28.8mm,不同的耕作处理对后作冬小麦苗期的土壤水分影响差异主要在80 cm以上土层.冬小麦返青期降雨主要使0～80 cm土层土壤贮水量有所增加,处理间的差异减小.夏闲期深松处理能有效地增加对降雨的蓄保能力,提高旱地冬小麦播前及整个生长阶段0～200 cm的土壤贮水量.不同耕作方式的冬小麦产量以夏闲期翻耕处理最高(3 475.9 kg/hm2),与深松处理(3 322.0 kg/hm2)无显著差异,免耕显著低于其它2种耕作处理;水分利用效率以翻耕最高[14.12 kg/(hm2·mm)],深松次之[13.62 kg/(hm2·mm)],免耕处理显著低于前二者[10.64 kg/(hm2·mm)].  相似文献   

3.
研究了不同施肥处理下黄绵土区冬油菜产量、土壤水分状况及其水分利用效率的变化。结果表明:有机肥与化肥配施明显提高了冬油菜籽粒产量和水分利用效率,较不施有机肥平均提高了12.95%和10.74%;冬油菜产量以有机肥配施氮磷钾处理最高,为1 180.05 kg·hm~(-2),较对照(不施肥料)提高了369.32%,耗水量和水分利用效率也最高,分别为489.73 mm和2.41 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1),较对照分别提高了6.40%和338.18%;冬油菜收获后不同处理不同土层土壤含水量较播前大幅度下降,0~20 cm土层土壤含水量较播前下降了8个百分点左右,0~100 cm土层土壤储水量以不施肥处理最大,为244.36 mm。肥料配施提高了作物产量,但也增加了土壤耗水量,土壤干燥化程度也将加剧。  相似文献   

4.
为探讨黄土塬区玉米高产高效栽培模式及其环境效应,通过为期2 a的田间定位实验,研究了黄土塬区旱作春玉米不同栽培模式土壤水分时空变化特征、产量与水分利用效率以及硝态氮、铵态氮累积及其剖面分布的变化。试验设传统栽培模式(T1)、化肥有机肥高密度超高产模式(T2)、化肥有机肥中密度高产高效模式(T3)共3个处理,以郑单958为供试品种,测定了春玉米关键生育期土壤含水量,并于收获后测定实际产量和0～100 cm土层硝态氮、铵态氮含量。结果表明:土壤含水量变化受降雨影响较大,2017年生育期降雨量为374.2 mm,是干旱年,玉米不仅能有效吸收中上层(0～120 cm)土壤水分,又不造成下层(120～200 cm)土壤水分的亏缺;2018年生育期降雨量为490.8 mm,是丰水年,各生育期0～60 cm土层土壤含水量变化大,60～200 cm土层土壤含水量基本维持稳定。T2模式在60～80、80～100 cm土层硝态氮积累量高,淋溶现象明显,铵态氮含量无明显变化;2017年在60～80、80～100 cm土层T2模式硝态氮累积量分别比T3高8.2%、76.4%,2018年在60～80、80～100 cm土层T2模式硝态氮累积量分别比T3高50.3%、129.3%,施肥过多,随降雨入渗硝态氮淋溶到土壤深层。硝态氮积累量与春玉米产量显著相关,硝态氮是决定玉米产量的重要因素。2017年栽培模式T2和T3产量分别比T1高55.4%、64.4%,WUE分别高46.9%、55.9%,2018年栽培模式T2和T3产量分别比T1高49.7%、31.2%,WUE分别高58.9%、40.4%,均达到显著水平。化肥有机肥中密度高产高效模式(T3)既能保证高产、高WUE又能保证较少的硝态氮淋溶,减少环境污染,是该地区值得推广的旱作春玉米栽培模式。  相似文献   

5.
以中甘21号甘蓝为试验材料,研究了覆膜时间及覆膜方式对山旱地春甘蓝产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:秋季全膜双垄沟显著提高山旱地春甘蓝定植时0～100 cm土层内和结球期0～60 cm土层内的土壤含水量,促进了甘蓝的生长;秋季全膜双垄沟的产量和水分利用效率为41 000kg·hm-2和210.61 kg·mm-1·hm-2,较秋季全膜平铺、春季全膜双垄沟、春季全膜平铺、秋季半膜平铺、春季半膜平铺(CK)分别提高14.42％～89.23％和20.67％～88.58％,差异均达极显著水平;秋季全膜双垄沟显著提高了山旱地春甘蓝的产量和水分利用效率,可作为天水市山旱地春甘蓝的主要栽培方式.  相似文献   

6.
2007～2008年在宁夏南部半干旱地区旱作春玉米播前设置了4种不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.45、0.9、1.35万kg/hm2)处理,分析了该区秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分保蓄及水分利用效率的影响.两年定点试验表明,不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤含水量影响存在季节性、层次性差异;0.9 kg/hm2覆盖量处理,在玉米大喇叭口期以前,对保持0～40 cm土层的土壤含水量有显著效果(P< 0.05),较对照土壤水分含量提高了14.2%;秸秆覆盖量达到1.35万kg/hm 2时,土壤含水量不再显著增加.0.9～1.35万kg/hm2覆盖量处理较对照增产显著(P<0.01),幅度达16.9%;玉米水分利用效率较对照增加了4.3～5.6 kg/(mm*hm2),达到了极显著水平(P<0.01).  相似文献   

7.
针对辽西旱农区耕地土壤存在的“旱、薄、瘦”问题,进行了机械化秸秆深还和化肥深施试验以及翌年免耕种植玉米的组合技术试验.结果表明:(1)处理间表层(0～10cm)容重变幅均在1.25～1.27 g·cm-3之间,土层10～ 20 cm处理之间差异明显,对照区容重1.55～1.57 g·cm-3,秸秆深还和化肥深施处理土壤容重大幅降低,秸秆深还处理秸秆集中的层次(20～ 30 cm)土壤容重在1.2 g·cm-3以下,且比较稳定.(2)试验的第一年,秸秆深还和化肥深施处理的土壤含水量随耕深的增加而上升,到20～30 cm土层秸秆深还处理由于秸秆吸水而土壤含水量陡然降至11.45％,翌年干旱的情况下,降水量由193.9 mm下降到35.1 mm,对照区各层次土壤含水量明显低于其他两种处理,秸秆集中层次的土壤含水量仍保持在16.39％.(3) 2010年秸秆深还和化肥深施处理的玉米平均产量分别达到13094.3 kg·hm-2和12 782.66kg·hm-2,分别比传统耕作增产9.04％和6.44％.2011年全年的降水量比上一年减少了158.8 mm,两项新技术的玉米平均产量仍能保持在12 053.10 kg·hm-2和11 523.45 kg·hm-2,分别比传统耕作增产9.64％和4.82％.由此可以看出,两项技术具有松土扩容功能、深层蓄水的缓冲功能、御旱增产功能.  相似文献   

8.
以马铃薯克新1号品种为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,在阴山北麓地区连续3a定位施肥,研究了不同肥料配施对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：马铃薯各施肥处理各生育时期0～80 cm土壤含水量均低于对照,全生育期总耗水量较对照提高0．17％～4．16％,干物质积累量明显高于对照;肥料配施条件下各施肥处理马铃薯产量和商品薯率较对照显著提高,增产幅度和商品薯率的增加幅度分别为5．8％～49．67％,13．97％～55．14％,以M＋NPK处理效果最明显,2011年和2012产量分别达到36863．70 kg·hm－2和31386．14 kg·hm－2,其次是NPK处理和M处理;各施肥处理的水分利用效率均高于对照,其中以M＋NPK处理最高,两年分别较CK处理高出43．72％和44．09％,与其它各施肥处理相比差异显著,其次为NPK处理和M处理。有机肥和氮磷钾肥配施是最适合当地马铃薯种植的肥料配比。  相似文献   

9.
在甘肃省安定区凤翔镇的旱川地上通过大田试验研究了不同秸秆还田量对玉米关键生育期土壤水分、生物性状及产量的影响。试验设计为三个秸秆还田量水平,分别为100%玉米秸秆(10 500 kg·hm-2)粉碎还田、75%玉米秸秆(7 875 kg·hm-2)粉碎还田、50%玉米秸秆(5 250 kg·hm-2)粉碎还田,对照为秸秆不还田。每个处理设3次重复,随机区组排列,玉米秸秆粉碎后均匀翻埋至0~25 cm的土层。结果表明:播前各还田处理0~200 cm土层土壤含水量均较CK有所提高,秸秆还田量由高到低,土壤含水量平均分别提高2.0%、2.8%和1.9%,但不同还田量之间差异不显著;玉米株高、茎粗和叶面积较对照显著增加(P0.05);100%、75%和50%等三个不同秸秆还田量处理的玉米产量较对照分别提高10.3%、5.7%和3.7%,玉米水分利用效率(WUE)较对照分别提高9.2%、4.9%和3.1%。秸秆还田措施可提高土壤的保墒贮水能力,促进作物生长,增加产量,提高水分利用效率。  相似文献   

10.
黄土旱塬区农田施肥、产量与土壤深层干燥化的关系研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
施肥作为稳定作物高产的关键措施之一,同时也会加强对土壤水分的耗损。于2007年小麦播种前测定了长期施肥的试验田0~300 cm土壤剖面水分含量。结果表明,不同施肥处理播前小麦地土壤在1 m深度范围内含水量变化很小,贮水量的极差值为14.7 mm;土壤水分的变化主要集中在100~300 cm土层,贮水量极差值为130.1 mm,且土层深度100~260 cm处出现土壤深层干燥化现象,并随肥料用量增加干燥化程度趋于严重;260 cm以下土壤含水量逐渐上升。氮磷肥配施土壤干层含水量显著高于单施氮肥,单施氮肥显著高于单施磷肥和不施肥,而不施肥和单施磷肥土壤干层含水量差异不显著。从产量角度看,小麦产量与干层水分含量呈线形显著负相关。当产量小于1 354 kg/hm2,土壤无干层;当产量在1 355~2 406 kg/hm2之间,土壤干层属于轻度干燥化;当产量在2 407~3 458 kg/hm2范围内,土壤干层属于中度干燥化。  相似文献   

11.
The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.  相似文献   

12.
Tsror  Leah  Aharon  M.  Erlich  Orly 《Phytoparasitica》1999,27(3):215-226
Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.  相似文献   

13.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

14.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

15.
Bean hypocotyls, pea pods and tomato fruits were tested for phaseollin, pisatin and rishitin production when challenged with the phytopathogenic bacteriaErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi andP. solanacearum, and their isolated extracellular polysaccharides. All bacteria induced phytoalexin accumulation, whereas only phaseollin and pisatin, but not rishitin, were elicited by EPS. The inhibitory effect of these three phytoalexins on bacterial growth was studied in liquid medium; whereas phaseollin and pisatin strongly inhibited growth, only a slight inhibitory effect resulted from the presence of rishitin in the medium.Samenvatting Bonehypocotylen, erwtepeulen en tomatevruchten werden onderzocht op hun vermogen tot vorming van respectievelijk faseolline, pisatine en rishitine, na inoculatie met de fytopathogene bacteriënErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi enP. solanacearum en na behandeling met oplossingen van hun extracellulaire polysacchariden (EPS). Alle bacteriesoorten induceerden fytoalexinevorming, terwijl hun EPS wel faseolline- en pisatine-, maar geen rishitinevorming induceerden. Faseolline en pisatine remden de groei van de bacteriën in vloeibaar medium sterk; rishitine daarentegen had slechts een geringe groeiremming tengevolge.  相似文献   

16.
The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae.  相似文献   

17.
Agave tequilana is the raw material for the production of the alcoholic beverage tequila. A bacterial disease has affected the A. tequilana crop in recent years. Previous reports based on colony and cell morphology, Gram stain and potato rot indicated that Erwinia sp. is the main pathogen. We isolated a several bacterial isolates capable of producing soft-rot symptoms in greenhouse pathogenicity assays. An extensive characterisation involving pathogenicity tests, fatty acid profile, metabolic and physiological properties, ribosomal DNA sequence and intergenic transcribed spacer amplification (ITS-PCR) and restriction banding pattern (ITS-RFLP) was made of each isolate. Three different species: Erwinia cacticida, Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas sp. were identified. Fatty acid and metabolic profiles gave low similarity values of identification but 16S rDNA sequence, ITS-PCR and ITS-RFLP confirmed the identification of E. cacticida. In the phylogenetic tree, E. cacticida from blue agave was grouped neither with E. cacticida type strains nor with Erwinia carotovora. This is the first report that associates E. cacticida with A. tequilana soft-rot symptoms.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.  相似文献   

19.
Species presence and density of mixed populations of phytophagous tetranychid and predacious phytoseiid mites were studied in sprayed and unsprayed apple orchards in northern Israel during three growing seasons. Two species of phytophagous tetranychids, namely,Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval andT. Urticae Koch, and two species of predatory phytoseiid mites —Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski andAmblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot — were found. Predator density was lower than herbivore density in sprayed commercial orchards, but the reverse was true in unsprayed orchards. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2855-E, 1989 series.  相似文献   

20.
Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.  相似文献   

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