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1.
Food habits of sika deer,Cervus nippon centralis temminck, in Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan, were investigated by the fecal analysis method from September, 1990, to June,
1991. The fecal analysis showed that the percentage ofSasa nipponica Makino et Shibata in the fecal composition was approximately 50% throughout the year, indicating that it was the main food
plant. Bark and twigs were also found in the feces in all seasons, suggesting that the deer ate bark throughout the year.
Even though the amount of the bark eaten per capita was small, the high density of deer may possibly cause serious bark damage.
Barking can be one of the main causes of the mortality ofPicea jezoensis Sieb. et Zucc. var.hondoensis (Mayr) Rehder andAbies homolepis Sieb. et Zucc. in Mt. Ohdaigahara.
A part of this study was presented at the 105th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1994). 相似文献
2.
DNA sequences of the chloroplast spacer region between thetrnP andtrnW genes (234 bps) were determined for two Japanese fir species,Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc. andA. homolepis Sieb. et Zucc., using four individuals from each species. No intraspecific variation was found in either species, but interspecific
sequence polymorphism was detected between the two species. The interspecific variation was three nucleotide changes, from
the 148th to 150th nucleotide position. These three nucleotides were TAC inA. firma and GTA inA. homolepis, which were inverted. In order to identify the cpDNA haplotypes between the two species, this inversion polymorphism was
utilized to develop a new marker. Species-specific primers were designed so that the 3′ ends of the primers would anneal to
the mutation site, in order for the two haplotypes to be easily identified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 相似文献
3.
The object of this study was to investigate the inhomogeneity of density within a beam from a relationship between the dynamic
Young’s moduli from the Euler-Bernoulli elementary theory of bending (E
n) and resonance mode numbers (n), which is plotted as the “E-n” diagram in this article. Rectangular beams with dimensions of 300 (L) × 25 (R) × 5mm (T)
of Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii Mast.), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.), Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Zieb. et Zucc.) and white oak (Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia Oerst.) were used for specimens. Small parts of beams were replaced with a small portion of another species to examine the
influence of the inhomogeneity of density on E
n. A free-free flexural vibration test was undertaken and E
n was calculated by the Euler-Bernoulli theory. The resonance frequency of a specimen with inhomogeneity of density was simulated
by modal analysis. The density distribution in the longitudinal direction of the specimen for which E
n did not decrease monotonically with n was obtained. From the modal analysis, the inhomogeneity of density was equivalent to a concentrated mass attached to a uniform
beam. The pattern of the E-n diagram was changed by replacing a part of the specimen with another species. Specimens for which
E
n did not decrease monotonically with n had a high density part because of indented rings, knots, or resin. 相似文献
4.
To confirm the pathogenicity of a blue stain fungus,Ceratocystis piceae (Münch) Bakshi to the Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.), the responses of healthy young pine trees and stressed trees which were girdled by the half-circumferential
girdling technique were investigated by the fungal inoculation test. Although neither of the pine trees inoculated withC. piceae in the non-girdled treatment nor the controls died, mortality of the trees girdled and inoculated withC. piceae was 28.6%. In the pine trees inoculated withC. piceae, the mean area of the necrotic lesion of the sapwood was significantly larger than that of the controls, and the mean of
the water pressure potential of the xylem decreased, regardless of the girdling treatment. TheC. piceae was reisolated from the wood pieces near the inoculation points on the inoculated trees, but not from the controls. These
results suggest that under strongly stressed conditions, the Japanese red pine trees might have been killed by heavy infestations
ofC. piceae carried by bark beetles.
A part of this paper was presented at the 103rd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1992). 相似文献
5.
Dong-heub Lee Myung Jae Lee Dong-Won Son Byung-Dae Park 《Wood Science and Technology》2006,40(3):228-236
The extended use of woods treated with traditional or alternative preservatives for exterior applications requires an assessment
of wood adhesive performance. This study attempts to evaluate the performance of wood adhesives for woods treated with various
waterborne preservatives. Two softwood species, i.e. Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis [Sieb. et Zucc.] Gordon) were treated with copper–chrome–arsenic (CCA), CB-HDO, or copper azole (CY), and then bonded with
four different wood adhesives such as urea–melamine–formaldehyde (UMF) resin, melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin, phenol–formaldehyde
(PF) resin, and resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) resin. The performance of these adhesives was evaluated by measuring the dry
shear strength of adhesive-bonded wood block on compression. Both UMF and MF resins produced a relatively strong adhesive
strength for CY-treated pine and larch woods. The PF resin also produced good bond strength when bonded with either larch
wood treated with CY or pinewood treated with CB-HDO. The best result was obtained when the CB-HDO-treated woods were bonded
with RF resin. For a better bond strength development, a proper combination of adhesive, preservative, and wood species should
be selected by taking into consideration of the characteristics of these three parameters as well as their interactions. 相似文献
6.
Yoshitaka Kubojima Seiichi Kanetani Takeshi Fujiwara Youki Suzuki Mario Tonosaki Hiroshi Yoshimaru Hiroharu Ikegame 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(6):443-450
A dead tree of Pinus armandii Franch. var. amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima (abbreviated to PAAm) was obtained from a natural habitat on Tanega-shima Island and various properties
of its wood were investigated. Grain angle was measured and soft X-ray analysis was undertaken to obtain the density in each
annual ring. Unit shrinkage and dynamic properties were measured by shrinkage, bending, and compression tests. Variations
of wood properties in the radial direction, relationships of wood properties to density, and annual ring width were examined.
Roughly speaking, variations in the radial direction of the grain angle, twist angle by drying, Young’s modulus and strength
in static bending, absorbed energy in impact bending, compressive Young’s modulus, compressive strength, and compressive proportional
limit corresponded to the variation of annual ring width. As a result, it was determined that if PAAm is afforested artificially
for the purposes of lumber production and conservation, the annual rings of logs should not be too widely spaced. Wood properties
of PAAm were similar to those of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), which is another representative pine on Tanegashima Island.
This study was presented in part at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Hiroshima, August 2007 相似文献
7.
Lu-Min Vaario Alexis Guerin-Laguette Warwick M. Gill Frédéric Lapeyrie Kazuo Suzuki 《Journal of Forest Research》2000,5(4):293-297
There has been conflicting debate over many years regarding the trophic status ofTricholoma matsutake (Ito et Imai) Sing., and further investigations are necessary to better understandT. matsutake physiology, particularly carbon nutrition, during ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. For this purpose, we developed a technique to
rapidly synthesizein vitro ectomycorrhizas betweenPinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. andT. matsutake on artificial substrate (vermiculite: perlite: peat: beech sawdust; 5:5:1:1.), without added sugar in the nutrient solution.
Only 1 week was required before the first rudimentary Hartig net ‘palmetti’ could be observed in roots. Well-developed Hartig
net structures appeared in taproots after 2 weeks and in lateral roots after 3 weeks. Such rapid root infection may be attributed
to the quality of the substrate and the inoculum used.
This research was supported by a grant from the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN). 相似文献
8.
This study was conducted to investigate the potential for modifying drought tolerance of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) and Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.). Three-year-old seedlings were controlled for five-months at three different soil water potentials ({ie73-1}).
Japanese cypress exposed to high {ie73-2} was able to maintain higher photosynthesis (Phn), transpiration (Tr) and stomatal conductance to H2O (gH2O) in comparison to low {ie73-3} pretreatments, however, there was no significant difference in Phn for Japanese red pine. Soil water potential at the threshold from the maximum to limited Phn was higher in high {ie73-4} pretreatments than in low {ie73-5} pretreatments. Net photosynthesis, Tr and gH2O decreased more rapidly in high {ie73-6} pretreatments than in low {ie73-7} pretreatments. Transpiration decreased more significantly
than Phn, thus, resulted in increased water use efficiency. All these factors are likely to result in significant improvements in
the drought tolerance. Japanese red pine seems more drought-tolerant than Japanese cypress. Japanese cypress is suitable to
soil of −0.05 MPa water potential, and Japanese red pine is suitable to −0.16 MPa and even dryer soils. 相似文献
9.
The decay rates of Japanese Konara Oak (Quercus serrata Murray) and Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) leaf litter were monitored for one year. It aimed to compare the decomposition of leaf litter using microcosms
set up in the field (FM) and in the greenhouse (GM), with the litterbag (LB) method as control. Results showed that incubation
setting affected the decay rate (k), respiration rates and the changes in the concentrations of nitrogen (N). Thek value ofQuercus in FM was higher than LB, while thek value ofPinus was higher in the LB than in FM. The decay ratesk for both species, however, were significantly lower in GM than FM and LB, clearly suggesting that decay rate was inhibited
in the greenhouse. Significant differences in microclimatic variables and soil biological activities (soil respiration) existed
between greenhouse and field microcosms, hence, the decay rates were affected. The N concentrations for both litter types
increased as decomposition proceeded. Decomposition studies using laboratory microcosm approach alone may lead to erroneous
conclusions especially if no appropriate field studies are conducted along with it.
Part of this paper was presented at the XXth International Union of Forestry Research Organization (IUFRO) World Congress,
August 6–12, 1995, Tampere, Finland. 相似文献
10.
We measured Young's modulus, proportional limit stress, and bending strength by the compression bending test and examined the applicability of the testing method by comparing it with conventional bending test methods. Long columns of todomatsu (Japanese fir,Abies sachalinensis Fr. Schmidt) with various length/thickness ratios were the specimens. A compressive load was axially applied to the specimen supported with pin ends. Young's modulus, the proportional limit stress, and the bending strength were obtained from the load-loading point displacement and load-strains at the outer surfaces until the occurrence of bending failure. Four-point bending tests were also conducted, and the bending properties obtained were compared with the corresponding properties obtained by the compression bending tests. Based on the experimental results, we believe that when the stress-strain relation is measured by the load-loading point displacement relation using specimens whose length/thickness ratio is large enough, the bending properties can be obtained properly using the compression bending test. 相似文献
11.
2015年,在辽宁省彰武县应用Li-6400光合仪,对樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv.)、彰武松(Pinus densiflora var.zhanguensis)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)、赤松(Pinus densiflora Sieb.et Zucc.)和长白松(Pinus sylvestriformis)光合作用的日变化进行观测。结果表明:5种针叶树在8月光合速率的日变化趋势基本相同,均表现为双峰型,并有明显的光合"午休"现象,其中彰武松光合速率最高、长白松光合速率较低。通过光响应曲线的分析得出:在0~2 000μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)光强下,光合能力顺序为长白松赤松樟子松油松彰武松;赤松和樟子松的光补偿点较高,为110μmol m~(-2)s~(-1);樟子松的暗呼吸速率最大,为2.338μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。 相似文献
12.
Application ofN
6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and gibberellin (GA3) to a grafted Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) clone promoted flowering. BAP (250 mg/l) was sprayed five times to the top of branches in July or September
1992. GA3 (100 or 500 mg/l) was applied five times to the whole plants by spray treatment during the above period, or GA3 solution of the same concentration was injected once into a small incision made in the main stem of clone trees at the beginning
of July or the middle of September 1992. In May 1993, no apical female strobili were observed at the top of the new shoots
in any treatment. However, lateral female and bisexual strobili were produced in the lower part of new shoots by BAP application
in September, regardless of GA3 application. BAP applied in September without GA3 application was sufficient to produce lateral female and bisexual strobili. In such treatment, production of female and bisexual
strobili was 47 and 25, and they occurred in 16 out of 68 new shoots, 11 out of 15 treated branches and 5 out of 5 treated
trees. The average number of female and bisexual strobili per new shoot was 1.06. BAP treatment either in July or in September
significantly decreased (p<0.05) the production of male strobili. These results indicate that BAP application induces the development of lateral female
strobili in Japanese red pine when applied during the period of floral differentiation.
A part of this paper was presented at the 105th annual meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1-2):175-186
Abstract Rhus trichocarpaMiq. is a short-statured pioneer tree species that creates patch communities during the early successional stages of some pine forests in Japan. A 0.6 ha sample plot was established in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densifloraSieb, et Zucc.) stand to evaluate the influence of patch structure on regeneration of R. trichocarpaand other tree species. The plot included 47 patches of R. trichocarpa.The survivorship of R. trichocarpaseedlings was high in small patches, but low in large ones. The small patches expanded, transforming into large ones over several years. Several tree species such as Quercus serrataThunb., Primus apetalaFranch. et Sav., Sorbus commixiaHedl., and Magnolia obovataThunb. invaded the patches after the fruiting of R. trichocarpa.They grew faster than R. trichocarpain these patches and broke through the R. trichocarpacrown layer after about 10 years. The fruits of R. trichocarpaattract birds which disperse seeds produced by other tree species. Thus, the R. trichocarpapatch plays a vital role in changing from pioneer tree species to shade-tolerant tree species. 相似文献
14.
This report describes the efficient plant regeneration of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb et Zucc. via somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic cultures were initiated from megagametophytes containing immature zygotic embryos. Embryogenic cultures were maintained and proliferated by 2–3-week interval subcultures in medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine. High maturation frequencies of cotyledonary embryos were obtained on maturation medium containing maltose, polyethylene glycol, activated charcoal, and abscisic acid. Somatic embryos germinated readily after transfer to plant growth regulator-free medium. Growth of regenerated emblings has been monitored in a greenhouse. 相似文献
15.
One compound isolated from the stem wood of Pinus densiflora Sieb. Zucc. is responsible for its resistance to Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. From thin layer chromatography and microanalytical evidence, the inhibitory compound is nitrogenous and may be an alkaloid. 相似文献
16.
In anAbies homolepis Sieb. et Zucc. forest at Matsumoto, Nagano Pref., cumulative damage byXylotrechus villioni (Villard) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) was observed on tree branches. Of the 14 major branches in one sample tree, six had
cumulative damage by boring larvae, of which 3 had been bored by multiple larvae. No adult emergence holes were found on the
whole tree, suggesting very low survivorship from boring larva to emerging adult. Galleries made by single larvae were often
observed to be terminated by a depression apparently carved by a picid woodpecker, suggesting that they are important predators
of the cerambycid. The manner of cicatrix formation with phloem tissue over the larval gallery in anAbies veitchii Lindl. branch at Mt. Fuji, Yamanashi Pref. is presented.
Studies onXylotrechus villioni (Villard) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a primary borer of coniferous trees in Japan (III). This work was presented at the
104th Annual Meeting of Japanese Forestry Society at Morioka (April, 1993) and 20th International Congress of Entomology at
Firenze (August, 1996).
This work is supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No.02660163) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports,
and Culture of Japan. 相似文献
17.
Needle retention (number of needle sets), needle density, height increment and radial increment were surveyed on seven Japanese
black pines (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) and seven Japanese red pines (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) growing on the same site. Number of needle sets on branches with respect to whorl position was estimated
visually. In 1999, maximum summer needle retention was observed on the fifth and sixth whorl from the top, with values of
3.4 needle sets for the black pines and 2.4 needle sets for the red pines, respectively. The needle trace method (NTM) was
used to determine needle retention and needle density along the main stems retrospectively for the years 1968–1998. The long-term
mean summer needle retention along the main stem was 3.7 needle sets for the black pines and 2.2 needle sets for the red pines.
In both pine species, the number of needle sets varied from year to year. However, the long-term budget between newly born
and annually shed needle sets was in equilibrium. The long-term average of needle density per cm of stem shoot was 9.4 needle
pairs for the black pines and 7.4 needle pairs for the red pines. The results showed clear intra-specific and inter-specific
similarities in needle retention, height increment and radial increment trends. The values for number of needle sets, height
increment and radial increment positively increased with favorable growing conditions, whereas the value of needle density
had an opposite tendency. 相似文献
18.
Kenji Tsuruta Tomonori Kume Hikaru Komatsu Naoko Higashi Toshihiro Umebayashi Tomo’omi Kumagai Kyoichi Otsuki 《Journal of Forest Research》2010,15(6):398-403
Sap flow techniques are practical tools for estimating tree transpiration. Though many previous studies using sap flow techniques
did not consider azimuthal variations of sap flux density (F
d) on xylem trunk to estimate tree transpiration, a few studies reported that ignoring the azimuthal variations in F
d could cause large errors in tree transpiration estimates for some tree species. Therefore, examining azimuthal variations
in F
d for major plantation tree species is critical for estimating tree transpiration. Using the thermal dissipation method, we
examined azimuthal variations in F
d in six trees of Japanese cypress Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl., which is one of the most common plantation tree species in Japan. We recorded considerable variations
among F
d at four different azimuthal directions. The F
d value for one aspect was more than 100% larger than those for the other aspects. We calculated differences between tree transpiration
estimates based on F
d for one to three azimuthal directions and those based on F
d for four aspects. The differences relative to tree transpiration estimates based on F
d for four aspects were typically 30, 20, and 10% in accordance with the F
d for one, two, and three measurement aspects, respectively. This finding indicates that ignoring azimuthal variations could
cause large errors in tree transpiration estimates for Japanese cypress. 相似文献
19.
Bending strength and toughness of heat-treated wood 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
The load-deflection curve for static bending and the force-time curve for impact bending of heat-treated wood were examined in detail. The effect of oxygen in air was also investigated. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) was heated for 0.5–16.0h at a temperature of 160°C in nitrogen gas or air. The dynamic Young's modulus was measured by the free-free flexural vibration test, the static Young's modulus and work needed for rupture by the static bending test, and the absorbed energy in impact bending by the impact bending test. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The static Young's modulus increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It decreased more in air than in nitrogen. (2) The bending strength increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It decreased more in air than in nitrogen. (3) The work needed for rupture decreased steadily as the heating time increased. It decreased more in nitrogen than in air. It is thought that heat-treated wood was more brittle than untreated wood in the static bending test because W12 was reduced by the heat treatment. This means that the main factors contributing to the reduction of the work needed for rupture were viscosity and plasticity, not elasticity. (4) The absorbed energy in impact bending increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It decreased more in air than in nitrogen. It was concluded that heat-treated wood became more brittle in the impact bending test becauseI
12 andI
23 were reduced by the heat treatment. 相似文献
20.
Xingchang Wang Chuankuan Wang Quanzhi Zhang Xiankuai Quan 《Annals of Forest Science》2010,67(4):410-410