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1.
Findings of pesticide and related chemical residues are presented for 27,065 samples of foods collected and analyzed in 10 state food laboratories over 1988 and 1989 (fiscal years (FY) 88 and 89). These laboratories conduct food regulatory programs compatible with national programs of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Of the findings, 6325 samples contained detectable levels of 1 or more pesticide analytes and 418 (or 1.5%) of the total number of samples were deemed to be of regulatory significance.  相似文献   

2.
In 1990, under regulatory monitoring, a total of 19,962 samples of domestically produced food from all 50 states and Puerto Rico and imported food from 92 countries were analyzed by FDA for pesticide residues. Of these, 19,146 were surveillance samples, which are collected when there is no suspicion of a pesticide problem. No residues were found in 60% of domestic surveillance samples and in 64% of import surveillance samples. Of the 19,146 surveillance samples, 2.8% were violative. Under the incidence/level aspect of monitoring, 172 samples of fish/shell-fish, 330 samples of whole milk, and 3502 samples of processed foods including baby foods were analyzed for pesticide residues. Findings from these projects were consistent with regulatory monitoring data. The findings of the 1990 Total Diet Study are evidence that actual dietary intakes of pesticides are generally well below the standards established by FAO/WHO and by EPA. The 1990 results are similar to those obtained in earlier years and demonstrate the continuing safety of the food supply relative to pesticide residues.  相似文献   

3.
Pesticide residues in foods are reported for the 5-year period 1978-1982 [fiscal years (FY) 78-82]. Results were compiled from the 2 complementary elements that comprise the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) program for monitoring pesticide residues in foods. Under regulatory monitoring, which focuses on residues in raw agricultural commodities, a total of 49,877 samples (30,361 domestic and 19,516 import) that included fresh fruits and vegetables, grains, milk and dairy products, seafoods, and a variety of processed foods were analyzed. No residues were found in about 55 and 44% of the domestic and import samples, respectively. About 3% of the domestic and 7% of the import samples were classed as violative. Data from the Total Diet Study, which is conducted to determine dietary intakes of a variety of chemicals, showed that residues of 42 pesticides were found in 1044 composites of table-ready foods. Results of FDA's monitoring for FY78-82 demonstrate that pesticide residue levels in the U.S. food supply were generally well below regulatory limits, and dietary intakes were manyfold lower than the Acceptable Daily Intakes established by international agencies.  相似文献   

4.
Pesticide residues in foods are reported for the 4-year period 1982-1986 [fiscal years (FY) 83-86]. Results were summarized from the 2 complementary approaches that make up the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) pesticide residue monitoring program. Under regulatory monitoring, which focuses on residues in raw agricultural commodities, a total of 49,055 samples (27,700 domestic and 21,355 import) that included fresh fruits and vegetables, grains and grain products, milk and dairy products, seafoods, and a variety of processed foods were analyzed. No residues were found in 60 and 48% of the domestic and import samples, respectively, compared with 55 and 44% in FY78-82. About 3% of the domestic and 5% of the import samples were violative. In FY78-82, about 3 and 7% were violative, respectively. The other FDA monitoring approach, the Total Diet Study, was revised in April 1982 to expand coverage of age/sex groups, use updated diets, and provide for analysis of individual foods. Results from monitoring under this modified approach and from regulatory monitoring continued to demonstrate that pesticide residues in the U.S. food supply were well below regulatory limits, and dietary intakes were many times lower than the Acceptable Daily Intakes established by international agencies.  相似文献   

5.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has carried out a large-scale monitoring program for pesticide residues in foods since the 1960s. The program has evolved continuously as evidenced by a number of recently incorporated modifications and initiatives. Included are greater emphasis on imports; increased and more specific targeting of pesticide/commodity combinations by geographic area or country; development of individual district sampling plans for domestic and imported foods; expanded use of single residue methods; linkage of information on foreign pesticide usage with food import volumes; development of an analytical methods research plan; and increased cooperative sampling and data exchange with the states. Initiatives to acquire and utilize private sector and other monitoring data are being explored, and aggressive steps are being taken to inform the public of FDA monitoring results in a timely and understandable manner.  相似文献   

6.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) carries out an extensive program to monitor foods for pesticide residues. The 2 main objectives of the program are to enforce tolerances established by the Environmental Protection Agency for pesticide residues on foods and feeds and to determine the incidence and level of pesticide residues in the food supply. Because of the wide diversity of pesticide/commodity combinations encountered, FDA uses a number of different approaches to achieve effective consumer protection. The components of the FDA Pesticides Monitoring Program and the strategy used in its development are described.  相似文献   

7.
The principles of modern pesticide residue chemistry were articulated in the 1950s. Early authors pointed out the advantages of systematizing and standardizing analytical methods for pesticides so that they could be widely practiced and the results could be reproduced from one laboratory to the next. The availability of improved methods has led to a much more complete understanding of pesticide behavior and fate in foods and the environment. Using methods based largely upon gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled increasingly with mass spectrometry (MS) and MS(n) as the detection tool, residues can be measured at parts per billion levels and below in a variety of food and environmental matrices. Development of efficient extraction and cleanup methods, techniques such as ELISA, efficient sample preparation techniques such as QuEChERS, and automated laboratory and field instrumentation has also contributed to the tools available for use in modern pesticide residue analysis. As a result, great strides have been made in improving food and worker safety and in understanding environmental behavior and fate of pesticides. There are many challenges remaining in the field of pesticide residue chemistry that will continue to stimulate analytical chemists. New chemistries are emerging, often patterned on complex natural products. Analyzing for the parent chemicals and potentially multiple breakdown products will require analytical ingenuity. The development of more sensitive bioassays and knowledge of unintended side effects will challenge residue chemistry as well, as in the case of following the fate of environmental endocrine disruptors associated with some pesticides as well as nonpesticide contaminants from packaging materials and other familiar articles. Continued funding and other resources to ensure better training, international cooperation, and accelerated research and development activities will be a constant need in pesticide residue chemistry as it is for all areas of science that aim to mitigate or eliminate contaminants that can affect human and environmental health and safety.  相似文献   

8.
Foods analyzed for pesticide residues in the monitoring programs of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are most often examined by using one or more of the multiresidue methods developed for this purpose over the years. Because no single method can be used for all potential residues, each commodity is examined by a method or methods which will identify and/or determine the chemicals most likely to have been used. FDA conducts research to develop new multiresidue methods, which are included in monitoring programs as needed to cover additional chemicals. FDA's multiresidue methods have undergone continuous study over a 20 year period to ascertain which compounds can and cannot be recovered by them. FDA continues to perform tests to discover a compound's analytical characteristics. Protocols have been published to direct the testing of additional compounds so that new information can be added to the existing compilations. Methods capable of determining residues of single pesticides are used to analyze selected commodities for residues of high priority that cannot be determined by existing multiresidue methods. Pestrak, a computerized listing of pesticide analytical information, has been developed by FDA to keep track of the capabilities of multiresidue methods and the coverage of residues by the single residue methods used in FDA monitoring.  相似文献   

9.
农产品/食品中农药残留快速检测方法研究进展   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
农药残留的识别和量化通常依赖于气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、气/液相色谱-质谱联用法以及毛细管电泳法,这些方法需涉及大而贵重的仪器、费时的样品处理以及专门的技术培训。因此,建立在线、高灵敏度、高选择性、简单高效、低成本的农药残留快速检测方法和技术非常重要。该文综述了用于农产品/食品的农药残留分析快速检测方法,主要包括酶抑制法、免疫分析法、光谱法(包括可见/近红外、红外、拉曼和激光诱导击穿光谱等)以及各种生物传感器等,分别介绍了这些方法最新的研究进展,同时分析并总结了这些快速检测方法和技术的基本原理和特点。目前的研究在灵敏度、重复性、准确性方面存在着一些不足,商品化的农药残留检测仪器也比较单一。由于纳米生物技术、分子印迹技术和微流控技术等技术有着巨大的应用潜力,因此特别介绍了这些技术在农药残留分析中的应用。农药残留快速分析技术未来将会朝着检测仪器的小型化和集成化、多通道检测、无线通讯方向发展,提高快速检测方法和仪器的稳定性和可靠性是必然趋势。  相似文献   

10.
Consumers are frequently urged to avoid imported foods as well as specific fruits and vegetables due to health concerns from pesticide residues and are often encouraged to choose organic fruits and vegetables rather than conventional forms. Studies have demonstrated that while organic fruits and vegetables have lower levels of pesticide residues than do conventional fruits and vegetables, pesticide residues are still frequently detected on organic fruits and vegetables; typical dietary consumer exposure to pesticide residues from conventional fruits and vegetables does not appear to be of health significance. Similarly, research does not demonstrate that imported fruits and vegetables pose greater risks from pesticide residues than do domestic fruits and vegetables or that specific fruits and vegetables singled out as being the most highly contaminated by pesticides should be avoided in their conventional forms.  相似文献   

11.
A multiresidue solid phase extraction (SPE) method for the isolation and subsequent gas chromatographic determination of nonpolar organochlorine and polar organophosphorus pesticide residues in eggs is described. The method uses an acetonitrile extraction followed by an SPE cleanup using graphitized carbon black and aminopropyl SPE columns. Organophosphorus pesticides are determined by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. After further cleanup of the extract using Florisil SPE columns, organochlorine pesticides are determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Studies were performed using eggs containing both fortified and incurred pesticide residues. The average recoveries were 86-108% for 8 fortified organochlorine pesticide residues and 61-149% for 28 fortified organophosphorus pesticide residues.  相似文献   

12.
An automated continuous flow sample cleanup system intended for rapid screening of foods for pesticide residues in fresh and processed vegetables has been developed. Recovery and precision data for 8 pesticides in each of 3 crops are compared for the automated and manual procedures. Average recovery for samples fortified with pesticides between 0.026 and 0.277 ppm was 98% for the automated system and 92% for the manual procedure. Average coefficient of variation was 6.6% for the automated system and 4.2% for the manual procedure. In another evaluation, the automated system gave an average recovery of 95% for 12 pesticides commonly found in imported foods; the manual procedure gave an average recovery of 91%. Thus, the results obtained so far indicate that the automated system for sample cleanup gives results comparable to those obtained by manual procedures.  相似文献   

13.
Evidence for substantial environmental influences on health and food safety comes from work with environmental health indicators which show that agroenvironmental practices have direct and indirect effects on human health, concluding that "the quality of the environment influences the quality and safety of foods" [Fennema, O. Environ. Health Perspect. 1990, 86, 229-232). In the field of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), Codex principles have been established for the assessment of GM food safety and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety outlines international principles for an environmental assessment of living modified organisms. Both concepts also contain starting points for an assessment of health/food safety effects of GMOs in cases when the environment is involved in the chain of events that could lead to hazards. The environment can act as a route of unintentional entry of GMOs into the food supply, such as in the case of gene flow via pollen or seeds from GM crops, but the environment can also be involved in changes of GMO-induced agricultural practices with relevance for health/food safety. Examples for this include potential regional changes of pesticide uses and reduction in pesticide poisonings resulting from the use of Bt crops or influences on immune responses via cross-reactivity. Clearly, modern methods of biotechnology in breeding are involved in the reasons behind the rapid reduction of local varieties in agrodiversity, which constitute an identified hazard for food safety and food security. The health/food safety assessment of GM foods in cases when the environment is involved needs to be informed by data from environmental assessment. Such data might be especially important for hazard identification and exposure assessment. International organizations working in these areas will very likely be needed to initiate and enable cooperation between those institutions responsible for the different assessments, as well as for exchange and analysis of information. An integrated assessment might help to focus and save capacities in highly technical areas such as molecular characterization or profiling, which are often necessary for both assessments. In the area of establishing international standards for traded foods, such as for the newly created Standards in Trade and Development Facility (STDF), an integrated assessment might help in the consideration of important environmental aspects involved in health and food safety. Furthermore, an established integrated view on GMOs may create greater consumer confidence in the technology.  相似文献   

14.
Codex alimentarius approach to pesticide residue standards   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
To protect consumers' health, most countries have maximum legal limits for pesticide residues in foods. Trade difficulties can arise when limits differ between countries. The Codex Alimentarius Commission was established in 1962 to implement the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, the purpose of which is to protect consumer health and ensure fair practices in international food trade. The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR), an intergovernmental body which advises the Commission on matters related to pesticide residues, is responsible for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides in foods and feeds that move in international trade. Codex MRLs are based on residue data obtained mainly from supervised trials that reflect approved pesticide use in accordance with "good agricultural practice." MRLs must be toxicologically acceptable in terms of estimated pesticide intake by consumers. CCPR Working Groups examine problems related to establishing and implementing MRLs, including sampling and methods of analysis. Despite time and effort expended, acceptance and application of Codex MRLs face many problems in international trade.  相似文献   

15.
Results of pesticide and industrial chemical residue determinations, using both capillary and packed column gas chromatography (GC), in 3 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) laboratories have been compiled and compared. Samples consisted of food products collected for routine residue screening by the respective laboratories. Extracts were prepared by conventional multiresidue methodology. Capillary column systems and operating conditions were selected at the discretion of each laboratory and were therefore variable, although split/splitless injectors in the split mode were used with prescribed precautions in all cases. Packed column systems were operated as specified in the FDA Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM). Overall correlation between the 2 systems, expressed as the average ratio of packed column result to capillary column result, was 0.99 for 120 determinations in 41 samples. The higher resolving power of the capillary systems allowed quantitation of several residues that were incompletely separated and therefore unquantifiable using the packed columns. Capillary column GC with the split injection technique, used with appropriate precautions, was found to be both reliable and advantageous for regulatory determination of pesticide and industrial chemical residues in foods and feeds.  相似文献   

16.
Cyprodinil is an anilinopyrimidine fungicide applied worldwide for the prevention and treatment of highly destructive plant diseases in a large variety of crops, including cereals, fruits, and vegetables. This paper describes the development of the first reported immunoassays for cyprodinil. Two original haptens have been synthesized and conjugated to different carrier proteins, and polyclonal antibodies have been produced. Moreover, competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been developed and characterized for the analysis of this widely used pesticide. The influence of organic solvents and buffer conditions over the assay analytical parameters was studied. The IC(50) values of the optimized immunoassays were 1.6 and 2.8 ng/mL for the direct and indirect formats, respectively. Quantitative recoveries were found using spiked apple and grape juice samples after a simple direct dilution, and a limit of quantification of 20 ng/mL for both fruit matrices was achieved. These immunoreagents could be very valuable for the sensitive, straightforward, and rapid monitoring of cyprodinil residues in foodstuffs.  相似文献   

17.
An improved analytical method for the rapid, reliable, and sensitive determination of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in baby foods is described. It entailed aqueous extraction from food matrix with simultaneous clarification using Carrez I and II reagents, solid-phase extraction cleanup using Oasis HLB, and analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A narrow-bore column allowed fast chromatographic separation with good resolution of HMF and matrix coextractives. In positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions, precursor and compound-specific ions were sensitively detected in selected ion monitoring mode. Sample preparation with efficient cleanup followed by fast chromatographic analysis allowed the analysis to be completed in <20 min. Recovery ranged between 91.8 and 94.7% for spiking levels of 0.25, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg HMF in cereal-based baby foods. The method was shown to be successful when using liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detection at 285 nm.  相似文献   

18.
To produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the pesticide carbofuran, three compounds with carboxylic spacer arms of different lengths introduced at the carbamate group of the analyte structure were synthesized, conjugated to proteins, and used as immunizing haptens in mice. MAbs were subsequently characterized for affinity and specificity in the conjugate-coated format and in the antibody-coated format using newly synthesized compounds as heterologous assay haptens. Depending on the immunoreagent combination and assay format, competitive assays with I(50) values in the 1.2-10.2 nM (0.27-2.27 ng/mL) range were obtained. LIB-BFNB67 MAb in combination with the hapten BFNH, coupled either to horseradish peroxidase or to ovalbumin, was used to develop a direct and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Optimized immunoassays displayed very similar analytical characteristics, with an I(50) value around 0.7 ng/mL and a limit of detection around 0.08 ng/mL. Both immunoassays were able to tolerate the presence of methanol up to a 15% concentration. Compounds very similar in structure to carbofuran (benfuracarb, furathiocarb, bendiocarb, and carbofuran-hydroxy) exhibited cross-reactivity values in the 18-37% range, but major N-methylcarbamate pesticides were not recognized by the MAb. These immunoassays should reasonably allow the rapid, low-cost, and sensitive determination of carbofuran in food, in soils, and in the environment at levels of regulatory and practical importance.  相似文献   

19.
Antibiotic residues in animal-derived food   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Antibiotics are used extensively in food-producing animals to maintain optimal health and promote growth. The use of these drugs has the potential to leave drug-related residues such as parent drug and metabolites in meat, milk, and eggs. For those drugs that require a withholding period to ensure that residues in the food products are below established tolerances, methods of analysis are required. The majority of approved antibiotics are assayed by microbiological methods. Although these methods are suitable for screening for drug residues, they often lack the specificity and precision required of regulatory methods. Present requirements for regulatory methods have resulted in the submission of physical-chemical methods in support of New Animal Drug Applications for antibiotics.  相似文献   

20.
Accurate quantification of quizalofop-p-ethyl is essential for it may do harm to humans and animals through both water and food. Currently, detection of quizalofop-p-ethyl mainly relies on methods such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although these techniques are reliable, they are relatively expensive and time-consuming because of multistep sample cleanup. To address this, we developed a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) with a polyclonal antibody against quizalofop-p-ethyl that was generated in our lab. The IC(50) of detection was 0.03495 microg/mL, and the lowest detection limit reached 0.00192 microg/mL. Furthermore, the method had high specificity for it did not cross-react with other structure-related compounds. When water and soil samples that were fortified with quizalofop-p-ethyl were analyzed by this ELISA, recoveries were in the range of 89-110% from water and 81-108% from soil. Good correlations between this immunoassay and gas chromatography data were obtained for residues of quizalofop-p-ethyl in water and soil. Our data indicate that this method is a convenient analytical technique for monitoring quizalofop-p-ethyl in waters without extraction and the extra cleanup step and in soil without the cleanup step.  相似文献   

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