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1.
Two-year field trials with winter wheat cultivars Batis and Toronto were conducted in Southern Bavaria, Germany, to investigate the possible causes of cultivar differences in response to N supply varying in total amount and time of application. Cultivar-related differences in grain yields were observed in treatments with low and medium N supply. High doses of N supply resulted in grain yield adjustment or grain yield advantage for cv. Toronto. The results of this study revealed a consistent, genotypic pattern in response to N fertilization in spite of strong seasonal effects. Systematic modifications in canopy growth rates in response to N supply were of particular relevance and a main factor for differences in tillering intensity resulting in modified stand densities. In the present study, cultivar differences in spike development and interactions with N supply related more to abortion than to initiation processes for number of spikelets and number of flowers per spikelet. High grain density (grains per m2) of cv. Toronto was evident during reproduction stages even under conditions of medium N supply. However, decreased growth rates during the later part of grain filling in combination with low 1000 grain weight, which was barely modified by N fertilization, allowed only partial utilization of this potential. It is assumed that sink limitations were of particular relevance for grain yield development in cv. Toronto, while cv. Batis combined a less intense response to N supply with more stability in the development of grain yield components. 相似文献
2.
Experiments to investigate the effects of periods of low radiation, combined with different rates of nitrogen fertilization, on growth, grain yield, mean grain weight, grain size distribution and concentrations of nitrogen and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were carried out in 1991 and 1993. The low radiation (60% of ambient radiation) was achieved by placing shading nets in fields of barley (cv. Prisma). There was an unshaded control (S1), plus three shading period treatments during the main phenological phases, with three rates of nitrogen fertilization (unfertilized control, 90 kg ha−1 minus soil nitrogen and this rate plus 60 kg ha−1 at the flag leaf stage). It was found that total grain yield was 5% lower after shading during tillering (S2), 35% lower after shading during stem elongation (S3) and 45% lower after shading during grain filling (S4). Treatments S2 and S3 considerably reduced the concentration of WSC in plant organs and increased the nitrogen concentration and, in general, the concentrations returned to the values of the control after the shading period. The S3 treatment markedly reduced the number of grains m−2, mainly because there were 35% fewer grains per spike. This treatment resulted in a mean grain weight 14% above that of the control, but only in 1991. Weather was probably responsible for this disparity: in 1991, the spring was cold and wet and the summer was warm and dry, but in 1993 the spring was warm and dry and the summer was cool and wet. The S4 treatment reduced mean grain weight by 40% in 1991 and by 25% in 1993 and shifted the median of the size distribution towards smaller grains in both years. In S4, the N concentration in the grains was markedly increased, resulting in unacceptably high protein concentrations (14–21%) for malting quality. Higher rates of nitrogen fertilization increased leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter production and grain N concentration. Nitrogen had a positive effect in establishing yield potential because it increased grain number per unit area; however, it did not improve assimilate supply during grain filling, and hence grain number and mean grain weight were negatively correlated. Only in 1993 did nitrogen increase grain yield. It is concluded that shading during the growing period and high rates of nitrogen fertilization adversely affect the quality (in terms of grain size, size distribution and grain nitrogen concentration) of malting barley. 相似文献
3.
粒用高粱养分吸收、产量及品质对氮磷钾营养的响应 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
基于2011—2012年在山西省农业科学院东阳农业试验基地的大田定位试验,2013年在高粱/玉米轮作体系下,以晋杂23高粱[Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench]为试料,设置NPK、PK、NK、NP和CK(不施肥)5个施肥处理,每个处理3次重复,采用随机区组排列,研究土壤养分耗竭条件下氮磷钾肥对粒用高粱生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,出苗后76 d,NPK、PK、NK和NP处理最大叶叶面积分别比CK增加18.7%、4.1%、17.9%和16.6%,单株总功能叶面积分别比CK处理增加54.1%、18.4%、47.4%和48.2%;整个生育期施肥处理对叶片生物量有显著影响。自出苗后121 d,各施肥处理对茎干物质累积具有显著影响。NPK、PK、NK和NP处理籽粒产量分别比CK增加了93.8%、35.5%、91.2%和78.1%。自出苗后100 d,CK和PK处理叶片中的N含量显著低于NPK、NK和NP处理,此时CK和NK处理显著降低了叶片中P含量。在收获期,CK处理显著降低了籽粒中N含量。CK、PK和NP处理提高了直链淀粉含量,而支链淀粉含量下降,导致直链/支链比值相应增加。施氮肥处理(NPK、NP、NK)的籽粒蛋白质含量明显高于CK和PK处理;NPK处理分别提高了73.9%和40.3%。NPK处理籽粒单宁含量比CK和PK处理分别提高15.6%和22.7%。研究表明,不施肥和不施氮肥显著降低了粒用高粱植株生长、干物质积累、籽粒产量、氮磷养分吸收以及籽粒中支链淀粉、蛋白质和单宁含量,不施肥和不施氮对高粱的影响明显大于不施磷或不施钾,平衡施肥有利于粒用高粱产量的提高和品质的改善。 相似文献
4.
A. Rosenberger H.-P. Kaul T. Senn und W. Aufhammer 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2000,185(1):55-65
The investigations were based on biennial field trials carried out at two locations comprising the factors location/previous crop, winter cereal genotype (rye cv. ‘Farino’,triticale cv. ‘Modus’, wheat cv. ‘Batis’) and production intensity level. One agronomical focus was to replace the mineral N‐supply due to its energetic relevance, by either the residues of legumes, or stillage, a processing residue containing organic N. The measurement included the crop yield ha?1, the bioethanol exploitation dt?1 and the bioethanol yield ha?1. The last was closely correlated to the grain yield and thus dominated by intensity level. Highest bioethanol yields with an average peak at 4022 l ha?1, always occurred at the highest intensity level. Bioethanol exploitation however, was mainly determined by the genotype. The cultivars showed significant exploitation and yield differences. An adequate bioethanol exploitation was observed with the wheat cv. Batis in contrast to diminished grain and bioethanol yields. Considering bioethanol exploitation and bioethanol yield, the triticale cv. Modus was the outstanding genotype. Despite high grain yields, the bioethanol yields of the rye cv. Farino stayed mean, because of a genotypic lowered bioethanol exploitation. Comparing the approaches of mineral nitrogen substitution, legume N was successful, whereas stillage fertilizing, according to the examined conditions, resulted in ample decreased grain and bioethanol yields ha?1. 相似文献
5.
E. Sticksel F. -X. Maidl F. Retzer G. Fischbeck 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1999,183(1):47-52
Two-year field trials with winter wheat under nine nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments were conducted at TU Munich's research station in Southern Bavaria. The study investigated N uptake and N utilization of wheat stands for varying N fertilizer strategies, with emphasis on N application during stem elongation. N use was analysed in individual plants, separated into main stems and tillers to estimate the effect on the tiller category. While grain N uptake showed only slight differences, substantial differences were recorded for N uptake of straw, leading to significant variation in N harvest index as affected by N fertilizer treatment. Individual plant analysis indicated that N harvest indices of tillers were lower than those of main stems due to high N uptake into the straw of tillers. This was not modified by any of the N fertilization strategies. It is presumed that for tillers the translocation of nitrogen from straw into kernels is less effective than for main stems since ears of tillers produce a lower sink size. N fertilization with emphasis on stem elongation led to a below-average number of tillers and above-average N harvest indices for main stems as well as tillers. This was confirmed by a negative correlation between plant density and N harvest index. High N content in straw was not found to be necessary for achieving high N content in kernels. In addition to economical benefits, a N fertilization strategy with emphasis on application during stem elongation has environmental benefits in intensive wheat production systems. 相似文献
6.
Differences between Maize Cultivars in Yield Formation, Nitrogen Uptake and associated Depletion of Soil Nitrate 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
In a 3-year field experiment conducted on a Gleyic Luvisol in Stuttgart-Hohenheim, ten maize cultivars (nine commercial and one experimental hybrid) were compared in their ability to utilize a high soil nitrogen (N) supply. Total N content of the shoots at about silage maturity ranged from 213 to 328 kg N ha−1 (1986), from 177 to 223 kg N ha−1 (1987) and from 185 to 226 kg N ha−1 (1988). In all three experimental years, total shoot N uptake was significantly positively correlated to stover yield, and also to N concentrations in the ears and in the total plant dry matter. In contrast, a negative correlation between ear yields of the cultivars and total N uptake was indicated. Differences between the cultivars in N uptake were reflected in a corresponding soil nitrate depletion. At harvest, residual nitrate-N in the 0–90 cm soil layer ranged from 34–63 kg N ha−1 m 1987 and 32–71 kg N ha−1 in 1988. The results indicate, that growing of cultivars selected for high N uptake-capactiy of the shoots may contribute to an increased utilization of a high soil N supply and thus to a reduction of nitrate leaching. 相似文献
7.
不同氮吸收效率品种油菜氮素营养特性的差异 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用土培盆栽试验,在不同供氮水平下对50份甘蓝型油菜进行氮吸收效率筛选,并比较其不同品种的氮素营养特性。结果表明,油菜的氮素营养特性表现出一定的品种差异,其中根系氮累积量及其占总吸氮量的百分比变异系数最大,超过50%,而生长前期植株含氮量的变异系数最小。不论氮素供应水平高低,油菜氮高效品种的总吸氮量和各器官的氮素累积量均显著高于氮低效品种,其中根系氮素累积量的差异最大,而果荚氮素累积量的差异最小;氮高效品种根系中累积的氮素比例均显著高于氮低效品种,而果荚中累积的氮素比例均显著低于氮低效品种;氮高效品种营养生长阶段地上部的含氮量与氮低效品种的差异不显著,而地上部的氮素累积量显著高于氮低效品种;营养生长阶段功能叶片的SPAD值也显著高于氮低效品种。随着供氮水平的改变,氮高效品种各器官的含氮量、氮素累积量和氮素分配比例的变化幅度均显著高于氮低效品种。不同品种油菜氮素营养指标的显著差异为通过遗传改良途径培育作物新品种和提高作物氮肥利用效率提供了基础。 相似文献
8.
9.
基肥对梨叶片主要营养元素、硝态氮和铵态氮含量变化的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了探讨基肥中养分实际供给量对梨树叶片含量水平的影响,并为梨树施肥提供理论依据,2010和2011年以砂梨品种‘秋荣’(Pyrus serotina‘Akiba’)为试材,比较了鸡粪和菜籽饼2种基肥试验树生长期叶片中主要营养元素及硝态氮、铵态氮的含量变化。结果表明：2种基肥对供试品种‘秋荣’叶片内全氮(N)、P、K、Mg、Fe、Cu 6种元素含量变化连续2年未见有显著影响,但施用菜籽饼有利于树体对Mn、Zn元素的吸收,基肥处理对生长期叶片中氨态氮含量变化的影响大于硝态氮,鸡粪处理叶片铵态氮含量在6月中旬高于菜籽饼处理,而8月上旬后正好相反。基肥种类对叶片营养元素含量变化的影响与营养元素种类有密切关联,但基肥中各元素实际供给量对叶片中相应元素含量水平未见有直接影响。 相似文献
10.
用叶面标记态15N研究冬小麦不同叶位氮素的运转 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以叶面涂抹^15N方式对不同类型冬小麦品种不同叶位叶片氮素的吸收、运转进行了研究。结果表明,冬小麦生育后期不同叶位叶片对子粒品质的贡献不同,旗叶对子粒的贡献高于其他叶位叶片。不同蛋白含量类型中,普通子粒蛋白类型的京冬8后期叶片氮素含量下降快,植株氮素含量低,而其转运效率高;子粒高蛋白类型中优9507品种氮素收获指数低于京冬8,其子粒中高的蛋白质含量是由于其高吸收、高贮存的结果。中优9507茎秆贮存氮素的能力较强,京冬8子粒中氮素的积累更多地依赖于叶片氮素的供应。 相似文献
11.
J. Ellen 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1990,164(3):174-183
A field study was conducted on the winter wheat cultivars Arminda and Okapi , using two seed rates (80 and 160 kg/ha) and three N applications (40, 80 and 120 kg/ha).
The cultivars did not differ in total dry matter production but did differ in grain yield. The difference in grain yield was mainly attributable to a higher harvest index (HI).
Increased plant density reduced HI; it resulted in more shoots per m2 , but in a lower grain yield. The reduction in grain yield was caused by fewer kernels per ear and a lower 1000-grain weight in both cultivars.
A higher rate of N increased total dry matter production and grain yield, except in Okapi at the high plant density. The number of kernels per ear increased, but 1000-grain weight fell.
The higher the N applications, the higher the N-content of the roots was.
Total N yield was greater in Arminda than in Okapi. The cultivars differed in the amount of nitrogen they took up after anthesis.
The content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) differed between the cultivars, N treatments and growth stages. Carbohydrate formed before anthesis accounted for 23 % of Arminda's grain yield and for 10 % of Okapi's grain yield.
The content of cell-wall constituents (CWC) depended on cultivar, growth stage and the rate of the N dressing. Differences in CWC were more pronounced in Arminda than in Okapi. During leaf, stem and ear development there was a strong increase in content and amount of CWC. Concomitantly, WSC decreased. This implies that a large consumption of WSC is necessary for the formation of CWC. The competition for the WSC, necessary for CWC and shoot and ear development influences kernel initiation. Per unit of dry matter Okapi contained more CWC than Arminda. This was not in agreement with differences in straw sturdiness. 相似文献
The cultivars did not differ in total dry matter production but did differ in grain yield. The difference in grain yield was mainly attributable to a higher harvest index (HI).
Increased plant density reduced HI; it resulted in more shoots per m
A higher rate of N increased total dry matter production and grain yield, except in Okapi at the high plant density. The number of kernels per ear increased, but 1000-grain weight fell.
The higher the N applications, the higher the N-content of the roots was.
Total N yield was greater in Arminda than in Okapi. The cultivars differed in the amount of nitrogen they took up after anthesis.
The content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) differed between the cultivars, N treatments and growth stages. Carbohydrate formed before anthesis accounted for 23 % of Arminda's grain yield and for 10 % of Okapi's grain yield.
The content of cell-wall constituents (CWC) depended on cultivar, growth stage and the rate of the N dressing. Differences in CWC were more pronounced in Arminda than in Okapi. During leaf, stem and ear development there was a strong increase in content and amount of CWC. Concomitantly, WSC decreased. This implies that a large consumption of WSC is necessary for the formation of CWC. The competition for the WSC, necessary for CWC and shoot and ear development influences kernel initiation. Per unit of dry matter Okapi contained more CWC than Arminda. This was not in agreement with differences in straw sturdiness. 相似文献
12.
小麦籽粒蛋白质含量高光谱预测模型研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为定量分析小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、叶片氮素营养指标、冠层高光谱参数的相互关系,确立能够准确预测小麦籽粒蛋白质含量的敏感光谱参数和定量模型,2003—2006年在连续3个生长季不同小麦品种和不同施氮水平的4个大田试验条件下,于小麦不同生育期采集田间冠层高光谱数据并测定植株氮素含量和籽粒蛋白质含量。试验1以低蛋白质含量的宁麦9号和高蛋白质含量的豫麦34为材料,试验2以低、中、高蛋白质含量的宁麦9号、扬麦12和豫麦34为材料,试验3以低蛋白质含量的宁麦9号、中蛋白质含量的扬麦10号和淮麦20以及高蛋白质含量的徐州26为材料,试验4以低蛋白质含量的宁麦9号和中蛋白质含量的扬麦10号为材料。结果显示,不同品种小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量随施氮水平的提高而增加,可以通过开花期叶片氮含量和氮积累量进行可靠的估测。而不同试验条件下的叶片氮含量和氮积累量可以基于统一的光谱参数进行定量反演,其中基于REPle和mND705的叶片氮含量监测模型及基于SDr/SDb和FD742的叶片氮积累量监测模型,具有可靠的预测性和适用性。根据特征光谱参数—叶片氮素营养—籽粒蛋白质含量这一技术路径,以叶片氮素营养为交接点将两部分模型链接,建立了基于开花期高光谱参数的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量预测模型,经独立资料检验表明,以参数mND705、REPle、SDr/SDb和FD742为变量建立成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量预报模型均给出较好的检验结果。因此,利用开花期关键特征光谱指数可以直接评价小麦成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量状况,其中基于mND705参数的预测模型更为准确可靠。 相似文献
13.
An understanding of the partition between pre-anthesis and post-anthesis N uptake and their contribution to total grain N and protein content in spring two-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare spp. distichum L.) is important to achieve additional breeding progress for both fodder and malting barley. N translocation from the vegetative tissues at anthesis to the kernel, N translocation efficiency, and N harvest index (NHI) were studied in field experiments during 4 years (1995–1998). Plants were harvested at anthesis and maturity and divided into leaf+culm, chaff and grain. Significant cultivar differences in N translocation, N translocation efficiency and NHI were determined. Across cultivars, the highest N translocation was in a favorable year (93 kg ha−1) and the lowest in a year with poor growing conditions (40 kg ha−1). Cultivar differences in N translocation were related to dry matter and pre-anthesis N accumulation (R2>0.70). N translocation efficiency varied more among the cultivars (0.27–0.66) than years (0.47–0.52). Post-anthesis N uptake was negatively correlated (P<0.01) with N translocation. NHI ranged among the cultivars from 0.49 to 0.73 and among the years from 0.57 to 0.74. The cultivars Arapiles, Schooner, Cantala, Kaskade and Pek stored in the grain more than 70% and Hiproly less than 50% of above-ground N at maturity. Translocated N participated with 85, 56, 42, and 61% in grain N in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. The ratio of translocated N to grain N could be an indicator of growing conditions; a higher ratio indicates good growing conditions over the entire growth period, a lower ratio indicates poor conditions during pre-anthesis, and a medium ratio indicates some temperature and water deviations from the long-term average. Straw N concentration was in significant positive (P<0.01) correlation with N translocation and translocation efficiency. Straw N concentration adequately represents N efficiency utilization for synthesis of grain protein, and because it saves time and money compared to N harvest index determination, it can be used for the testing of breeding materials for the development of new barley cultivars. 相似文献
14.
不同穗型冬小麦品种子粒灌浆与同化物供应关系的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
大穗型品种豫麦66号与多穗型品种豫麦49号相比，在灌浆中后期旗叶光合速率具有明显优势，在花后0～30d子粒WSC含量较高，显示出子粒灌浆较强的同化物供应能力。豫麦66号旗叶WSC在灌浆中后期含量较低，淀粉含量在整个灌浆期均较低，表明大穗型品种同化物外运能力可能较强，流系统生理活性比较活跃。两品种淀粉积累速率的变化均呈单峰曲线，豫麦66号的峰值出现较晚但持续时间较长，最大积累速率高，子粒灌浆速率亦呈现同样的趋势，两者呈显著正相关。说明豫麦66号在子粒灌浆后期仍可保持较强的库活性和具有较大库容特性。 相似文献
15.
Diagnosis tool for plant and crop N status in vegetative stage: Theory and practices for crop N management 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The environmental constraints to agriculture imply that nitrogen (N) fertilizer management should be adjusted to crop N requirements determined by target yields. Nowadays for environmental and economical reasons target yield of farmers can be lower than the potential crop yields as permitted by soil and climatic conditions. So it is important to provide farmers crop N status diagnostic tools in order to decide the rate and the timing of N fertilizer applications. Theory on crop N uptake and allocation allows the determination of a diagnostic tool, the Nitrogen Nutrition Index, based on the determination of the critical N dilution curve for each crop species considered. During the vegetative growth period of all the crop species studied, including C3 and C4 species and monocots and dicots, plant N concentration decreases monotonically as crop grows because of (i) the ontogenetic decline in leaf area per unit of plant mass, and (ii) the remobilisation of N from shaded leaves at the bottom of the canopy to well illuminated leaves at the top. NNI appears then as an indicator well connected with the physiological regulation of N uptake at canopy level. So this indicator can be used as the basis for determination of crop N nutrition status, and then for decision making on the necessity of an N application for achieving target yield. Nevertheless despite its high physiological relevance, NNI cannot be used directly in farm conditions because its determination is very time consuming. So it is necessary to develop indirect methods for NNI estimation through more operational procedures. Several methods have been proposed in literature, such as nitrate concentration in sap or chlorophyll meter. But the calibration or validation of these methods with NNI have not been always made and, when they have been, they did not give univocal relationships, showing a strong dependence of the relationship with cultivar and environment, that limits considerably the relevance of such diagnostic tools in a large range of situations. Easier to use is the indirect estimation of crop NNI by remote sensing measurements. This method allows the estimation of both actual crop mass, through LAI estimation and crop N content, through crop chlorophyll content. The possibility to have repeated estimations of crop NNI during the period of vegetative growth would allow a dynamic diagnostic tool of crop N status. The coupling of indirect measurements of crop N status with dynamic models of crop growth and development should allow a very promising method for crop N diagnostics for decision tools in N fertilization. 相似文献
16.
为了更好地对高粱进行氮素管理,采用盆栽试验研究了施氮量对高粱生长、籽粒产量及品质、氮素累积及转运利用的影响。选取肥力较低的土壤,设6个氮水平：0（N0）、0.05（N1）、0.1（N2）、0.2（N3）、0.4（N4）和0.6g/kg（N5）（风干土）。结果表明,N3处理干物质累积量、叶片SPAD值、籽粒产量、穗粒数及收获指数均显著高于N0和N5处理;N3处理籽粒淀粉含量低于N1处理,但淀粉产量最高;随施氮量的增加籽粒单宁含量降低,蛋白质含量增加,蛋白质总产量以N3和N4最高。随施氮量的增加叶鞘中NO3--N含量增加,N3处理挑旗期和穗花期叶鞘中NO3--N含量明显高于N0、N1和N2,但在灌浆期N0~N3处理间硝态氮含量没有显著差异;N3处理从茎叶向籽粒的转运率最高,达到76.76%。综上,适宜的施氮量有利于高粱生长及产量的提高,且在生长前期提高了叶鞘中硝态氮累积,能协调籽粒产量和功能成分的关系,获得较高的淀粉和蛋白总产量。 相似文献
17.
Nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of European maize hybrids developed under conditions of low and high nitrogen input 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
T. Presterl S. Groh M. Landbeck G. Seitz W. Schmidt H. H. Geiger 《Plant Breeding》2002,121(6):480-486
Maize varieties with improved nitrogen(N)‐use efficiency under low soil N conditions can contribute to sustainable agriculture. Tests were carried to see whether selection of European elite lines at low and high N supply would result in hybrids with differential adaptation to these contrasting N conditions. The objective was to analyze whether genotypic differences in N uptake and N‐utilization efficiency existed in this material and to what extent these factors contributed to adaptation to low N supply. Twenty‐four hybrids developed at low N supply (L × L) were compared with 25 hybrids developed at high N supply (H × H). The N uptake was determined as total above‐ground N in whole plants, and N‐utilization efficiency as the ratio between grain yield and N uptake in yield trials at four locations and at three N levels each. Highly significant variations as a result of hybrids and hybrids × N‐level interaction were observed for grain yield as well as for N uptake and N‐utilization efficiency in both hybrid types. Average yields of the L × L hybrids were higher than those of the H × H hybrids by 11.5% at low N supply and 5.4% at medium N level. There was no significant yield difference between the two hybrid types at high N supply. The L × L hybrids showed significantly higher N uptake at the low (12%) and medium (6%) N levels than the H × H hybrids. In contrast, no differences in N‐utilization efficiency were observed between the hybrid types. These results indicate that adaptation of hybrids from European elite breeding material to conditions with reduced nitrogen input was possible and was mainly the result of an increase in N‐uptake efficiency. 相似文献
18.
B. Ehdaie D. J. Merhaut S. Ahmadian A. C. Hoops T. Khuong A. P. Layne J. G. Waines 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2010,196(6):455-466
Environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of water and nutrients to elevate grain production in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with concomitant reduction in nitrate leaching to minimize contamination of underground water. We determined the effect of the root system on leaching fraction, leachate N concentration, and N, P and K uptake using bread wheat ‘Pavon 76’ and its three near‐isogenic translocation lines: Pavon 1RS.1AL, Pavon 1RS.1BL and Pavon 1RS.1DL. These genotypes were grown in sand‐tube experiments under optimum and low level of nutrients for 2 years. Root, stem and leaves, and grain N, P, and K content, and agronomic characters were measured. Leaching fraction and leachate nitrate concentration were measured at early tillering, booting and early grain filling. Significant main effects for year, nutrient level and genotype were found for the characters. Genotype × N interaction was significant only for root P content. Genotype × year interaction was significant only for plant N content, root P content and plant P content. Genotype × year × N interaction was significant only for root N uptake efficiency. Thus, genotypic means averaged across years and nutrient levels are reported. Low levels of nutrients (1330, 235 and 793 mg vs. 1915, 375 and 1268 mg N, P and K, respectively) reduced mean root biomass, plant biomass and grain yield by 27 %, 25 %, and 19 %, respectively. The translocation lines produced 31–46 % more root biomass, 11–14 % heavier grains and 6–8 % greater grain yield than Pavon 76. Leaching fraction was higher under low level of nutrient at booting and grain filling. Leaching fraction at tillering, booting, and grain filling was 67%, 42% and 25%, respectively. Leaching fraction at early tillering was lower for Pavon 1RS.1AL (39 %) and Pavon 1RS.1DL (40.5 %) than for Pavon 76 (45.3 %). Leachate nitrate concentration was lower for two translocation lines at all three stages of plant growth compared to Pavon 76. The correlation coefficient between plant N content and root biomass, between plant N content and plant biomass, and between grain yield and root biomass was positive and significant. Significant positive correlation was found between root biomass and P and K uptake. Multiple small applications of N fertilizer during early plant growth with adequate irrigation water are recommended. Wheat genotypes with superior root characteristics for efficient nutrient uptake, especially during tillering and booting, should be developed in breeding programmes to increase grain yield and to minimize the nitrate leaching. 相似文献
19.
春小麦品种氮的吸收积累和转运特征及与籽粒蛋白质的关系 总被引：44，自引：5，他引：44
春小麦个体发育的各个时期，不同器官全Ｎ含量均存在着差异，表现为叶片〉叶鞘〉茎杆。叶片、叶鞘、茎杆和籽粒Ｎ积累峰值依次出现有孕穗期、抽穗期、开花盛期和乳熟末期。开花前Ｎ素主要积累在叶片中，生育后期籽粒成为Ｎ素的主要贮存场所。籽粒Ｎ主要来自开花前营养器官贮存Ｎ的再分配，再分配Ｎ占籽粒Ｎ的５３．０％－８０．８％，各营养器官贮存Ｎ对籽粒Ｎ贡献的大小是叶片〉茎杆〉叶鞘。在籽粒灌浆过程中，籽粒Ｎ素含量的变化曲 相似文献