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1.
R. M. POCH 《EPPO Bulletin》1988,18(2):323-330
A series of toxicological, residue, secondary hazard, and environmental fate studies were completed with bromadiolone. The compound was eliminated rapidly after ingestion by Rattus norvegicus and Mus domesticus. In R. norvegicus, 75% of the bromadiolone was eliminated within 4 days. Dead rodents collected from field trials using bromadiolone had residue levels of 1.92 in R. rattus, 1.17 in M. domesticus, and 0.49 ppm in Spermophilus beecheyi. The LD50 for bromadiolone in beagle dogs was calculated at 8.1 mg kg-1 (10.7 for males and 6.3 mg kg-1 in females). The approximate LD50 in Canis latrans was 10 mg kg-1. Dietary LC50 determination compound in Putorius putorius furo was 9.8 ppm. Secondary hazard studies showed the rodenticide to have little potential to snakes and birds of prey if used properly. Field tests with grain and pelleted baits over 21 days demonstrated that the active ingredient degraded by 78 and 45%, respectively.  相似文献   

2.
The response of Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus to calciferol, warfarin and a combination of these compounds was tested. Both species succumbed to the recommended bait concentrations of calciferol (1000 mg/kg) and warfarin (250 mg/kg) when tested individually. However, R. rattus was more susceptible to lower concentrations of calciferol (500 and 750 mg/kg) as compared to R. norvegicus, which was sensitive to lower concentrations of warfarin (12.5 and 25 mg/kg bait). Addition of calciferol at different concentrations did not affect the toxicity of warfarin against R. norvegicus. However, with R. rattus calciferol (250–350 mg/kg) or warfarin (50 mg/kg bait), which individually produced partial mortality, in combination produced a complete kill besides accelerating death. Combination of higher dosages of calciferol with warfarin (1000 + 250 mg/kg bait) tested against both species showed no advantages, resulting in neither lower bait consumption nor speedier death, though individually the components gave complete kills.  相似文献   

3.

BACKGROUND

Resistance to rodenticides has been reported globally and poses a considerable problem for efficacy in pest control. The most-documented resistance to rodenticides in commensal rodents is associated with mutations in the Vkorc1 gene, in particular in codon 139. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides has been reported in the Netherlands since 1989. A study from 2013 showed that 25% of 169 Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) had a mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. To gain insight in the current status of rodenticide resistance amongst R. norvegicus and house mice Mus musculus in the Netherlands, we tested these rodents for mutations in codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. In addition, we collected data from pest controllers on their use of rodenticides and experience with rodenticide resistance.

RESULTS

A total of 1801 rodent samples were collected throughout the country consisting of 1404 R. norvegicus and 397 M. musculus. In total, 15% of R. norvegicus [95% confidence interval (CI): 13–17%] and 38% of M. musculus (95% CI: 33–43%) carried a genetic mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates genetic mutations at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene in M. musculus in the Netherlands. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides is present in R. norvegicus and M. musculus in multiple regions in the Netherlands. The results of this comprehensive study provide a baseline and facilitate trend analyses of Vkorc1 codon 139 mutations and evaluation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies as these are enrolled in the Netherlands. © 2022 The Dutch Pest and Wildlife. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

4.
During a product-performance test of 2% zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) steam-rolled-oat groats (11.2 kg ha−1) to control voles (Microtus spp) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), randomly located, brushed-dirt plots were used to assess broadcast distribution and removal/acceptance of placebo particles. Results showed that the Spyker® Model-75 Spreaders were calibrated adequately, with placebo baits broadcast uniformly onto plots [x ± SD = 3.5 (±2.7) groats 930 cm−1]. Acceptance of the placebos by voles increased rapidly – 28% and 60% by 24 h and 48 h post-broadcast, respectively. Analyses of variance confirmed the uniformity (non-significance) of particles broadcast among enclosures/plots and the significantly greater removal/acceptance of placebos across days. This technique affords an objective decision-making tool for applicators and researchers applying Zn3P2 baits in field situations – an objective technique of assessing pre-bait acceptance that should improve efficacy of the rodenticide. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

5.
Data of a pest control business was used to study infestation with the brown, or Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769]) in the City of Magdeburg for the year 1999. Swarms of rats were found to live all over the territory of the city. Blocks of residential buildings erected during G. D. R. times and, more specifically, their basements were noted to be focal sites of infestation with rats. The problem of rats living in the sewerage system of the city turned out to be unresolved. Detailed reference is made to rodenticides and active substances as well as to control strategies. The priority given to economical issues over the application of scientific findings is considered to be the decisive factor which accounts for the needs in the extermination of rats.   相似文献   

6.
BACKGROUND: The tyrosine to cysteine amino acid substitution at location 139 of the vkorc1 protein (i.e. tyrosine139cysteine or Y139C) is the most widespread anticoagulant resistance mutation in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) in Europe. Field trials were conducted to determine the incidence of the Y139C mutation at two rat‐infested farms in Westphalia, Germany, and to estimate the practical efficacy against them of applications, using a pulsed baiting treatment regime, of a proprietary bait (Klerat?) containing 0.005% brodifacoum. RESULTS: DNA analysis for the Y139C mutation showed that resistant rats were prevalent at the two farms, with an incidence of 80.0 and 78.6% respectively. Applications of brodifacoum bait achieved results of 99.2 and 100.0% control at the two farms, when measured by census baiting, although the treatment was somewhat prolonged at one site, possibly owing to the abundance of attractive alternative food. CONCLUSION: The study showed that 0.005% brodifacoum bait is fully effective against Norway rats possessing the Y139C mutation at the Münsterland focus and is likely to be so elsewhere in Europe where this mutation is found. The pulsed baiting regime reduced to relatively low levels the quantity of bait required to control these two substantial resistant Norway rat infestations. Previous studies had shown much larger quantities of bromadiolone and difenacoum baits used in largely ineffective treatments against Y139C resistant rats in the Münsterland. These results should be considered when making decisions about the use of anticoagulants against resistant Norway rats and their potential environmental impacts. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

7.
Data of a pest control business was used to study infestation with the brown, or Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769]) in the City of Magdeburg for the year 1999. Swarms of rats were found to live all over the territory of the city. Blocks of residential buildings erected during G. D. R. times and, more specifically, their basements were noted to be focal sites of infestation with rats. The problem of rats living in the sewerage system of the city turned out to be unresolved. Detailed reference is made to rodenticides and active substances as well as to control strategies. The priority given to economical issues over the application of scientific findings is considered to be the decisive factor which accounts for the needs in the extermination of rats.  相似文献   

8.
Rattus norvegicus and Mus domesticus are the only significant commensal rodents in Britain, though Rattus rattus is also present in a few places. R. norvegicus is by far the most important pest of agriculture. No recent quantitative information is available on the status of rodent infestation, damage or control, though these are generally considered to be satisfactory and to have altered little in the last few years. In particular, there seem to be no infestation problems of practical significance that cannot be adequately resolved by currently available control techniques. Recent developments of practical interest include the occurrence of rodent damage to the plastic bags in which big bale silage is preserved, low-grade resistance to difenacoum in R. norvegicus in one locality, and the continued introduction of improved rodenticides. New legislation has been introduced giving government comprehensive powers over the use of pesticides, under which rodenticides must now be assessed for safety, efficacy and humaneness. Responsibility for research, training and extension in rodent control has largely been devolved to the private, academic and local government sectors, with central government now undertaking these activities only on a commercial basis. The nature and significance of these changes is discussed.  相似文献   

9.
Ten types of plant baits were tested in the laboratory to assess their capacity to detect pathogenic Pythium species. These were orange tree leaves, tomato leaves, pepper leaves, geranium leaves, Bermuda grass leaves, pine needles, immature carnation petals, hemp-seed cotyledons, pepper and cucumber fruits. The Pythium spp. tested were P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare and Pythium group F from hydroponic market garden crops in the Poniente region of Almería (south-east Spain). The test consisted of observing the velocity at which five baits were colonized and the day of colonization of the first bait. Results indicated that the slowest baits to be infected were immature carnation petals and pine needles. These two, together with Bermuda grass leaves, were also the baits infected in lowest number, such that practically no further infection was produced in the baits after the fifth day of contact with the inoculated water. The other plant baits tested were equally suitable for detection of Pythium spp. over the first two days, although only orange leaves and hemp-seed cotyledons were infected on the first day.  相似文献   

10.
Widespread use of warfarin, and other multiple-dose anticoagulants, selected populations of warfarin-resistant rodents in the UK and in other countries. The effectiveness of rodent control was dramatically reduced when the resistant animals formed a large proportion of a population. The second-generation anticoagulants were developed to overcome these practical control problems with warfarin and were considered to be effective rodenticides against warfarin-resistant populations. In the UK, however, difenacoum showed reduced efficacy for controlling an established warfarin-resistant Rattus norvegicus population covering a substantial area of farmland in southern England. Continued use of difenacoum selected for difenacoum-resistant animals, so that the rodenticide is now ineffective for controlling rats in three counties. Brodifacoum was subsequently used to control some infestations and there is evidence that these treatments selected for animals with an increased level of resistance to brodifacoum. Anticoagulant resistance in Mus domesticus is less of a practical problem because of the availability of non-anticoagulant rodenticides for the control of this species. There is evidence, however, of bromadiolone resistance in M. domesticus trapped on farms in the UK. Recent investigations of the mechanism of anticoagulant resistance in R. norvegicus have indicated that vitamin K3 (menadione) is an antidote to anticoagulants in resistant animals. This form of the vitamin is included as a dietary supplement in poultry and pig food and would aid the survival, and therefore increase the selection, of resistant animals when anticoagulants are used exclusively.  相似文献   

11.
作者于1980年3～4月和7～8月间,在青海省天峻县和门源县草甸草原牧场进行了新杀鼠剂大隆杀灭我国西北草原主要害鼠—高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)、中华鼢鼠(Myospalax fontanieri kukunoriensis)的试验研究。大隆对鼠兔的LD_(50)为0.1380mg/kg(0.1192～0.1568mg/kg),对鼢鼠的LD_(50)为0.4388mg/kg(0.2742～0.7022mg/kg)。 0.015％、0.030％和0.060％三种浓度大隆毒饵对鼠兔的现场灭效均达90％以上。一系列试验证明,大隆对草原害鼠的毒力强,使用浓度低,适口性好,无明显的耐药性,对天敌的危害性小。作者认为大隆可以应用于草原灭鼠,并可能有较好的前景。  相似文献   

12.
The toxicity of magnesium ammonium arsenate (MAA), in combination-with various reducing and acid producing agents, was tested against the species of R. norvegicus (albino Wistar strain) and R. rattus (roof rat) by forced feeding and ad libitum methods under the conditions of cage and rattery (where seminatural conditions prevailed). The results obtained indicated that sodium sulphite and urea among reducing agents and histidine among the gastric acid producing agents increased the toxicity of MAA both in terms of higher mortality and decreased time of death when compared to controls.  相似文献   

13.
Wireworms of Agriotes lineatus, A. obscurus, A. sputator and A. sordidus were exposed to insecticide treated soil using two different control methods. One method consisted of a spray application of insecticides at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 300 g a.i. per ha. The other method consisted of a bait treatment at doses of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 g a.i. per ha. Four insecticides were tested: fipronil and the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and clothianidin. In the soil treatment trial, chlorpyrifos was added as a reference treatment. The two test methods were conducted at different dates on the various species, but in equally controlled conditions. Mortality was observed after one and two (bait treatment) or three (soil treatment) weeks of exposure. Fipronil was highly lethal to each of the wireworm species tested, regardless of the method used. In general, mortality was higher compared to the neonicotinoids tested, the latter showing low or no mortality at the given dose and exposure variants. Applying fipronil in a bait formulation may decrease the amount of active ingredient per ha considerably, therefore baits may have important environmental benefits.  相似文献   

14.
An area of 50 feddans cultivated with soybeans was treated withBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) baits againstAgrotis ypsilon and 60 feddans were sprayed withB.t. spray againstSpodoptera littoralis. WhenB.t. baits were used, the percentage of kill ofA. ypsilon reached 96.1–96.4% compared to 97.4–98% kill on using hostathion baits. WhenB.t. was sprayed againstS. littoralis, a percentage of larval kill 88.3% was obtained. This increased to 97.3% after the second application. On the other hand, the precentage of kill reached 96.8% when lannate was sprayed once. The average yield was 1.54 tons/fed. whenB.t. was sprayed twice againstS. littoralis and 1.42 tons/fed. when sprayed once. Areas, treated with lannate gave 1.44 tons/fed., while in the untreated area the yield was comparatively low being 0.83 tons/fed.Mith 4 tables  相似文献   

15.
DDT residues in or on the roots and leaves of the herbage and the roots, bark, leaves and fruit of the trees are given for an apple orchard sprayed annually (1953–1969). The distribution of DDT in both the grass and the grass roots was in circular areas of residues, with maximum values at each trunk and decreasing radially to each alley. Of the spray applied at the green cluster stage 80% was deposited on the grass sward and very little, if any, directly on the soil surface. The pp′-DDT content of the grass fell rapidly with successive mowings (from which the cuttings remained in situ) from 400 μg/g at spraying to 2 μg/g after nine months. 33 g/ha pp′-DDT was found in the herbage roots (0.87% of the total residues in the soil). The residues in the bark (87.5 g/ha) were much lower than expected after 13 years spray application. There were increased amounts of pp′-DDE, pp′-TDE and pp′-TDEE relative to pp′-DDT, indicating some breakdown on the bark, but the chief losses were attributed to volatilisation and to removal by wind and rain. The residue content of root bark varied from 3 μg/g near the emerging trunk to 0.05 μg/g at a depth of 90 cm. The pp′-DDT content of leaves at leaf fall rose from <1 ng/g after a single spring spray to 8.33 μg/g following an additional spray in late June. There was a large loss of DDT from the canopy between the June spray and leaf fall (440–480 g/ha down to 25 g/ha), attributed to volatilisation. The amount of pp′-DDT on the fruit, after a single spray, was 3 ng/g fresh weight (80.9 mg/ha out of a total of 1.0–1.5 kg/ha used).  相似文献   

16.
Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are among the most common vertebrates often becoming a major pest in urban environments. Managing rat populations is difficult, given the complex behaviours these murids can display. To help improve local control, we studied the response of wild rats to bait stations comparing baits placed on three different kinds of surfaces (on the ground, on trays and in bait stations) near burrows. We show that rats neither avoided nor preferred any tray type in particular – the latency to pick up the food pellet from the ground did not differ from the latency to pick it up from trays. However, the latency to pick the food pellet was significantly higher when food was placed in bait stations. We conclude that for effective administration of toxic baits, common bait stations are not the most effective method and should be used only in cases when placing baits directly on the ground or on a tray poses a threat to other animals and humans.  相似文献   

17.
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped in a low-income housing area in Raleigh, North Carolina, and on a poultry farm in Garner, North Carolina, manifested high levels of resistance to warfarin in laboratory tests. Of the rats tested, 59.1 and 91.7% from the Raleigh and Garner trap sites, respectively, survived a 6-day no-choice test of a diet containing 0.005 % warfarin. The warfarin-resistant rats were subsequently given a choice of a 0.005% brodifacoum bait and a placebo diet. Of 27 rats, 19 died after a 3-day test. Survivors had consumed significantly less brodifacoum (0.1 < P > 0.05) than those that died, but the survivors also died when subjected to an additional 1-day no-choice test of the brodifacoum bait. Field trials, in which warfarin-resistant rats in four poultry houses were fed with poison bait for 14–16 days with 0.005% brodifacoum in a pelletised bait (‘Talon’), resulted in 87–99 % control being achieved.  相似文献   

18.
为评价转Bt基因水稻对野生啮齿类动物的影响,以野生褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus为试验对象,分别饲喂转cry1Ab/1Ac基因水稻华恢1号(HH1)及其亲本非转基因水稻明恢63(MH63),通过取食选择试验及110 d连续饲喂试验,测定转基因水稻对褐家鼠取食量、体重及器官的影响。结果显示,野生褐家鼠雌鼠日平均取食MH63和HH1分别为5.52 g和5.37 g,雄鼠日平均取食分别为7.00 g和6.52 g,在选择取食MH63和HH1稻谷上无显著差异;在连续饲喂试验的不同时期,褐家鼠体重及每日取食稻谷量在对照组与试验组间均无显著差异;饲喂试验结束后解剖观察,褐家鼠脾脏、肾脏、肾上腺,雌性卵巢和子宫以及雄性睾丸、附睾和储精囊的绝对重量及相对重量在对照组与试验组间均无显著差异。研究表明,与MH63相比,转cry1Ab/1Ac基因水稻对野生褐家鼠的取食、体重以及主要器官均无显著性影响。  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Different mechanical cultivations and herbicide treatments were compared for controlling Ischaemum afrum in a heavily infested fallow area. Of the mechanical cultivations, disc ploughing to a depth of more than 15 cm, following removal of tufts and watering, was found very effective (83% reduction). Incorporated pre-emergence triluralin (1.90 kg a.i./ha) alone or in tank mixtures with oxadiazon (0.95 + 0.95 kg a.i./ha) was also found promising (79 and 76% reduction respectively). Three applications of dalapon (8.09 kg a.i./ha), as post-emergence, at two weekly intervals or two applications followed by another application at 4.05 kg a.i./ha gave almost complete eradication of Ischaemum afrum seedlings for about 12 weeks (99% reduction).  相似文献   

20.
Different methods had to be developed in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) for the control of the fossorial and the aquatic form of Arvicola terrestris. The fossorial form could be controlled on small areas by trapping but, on large areas where this is not feasible, satisfactory results were obtained by fumigation with carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. The latter was judged superior as it does not endanger man and proved relatively humane. Sound-emitting devices that were tested against fossorial A. terrestris showed no effect at all. To control the aquatic form, a floating poison-bait station was developed. It was tested with baits containing bromadiolone, chlorophacinone or calciferol during 2 years on an area of 300 ha. Best results were achieved with fresh carrots soaked with chlorophacinone. Careful checks of the area under investigation did not reveal any evidence of secondary poisoning of non-target species.  相似文献   

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