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1.
Dynamics of above‐ground and below‐ground biomass of Rumex crispus,Rumex obtusifolius and the new weedy species Rumex hybrid cv. OK‐2 (R. patientia x R. tianschanicus) in the seeding year 
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下载免费PDF全文 Docks can be serious weeds of arable land and permanent grasslands where they can persist through well‐established root systems. A Rumex hybrid (R. patientia x R. tianschanicus; cv. OK‐2, Uteusha) has been planted as a forage and energy crop since 2001 in Czechia and has now become a new weed species. As its ecological characteristics are unknown, there is a need for improved knowledge for developing control measures and strategies. In 2010 and 2011, we performed a tube pot experiment to investigate above‐ground and below‐ground biomass growth dynamics and below‐ground biomass allocation of Rumex OK‐2. We compared the hybrid with Rumex crispus and Rumex obtusifolius during the vegetation season in the seeding year. Above‐ground and below‐ground biomass of Rumex species tended to increase from July to September. In the seeding year, flowering was recorded only for one plant of Rumex OK‐2 and 27.5% of R. obtusifolius plants, whereas R. crispus did not flower. The proportion of below‐ground biomass of Rumex species in the upper 30 cm was about 70–80%. The growth dynamics and allocation of below‐ground biomass of Rumex OK‐2 were more like R. crispus than to R. obtusifolius. These similarities indicate the potential of Rumex OK‐2 to become a troublesome weedy species, comparable with R. crispus. 相似文献
2.
Michal Hejcman Lukáš Strnad Pavla Hejcmanová Vilém Pavlů 《Weed Biology and Management》2014,14(2):115-120
Rumex obtusifolius and Rumex crispus are problematic grassland weedy species, particularly under conditions of organic farming. They are avoided by cattle and horses, but they can be grazed by goats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of continuous goat grazing of moderate intensity on R. obtusifolius and R. crispus control. In 2008, 40 seedlings of each species were transplanted into pasture that was grazed by goats (crossbreed Czech white × Czech brown) on the target sward height of 7–10 cm. The number of leaves, proportion of grazed leaves and mortality of plants were monitored over the following 4 years. The number of leaves per plant was higher for R. obtusifolius than for R. crispus. The maximal number of leaves per plant of R. obtusifolius and R. crispus was 10 and 5, respectively. The proportion of grazed leaves was generally higher for R. obtusifolius than for R. crispus and ranged from 10% to 80%. No fertile plant was recorded during the experiment, as goat grazing totally prevented the flowering of both species. The level of mortality of the plants at the start of the fourth grazing season was 70% and 87% for R. obtusifolius and R. crispus, respectively, and no plant survived the fourth grazing season. It was concluded that continuous goat grazing of a moderate intensity that is carried out over 4 years seems to be an effective method for the non‐chemical control of R. obtusifolius and R. crispus in grassland. 相似文献
3.
A. HONGO 《Weed Research》1989,29(1):7-12
The survival and growth of seedlings of Rumex obtusifolius L. and Rumex crispus L. were investigated from 1982 to 1984. A sward was established by the sowing of seeds of Dactylis glomerata and Trifolium repens and managed under two cutting frequencies. Five hundred seeds of each Rumex species were sown m?2. The total number of emergent seedlings of each Rumex species over two seasons was 230–360 m?2. About 85% of them emerged within 3 months of sowing. Both Rumex species showed the same pattern of survivorship. Survival was clearly enhanced by frequent cutting during the second season. About 20% of the emerged plants survived through to the third season. Plants that emerged during the first season only flowered during the second season. The flowering percentage of total surviving plants was significantly higher in R. obtusifolius than in R. crispus. Rumex obtusifolius was higher in dry matter of aerial parts defoliated during the second season and more individual plants survived through to the third season than for R. crispus. Moreover, dry matter production of grass and clover was depressed by 25–30% in mixtures with R. obtusifolius. compared with production in mixtures with R. crispus. 相似文献
4.
Rumex species are important weeds in grasslands and on arable land. The Rumex hybrid (R. patienta × R. tianschanicus; cv. OK‐2, Uteusha) has been planted as a forage and energy crop since 2001 in the Czech Republic, but its ecological requirements and its potential to become a new weedy species have never been investigated. In 2010 and 2011, we performed a pot experiment to investigate the effect of none, one and two cuts per year on biomass production of Rumex OK‐2 and common broad‐leaved Rumex species (Rumex obtusifolius, R. crispus and R. alpinus). The higher cutting frequency can reduce the belowground biomass, but no effect on the aboveground biomass was detected. Flowering in the seeding year was recorded in only 50% of R. obtusifolius plants. Non‐flowering R. obtusifolius plants produced significantly more belowground biomass than flowering plants under no cutting or one cut treatments. The growth response of Rumex OK‐2 to different cutting treatments was very similar to R. crispus. These similarities indicate the weed potential of the hybrid to become a troublesome weedy species, similar to R. crispus. 相似文献
5.
The biology ofLixus bardanae (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) in northeastern Anatolia (Bayburt, Erzurum and Kars Provinces), Turkey, was studied during the years 2000 and 2001.L. bardanae completes one generation in a year, overwintering as an adult. It feeds on leaves of the host plant. Females lay eggs individually
into stems and the young larvae create galleries in stems while feeding. Pupation occurs inside stems in cells fashioned from
frass. In late September, adults move into soil and overwinter in an upright position around the roots of the host plant.
Infestation levels were found to range between 34% and 84%. Two parasitoids,Exeristes roborator F. andEndromopoda phragmitidis Perve (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), were reared fromL. bardanae.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 21, 2003. 相似文献
6.
亚洲玉米螟的寄主植物种类 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探明亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的寄主植物种类,对13科38种植物进行了田间笼罩接虫试验和室内生物测定,并通过组建实验种群生命表分析了不同寄主植物对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和繁殖的影响。田间试验结果表明,亚洲玉米螟寄主植物有8科20种,酸模叶蓼是最适宜寄主植物,其次为玉米、谷子、薏苡等;在酸模叶蓼、玉米等11种植物上还发现了第2代幼虫。室内试验结果表明,在室内饲养条件下,亚洲玉米螟能在9科25种寄主植物上完成生活史,其中以向日葵为寄主植物的亚洲玉米螟种群增长最快,其次为玉米。研究表明,亚洲玉米螟的寄主植物共有9科27种,较适宜寄主植物有酸模叶蓼、玉米、谷子、苍耳和葎草,其中在玉米上的生长发育和繁殖最佳。 相似文献
7.
Fresh root fragments of Rumex crispus and Rumex obtusifolius, which initially contain 65–70% moisture, progressively lose moisture when desiccated under conditions matching summer weather in southeast England. The likelihood of shoot emergence and the time it took in glasshouse conditions were both affected by desiccation, with R. crispus the most affected up to 48 hr and R. obtusifolius slower to emerge after 48 hr. These effects converged after longer desiccation periods, and R. crispus entirely failed to emerge after 120 hr. The dry weight of emerged shoots was not significantly different between the species until they were desiccated for 96 hr, after which R. obtusifolius dry weight was significantly reduced. In outdoor trials, desiccation for 24 or 48 hr had a lesser effect on emergence in either species when fragments were planted at the soil surface or at up to a depth of 10 cm, compared to deeper plantings, but emergence was significantly lower in plantings at 15 or 20 cm. Emergence delays were not significantly different between the species until they were planted at 15 or 20 cm, when R. obtusifolius was slower to emerge than R. crispus, an effect exacerbated by increasing desiccation. Similar interactions of increasing soil depth and desiccation were found in reductions in dry weight, number of tillers and leaf area, with R. obtusifolius generally, but not exclusively, better able to withstand more extreme trial conditions. Our findings suggest that control of these highly troublesome weeds can be assisted by appropriate agricultural practices, notably exposing cut fragments to drying conditions followed by deep burial. 相似文献
8.
为明确李树上新纪录害虫北亚脉扁蜂Neurotoma sibirica的生物学特性，通过田间调查和室内饲养观察，记述该虫的形态特征、生活史及生物学特性。结果表明，北亚脉扁蜂在吉林省吉林市1年发生1代，以老熟幼虫在树下5~15 cm深的土层中做土室越冬。每年4月中旬幼虫开始化蛹，5月上旬成虫羽化出土，5月中旬为成虫盛期，成虫产卵从5月上旬持续到5月下旬，单雌产卵量为13~43粒，卵期5~9 d。6月上旬为北亚脉扁蜂幼虫为害盛期，幼虫为6龄或7龄，幼虫期14~21 d，6月中、下旬老熟幼虫陆续入土越冬。北亚脉扁蜂幼虫在李、紫叶李、杏、榆叶梅4种寄主上均可完成发育，在自然条件下李树受害率可达100%，紫叶李树受害率为40%，杏树受害率为20%。北亚脉扁蜂天敌有龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、斯马蜂Polistes snelleni、日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus、2种姬蜂及1种病原菌。 相似文献
9.
A. HONGO 《Weed Research》1989,29(1):13-19
A transplant experiment was performed to compare the survivorship of Rumex obtusifolius L. and Rumex crispus L., and also to determine the environmental characteristics of grasslands seriously colonized with R. obtusifolius. One-month-old seedlings of each Rumex species were transplanted into three old reseeded swards with different infestation levels of R. obtusifolius plants. Rumex crispus was absent from all swards. Their survival was monitored at monthly intervals for 4 years (May 1982 to May 1986). The mortality of R. obtusifolius was greater in the third and fourth years in all swards, less than 2% of the phytometers being alive in the fifth spring. The number of R. crispus transplants declined more gradually in the course of the experiment and 4–24% of the phytometers still survived by the end of the experiment. This suggests that R. obtusifolius plants colonized in sown grasslands in the cool-climate region have a comparatively short life expectation of 3–4 years. Mortality rate, growth in size and flowering percentage tended to vary significantly between sites: higher in more productive swards. In years 2 and 3 there were seven-fold differences in mean dry matter weights of plants that produced an inflorescence and those that remained in a vegetative phase. The mortality of transplants was not size dependent in either Rumex species. Phytometers died at random irrespective of the individual sizes. 相似文献
10.
Abstract The mites attacking Important plants in the North Eastern Hill region of India were surveyed for 3 years from 1984. The mites recorded belonged to three families: Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae and Eriophidae. The most common and widely distributed species were Eutetranychus orientalis, Tetranychus telarius, Tetranychus cucurbitae and Brevipalpus phoenicis which attacked a number of vegetables and fruit trees. The total number of mite species recorded in Meghalaya were 10 on 28 plants, in Tripura 6 on 17 plants, in Manipur 5 on 14 plants, in Nagaland 3 on 7 plants, in Arunachal Pradesh 3 on 5 plants and Mizoram 3 on 6 plant species. 相似文献
11.
A. SLETTEN 《EPPO Bulletin》1989,19(1):69-72
In Norway seven different grass species were found to be attacked by Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis (bacterial wilt of forage grasses). Among these, Phleum pratense is the most susceptible and common host. Considerable damage may occur after long periods of hot and dry weather, while in cool and wet periods hardly any diseased plants are found. The pathogen may be identified by isolation and biochemical tests. Specific antibodies used in immunofluorescence and ELISA had a high degree of sensitivity and specificity against the target bacterium. The two methods were used for screening pure cultures and detecting bacteria directly in plant tissue extracts. Their application revealed the presence of low numbers of bacteria in symptomless plants and a discontinuous distribution within the plant. 相似文献
12.
Host plant preference of the Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) was studied on 11 cultivars of 9 plant species: winter barley, spring barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, oat, Triticale, canary grass, red millet yellow millet and maize. Seeds of the host plants were sown in a circle near the edge of pots. The host plant choice was evaluated 24 hours after releasing 55 Diuraphis noxia female adults in the middle of each pot. The suitability of different hosts for aphid development was evaluated 2, 7 and 14 days after infestation based on the mean number of Russian wheat aphid individuals per plant. Red millet, yellow millet and maize were chosen by significantly fewer aphids than grain crops. Winter and spring barley were chosen as hosts most frequently, and the progeny production was also the highest on these plants. The growth rate of D. noxia was significantly affected by the host plants and the date of assessment and their interaction. 相似文献
13.
We investigated the suitability of six mealybug species, namely Phenacoccus solenopsis, Saccharicoccus sacchari, Paracoccus marginatus, Drosicha mangiferae, Nipaecoccus viridis and Ferrisia virgata as hosts to Aenasius arizonensis ( = Aenasius bambawalei). The study was conducted to ascertain a viable parasitic relationship between a parasitoid species and different mealybug hosts. Successful parasitization, complete development of immature stages within the host and adult emergence was observed only in P. solenopsis, whereas, other mealybug species were not found suitable as hosts by the parasitoid in both choice and no-choice tests. The development studies of A. arizonensis on P. solenopsis showed that the mean duration from oviposition to mummy formation was 6.13 days, while, from mummy formation to adult emergence, it was 5.43 and 7.05 days for male and female, respectively. The total development period from oviposition to adult emergence was 11.28 days for males and 13.13 days for females. Female adults (19.96 days) live longer as compared to male adults (7.83 days). Among different mealybug species, P. solenopsis was observed to be the only ecological and fundamental host of A. arizonensis. 相似文献
14.
Rumex crispus L. and R. obtusifolius L. were infected by the rust fungus Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. Infections caused severe damage to R. crispus. Rusted plants always had a reduced number of leaves and the significant loss of dry weight of roots and leaves amounted to a minimum of 55% compared with controls. Less damage was caused to R. obtusifolilus, but a significant loss of root and leaf dry weight was also observed. These findings support earlier suggestions in the literature that U. rumicis may be able to play a role in controlling docks, which are common weeds in pastures. Effets pathogènes de la rouille Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. sur Rumex crispus L. et Rumex obtusifolius L. Des Rumex crispus L. et R. obtusifolius L. ont été infectés par la rouille Uromyces rumicis (Schum) Wint. Les infections ont provoqué des dommages importants chez R. crispus. Les plantes infectées avaient toujours un nombre de feuilles réduit, et subissaient au niveau des racines et des feuilles une perte significative de poids sec d'au moins 55% par rapport aux témoins. Les dommages subis par R. obtusifoliusétaient moins importants, mais une perte significative de poids sec des racines et des feuilles a également été observée. Ces résultats confirment la possibilité déjä suggérée dans la littérature que U. rumicis peut être capable de jouer un rôle dans le contrôle des Rumex, qui sont des mauvaises herbes communes dans les prairies. Ueber Schäden an Rumex crispus L. und R. obtusifolius L., verursacht durch den Rostpilz Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. Rumex crispus L. und R. obtusifolius L. wurden mit dem Rostpilz Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. infiziert. Die Infektionen verursachten an R. crispus starke Schädigungen. Befallene Pflanzen wiesen eine reduzierte Anzahl Blätter auf. Die signifikante Verringerung des Trockengewichtes von Wurzeln und Blättern betrug mindestens 55% im Vergleich zu unbefallenen Kontrollen. An R. obtusifolius waren die Schäden geringer; aber auch in diesem Fall wurde eine signifikante Reduktion der Trockengewichte von Wurzeln und Blättern beobachtet. Diese Befunde bestätigen frühere Literaturangaben, wonach U. rumicis bei der Bekämpfung von Rumex-Arten, die verbreitete Unkräuter auf Weiden sind, eine Rolle spielen könnte. 相似文献
15.
Areas surrounding the glasshouses of 60 growers, and 16 plant markets, were surveyed in 2001/2003 to determine the distribution of dipterous leafminers in Lithuania, including regulated species. In total, 152 species belonging to 7 families were discovered, and the infested host plants represented 46 families. The relative frequency of Liriomyza bryoniae was 32% in the vicinity of glasshouses and 19% in market places. This species attacked plant genera such as: Amaranthus, Beta, Bryonia, Chenopodium, Cucumis, Datura, Gypsophila, Lycopersicon, Nicandra, Nicotiana, Physalis, Petunia, Sisymbrium, Solanum, Spinacia and Viola. The same plant genera also potentially provide sites for the survival of economically important species, Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza trifolii, in Lithuania. 相似文献
16.
Abstract Tests were made using coloured sticky traps to determine trap efficacy in catching adult Myndus crudus Van Duzee (Homoptera, Cixiidae) under field conditions. Blue traps caught more M. crudus adults than any of the other colour traps tested. Blue traps caught adults of both sexes during the day and night although significantly more adults were caught during the day. A sampling bias was shown in that blue traps caught significantly more males than expected from the field population. Blue sticky traps were more effective at sampling adult M. crudus populations than previous sampling techniques based on host plant attractiveness and should be considered for use in future sampling. 相似文献
17.
P. Abad A. Prez M. C. Marqus M. J. Vicente B. D. Bruton J. García‐Jimnez 《EPPO Bulletin》2000,30(2):199-204
One of the most important disease complexes of melon in Spain has been referred to as collapse, sudden wilt or vine decline. Acremonium cucurbitaceaum and Plectosphaerella cucumerina (anamorph Plectosporium tabacinum) are two of the fungi implicated in this disease complex. Genetic diversity among populations of these two plant pathogens has been approached by the assessment of vegetative compatibility using nitrate non‐utilizing auxotrophs. In A. cucurbitacearum, with a host range limited to Cucurbitaceae and found in Spain and USA (California and Texas), 10 vegetative compatibility groups have been identified. Plectosphaerella cucumerina has worldwide distribution and wide plant‐host range. From a collection of P. cucumerina isolates with different plant and geographical origins, only four pairs have developed complementary heterokaryons when pairings of phenotypically distinct nit mutants (nit× NitM) were conducted. Each of the four vegetative compatibility groups consists of two members with close geographical origin and all the isolates were from diseased melon plants. Of the remaining P. cucumerina isolates, two did not produce nit mutants, two were self‐incompatible and the others were vegetatively incompatible among themselves, suggesting that this fungal species may have wide genetic diversity in nature. 相似文献
18.
Plant-induced germination of Plasmodiophora brassicae resting spores was studied in a laboratory experiment. Spore reaction was analysed in nutrient solution with exudates from
growing roots of different plant species – one host plant (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis) and four non-host plants (Lolium perenne, Allium porrum, Secale cereale and Trifolium pratense) – and in controls with distilled water and nutrient solution. It was found that root exudates from L. perenne stimulated spore germination more than exudates from the other plants, including those from the host plant. The effect could
not be explained by differences in the nutritional composition of the solutions due to differential uptake of the plant species,
or by differences in root activity, measured as exudation of soluble sugars. This is the first time such a separation of factors
has been done in analysing the influence of plants on P. brassicae germination. Although stimulation of P. brassicae resting spore germination is not restricted to the presence of host plants, it seems to vary depending on the plant species. 相似文献
19.
This paper deals with the influence of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on the pupal and adult stages of Apanteles plutellae Kurd. (Hym., Braconidae) and its host, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae). The results show that mortalities of the pupae of P. xylostella in the direct-dip bioassay were 84.67%, that of the adults in the residue bioassay at 1.2500mg/ml concentration of GCSC-BtA were 78.00% which were significantly higher than the mortality values for the pupae with 54.62% and adults with 48.13% of A. plutellae. In contrast, cypermethrin showed extremely high toxicity to the pupae with 94.58% and adults with 86.00% mortality values of A. plutellae as compared to the low mortality values of 42.14% for the pupae and 32.11% for the adults of P. xylostella, with the same concentrations and bioassay methods. The LC50 values of GCSC-BtA were 0.3402, 0.5516 and 1.2405, 1.9480mg/ml for the pupae and adults of P. xylostella and A. plutellae, respectively, while the LC50 values for cypermethrin were 1.5652, 2.3471 and 0.1096, 0.1152mg/ml, respectively. GCSC-BtA was found more toxic to the pupae and adults of P. xylostella and safer to the pupae and adults of A. plutellae than cypermethrin. The possibilty of using GCSC-BtA against P. xylostella under partial control by A. plutellae in vegetable fields is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Phap Q. Trinh Wim M. L. Wesemael Sy T. T. Nguyen Chau N. Nguyen Maurice Moens 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,130(1):45-57
The pathogenicity and reproductive fitness of Pratylenchus coffeae and Radopholus arabocoffeae from Vietnam on coffee (Coffea arabica) seedlings cv. Catimor were evaluated in greenhouse experiments. The effect of initial population densities (Pi = 0, 1, 2,
4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 nematodes per cm3 soil) was studied for both species at different days after inoculation (dai). The data were adjusted to the Seinhorst damage
model Y = m + (1-m).zPi-T. Tolerance limit (T) for P. coffeae was zero for the height and the diameter of the coffee plants. For the diameter, the T-value for R. arabocoffeae was 25.6 for 30 and 60 dai and 12.8 for 90 and 120 dai. After 4 months T was zero. The low tolerance limits indicate that
Arabica coffee is highly intolerant to both nematode species. At the end of the experiment (180 dai), all plants were infected
and most were dead when inoculated with R. arabocoffeae at initial densities of 32, 64, 128 and 256 nematodes/cm3 soil. For P. coffeae plant death was already observed at the lowest inoculation densities. Growth of coffee was reduced at all inoculation levels
for both species. Pratylenchus coffeae and R. arabocoffeae caused intense darkening of the roots, leaf chlorosis and a strong reduction of root and shoot growth. It was observed that
P. coffeae mainly destroyed lateral roots rather than tap roots, whereas R. arabocoffeae reduced tap root length rather than the lateral roots. At the lowest inoculum densities, the reproduction factor of P. coffeae was 2.38 and 2.01 for R. arabocoffeae, indicating that arabica coffee is a host for both species. Plant growth as expressed by shoot height and shoot and root
weight measured 60 dai was negatively correlated with nematode (both species) density as expressed by the geometric mean of
nematode numbers at 30 and 60 dai. 相似文献