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1.
J. M. Waller 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):402-408
Abstract Nearly 500 samples taken from banana and over 30 other crops in the Windward Islands revealed the presence of 31 species of plant parasitic nematodes. The most common were: Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Xiphinema vulgare. A review of the plant parasitic nematodes recorded from the Windward Islands is given and the more important species are discussed. Details of banana nematode control are given. 相似文献
2.
Only two plant parasitic nematode species have practical importance in potato crops in Poland. They are Ditylenchus destructor and Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1. Control of D. destructor is done permanently by the elimination of infested seed potatoes and sowing of cereals in the infested fields. Damage to potatoes is observed rather seldom. G. rostochiensis is widely distributed throughout Poland. It is controlled by non-host crops and by resistant potato cultivars. Chemical control of potato nematodes is not put into practice in Poland. 相似文献
3.
Abstract Brassicaceae plants have the potential as part of an integrated approach to replace fumigant nematicides, providing the biofumigation response following their incorporation is not offset by reproduction of plant-parasitic nematodes on their roots. Forty-three Brassicaceae cultivars were screened in a pot trial for their ability to reduce reproduction of three root-knot nematode isolates from north Queensland, Australia: M. arenaria (NQ1), M. javanica (NQ2) and M. arenaria race 2 (NQ5/7). No cultivar was found to consistently reduce nematode reproduction relative to forage sorghum, the current industry standard, although a commercial fodder radish (Raphanus sativus) and a white mustard (Sinapis alba) line were consistently as resistant to the formation of galls as forage sorghum. A second pot trial screened five commercially available Brassicaceae cultivars, selected for their biofumigation potential, for resistance to two nematode species, M. javanica (NQ2) and M. arenaria (NQ5/7). The fodder radish cv. Weedcheck, was found to be as resistant as forage sorghum to nematode reproduction. A multivariate cluster analysis using the resistance measurements, gall index, nematode number per g of root and multiplication for two nematode species (NQ2 and NQ5/7) confirmed the similarity in resistance between the radish cultivar and forage sorghum. A field trial confirmed the resistance of the fodder radish cv. Weedcheck, with a similar reduction in the number of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles recovered from the roots 8 weeks after planting. The use of fodder radish cultivars as biofumigation crops to manage root-knot nematodes in tropical vegetable production systems deserves further investigation. 相似文献
4.
D. J. F. BROWN 《EPPO Bulletin》1989,19(3):453-461
The transmission of plant viruses by nematodes is remarkable in involving only two distinct groups of viruses, nepo viruses and tobraviruses, and being limited to longidorid, Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus nematodes respectively. Tobraviruses and their associated vector nematodes are not discussed here. Only 11 of the 36 described nepoviruses are transmitted by nematodes, and 6 of these 11 viruses are present in Europe naturally associated with 8 virus-vector longidorids. Specific relationships exist between the serologically distinct viruses and their vector nematode species. Specificity is largely determined by the virus coat protein and by an inherited ability of the nematode to retain virus particles at specific sites within its oesophagus. This specific relationship can be quite subtle, extending to populations of vector nematodes and also to virus isolates which apparently are serologically indistinguishable. Several serological and/or symptomatological variants of nepoviruses may be present at a field site in association with one or more vector nematode species. The exposure of different crops and new cultivars to these virus and vector combinations will probably result in the occurrence of further nematode-transmitted virus diseases. New methods for suppressing damage to crops caused by these diseases are required including the likely use of transgenic resistant cultivars. 相似文献
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Damage caused by nematodes is one of the limiting factors in crop production. Traditional nematode management is based on
the use of crop rotations, resistant cultivars, nematicides, or combinations of these methods. For a crop like peanut (Arachis hypogaea), cultivars resistant to root-knot nematodes are not available. There are soybean (Glycine max) cultivars resistant to some of the species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); however, most fields have nematode infestations composed of mixtures of species. Research at Auburn has shown that
tropical crops can be used effectively in rotation to manage nematode problems. Rotations with American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana), castor (Ricinus communis), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta), partridge pea (Cassia fasciculata), sesame (Sesamum indicum), and velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana) have resulted in good nematode control and increased yields of peanut and soybean. Some crops (castor, sesame) are considered
‘active’ in that they produce compounds that are nematicidal, whereas others (e.g. corn, sorghum) are simply non-host, that is, ‘passive’. 相似文献
7.
To help banana growers to decide when to apply nematicide, economic thresholds were determined for tropical north Queensland, subtropical south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales, Australia. This was done by monitoring nematode populations, root damage and growth parameters of bunching pseudostems in several commercial crops for several years. There was no significant consistent change in the disease index in consecutive years in any of the regions, although there was great variation between crops. However, on two crops in the tropics, the disease index of roots increased. To reduce the risk of not applying nematicide when required, the economic threshold was adjusted down to allow for this increase on some crops. In the tropics with a crop value of $25 000 ha?1 year?1, the economic threshold occurred at a root disease index = 9.2-15.6. In the subtropics with a crop value of $10 000-15 000, the economic threshold occurred at a root disease index = 20.5-35.5. In the subtropics, Radopholus similis (burrowing nematode) was as pathogenic as Pratylenchus goodeyi (lesion nematode) as measured by root necrosis. However, both nematodes were less pathogenic in the subtropics than was R. similis in the tropics. In the subtropics, R. similis tended to be more numerous in warmer months and P. goodeyi in cooler months. 相似文献
8.
J. Nykyri X. Fang F. Dorati R. Bakr M. Pasanen O. Niemi E. T. Palva R. W. Jackson M. Pirhonen 《Plant pathology》2014,63(4):747-757
Bacterial soft rot is a globally significant plant disease that causes major losses in the production of many popular crops, such as potato. Little is known about the dispersal and ecology of soft‐rot enterobacteria, and few animals have been identified as vectors for these pathogens. This study investigates whether soil‐living and bacterial‐feeding nematodes could act as vectors for the dispersal of soft‐rot enterobacteria to plants. Soft‐rot enterobacteria associated with nematodes were quantified and visualized through bacterial enumeration, GFP‐tagging, and confocal and electron scanning microscopy. Soft‐rot enterobacteria were able to withstand nematode grazing, colonize the gut of Caenorhabditis elegans and subsequently disperse to plant material while remaining virulent. Two nematode species were also isolated from a rotten potato sample obtained from a potato storage facility in Finland. Furthermore, one of these isolates (Pristionchus sp. FIN‐1) was shown to be able to disperse soft‐rot enterobacteria to plant material. The interaction of nematodes and soft‐rot enterobacteria seems to be more mutualistic rather than pathogenic, but more research is needed to explain how soft‐rot enterobacteria remain viable inside nematodes. 相似文献
9.
Yam tuber dry rot caused by Scutellonema bradys results in the reduction of tuber quality. Studies were conducted on the effect of intercropping cover crops with yams on nematode damage to tubers. Eleven cover crops were intercropped with yams in pot screen house and field experiments. Plants were inoculated with S. bradys in water suspension in pots and by incorporating infected yam peels into soil around plant roots in field experiments with un-inoculated plants serving as control. The experiments were factorial with six replications per treatment in pot and four in field experiments. In pot experiments, populations of S. bradys recovered from tubers and nematode damage were lower in yam tubers intercropped with Tagetes erecta, Aeschynomene histrix, Stylosanthes guianensis, Mucuna pruriens and Pueraria phaseoloides compared to where no cover crops were intercropped with yams. Conversely, S. bradys populations from pots with Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria juncea, Centrosema pubescens, Cajanus cajan and Lablab purpureus were similar to Vigna unguiculata, a known host of S. bradys. The use of A. histrix, T. erecta and S. guianensis, M. pruriens and P. phaseoloides offers promise for inclusion in yam-based cropping systems as a measure for S. bradys management in yam production. 相似文献
10.
Meidani Christianna Giannoutsou Eleni Telioglanidis Konstantinos Ntalli Nikoletta G. Adamakis Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2021,161(4):987-992
The nematode species Meloidogyne incognita infects a large variety of cultivated crops and is one of nature’s most notorious pests. One cultivated plant which is prone to M. incognita infestation is the tomato. Knowing that in A. thaliana the PIN auxin efflux transporters distribution is being altered upon early invasion by M. incognita, the PIN1 allocation patterns in the giant cells of tomato plants after 15 and 25 days of infection were investigated. PIN1 was absent from the giant cells’ membrane in both assessment timings examined, indicating the maintenance of a local auxin maxima, which was also supported by IAA immunodetection. PIN1 distribution pattern could be attributed on either the nematodes nutritional needs throughout its life cycle or due to the tomato plants differential responses upon M. incognita infection.
相似文献11.
V. R. Correa V. S. Mattos M. R. A. Almeida M. F. A. Santos M. S. Tigano P. Castagnone‐Sereno R. M. D. G. Carneiro 《Plant pathology》2014,63(2):476-483
Meloidogyne ethiopica is an important nematode pathogen causing serious economic damage to grapevine in Chile. In Brazil, M. ethiopica has been detected with low frequency in kiwifruit and other crops. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the intraspecific genetic variability of M. ethiopica isolates from Brazil and Chile using AFLP and RAPD markers and to develop a species‐specific SCAR‐PCR assay for its diagnosis. Fourteen isolates were obtained from different geographic regions or host plants. Three isolates of an undescribed Meloidogyne species and one isolate of M. ethiopica from Kenya were included in the analysis. The results showed a low level of diversity among the M. ethiopica isolates, regardless of their geographical distribution or host plant origin. The three isolates of Meloidogyne sp. showed a high homogeneity and clustered separately from M. ethiopica (100% bootstrap). RAPD screenings of M. ethiopica allowed the identification of a differential DNA fragment that was converted into a SCAR marker. Using genomic DNA from pooled nematodes as a template, PCR amplification with primers designed from this species‐specific SCAR produced a fragment of 350 bp in all 14 isolates of M. ethiopica tested, in contrast with other species tested. This primer pair also allowed successful amplification of DNA from single nematodes, either juveniles or females and when used in multiplex PCR reactions containing mixtures of other root‐knot nematode species, thus showing the sensitivity of the assay. Therefore, the method developed here has potential for application in routine diagnostic procedures. 相似文献
12.
R. T. Gahukar 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):415-420
Abstract During recent years, blister beetles have gained importance in species diversity and as pests of food crops in West Africa. Among the 97 species reported, Psalydolytta fusca Oliv, and P. vestita Duf. are economically important beetle species. Beetle abundance is generally associated with the flowering of crops in a region. Regular intensive weeding and early crop establishment are recommended for pest management in food crops. Global pest control strategies are discussed in the context of subsistence agriculture. 相似文献
13.
近年水稻主要线虫病害的研究进展 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
目前,以拟禾谷根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola、水稻干尖线虫Aphelenchoide besseyi、水稻潜根线虫Hirschmanniella oryzae、水稻茎线虫Ditylenchus angustus和旱稻孢囊线虫Heterodera elachista为主的水稻寄生线虫侵染水稻以及其它禾本科作物引致的线虫病害,已造成了严重的经济损失。近年来,对拟禾谷根结线虫的致病机制和寄主的防御机制等方面的研究已取得了显著进展,但对其它水稻寄生线虫与寄主互作机制的研究还存在较大空白。水稻寄生线虫的防治多依赖化学农药,抗性品种和生物防治等措施的实施存在一定的局限性。本文对上述5种主要水稻寄生线虫病的发生为害、致病机制以及防治方法等进行了综述,并对水稻寄生线虫致病机理的研究以及抗性品种、生物防治和诱导化合物的应用进行了探讨。 相似文献
14.
J. O. Babatola 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):256-265
Abstract In a survey of plant parasitic nematodes associated with or affecting rice throughout Nigeria, some important nematode pests, especially the white tip disease nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi and the rice root nematodes Hirschmanniella spinicaudata and H. oryzae were identified from seed, soil and root samples from swamp rice fields respectively. The sugarcane cyst nematode, Heterodera sacchari occurred in swamp rice fields only around the major sugarcane estates in Nigeria. The root‐knot Meloidogyne incognita and the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus brachyurus were also encountered in upland (rainfed) rice fields. The white tip disease nematode, A. besseyi occurred at low levels in soils and rice seeds throughout the country. High population levels of H. spinicaudata and H. oryzae were encountered especially in areas where monoculture of rice is practised. General chlorosis, poor tillering and significantly reduced yield have been observed due to H. spinicaudata. Rice plants attacked by H. sacchari also showed intense chlorosis, delayed and reduced tillering and reduced grain yield. The roots of attacked plants were twiggy, very necrotic and blackened. The root‐knot M. incognita and the root lesion nematodes P. brachyurus have both been observed to reduce rice yields. Rice cultivars screened for reactions to the nematodes showed varying degrees of susceptibilities. Some varieties were however resistant to the root‐knot nematode, M. incognita. 相似文献
15.
Maria-Jose Rubio-Cabetas Jean-Claude Minot Roger Voisin Daniel Esmenjaud 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(4):433-441
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AT) is the causal agent of crown gall, a major problem in the family Rosaceae and particularly for Prunus spp. Crown gall symptoms result from the bacterial infection of the cells damaged mechanically at the collar or by root parasitic nematodes. Myrobalan plum (P. cerasifera) is susceptible to AT and is not a host for the root-knot nematode (RKN), M. hapla. Some clones of this plum carry single Ma resistance genes that control M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica. The four above mentioned RKN and Myrobalan progenies segregating for Ma were used in experiments aimed at obtaining a better knowledge of the interaction between AT and RKN in relation to the RKN resistance genes. Prunus rooted cuttings, naturally infected with the bacterium were repotted, grown and inoculated individually with RKN. In a first experiment, Prunus plants were (i) either inoculated with 10,000 juveniles (J2s) of M. arenaria to provide a short inoculum pressure (SIP) or (ii) inoculated by association with one M. arenaria-galled tomato root system that produced a high and durable inoculum pressure of the same nematode species. Four months after RKN inoculation, plants were rated for nematode and bacterial root galling symptoms. RKN and AT galls were more numerous and more homogenous under DIP than under SIP. Nevertheless, for both inoculum regimes, AT galls were present in the RKN-susceptible clones (= carrying none of the Ma genes) and absent in the RKN-resistant clones. Subsequent experiments, conducted under DIP with M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and M. hapla, also showed, for the three first species, the presence of AT galls only in RKN-susceptible clones whereas Prunus plants inoculated with M. hapla and nematode-free controls were free of AT galls. Consequently RKN act as a wound agent in the AT infection process of Myrobalan plum only when the plant develops a compatible reaction (i.e. when it lacks the Ma resistance genes). Considering that J2s do penetrate the roots of resistant plants, the absence of crown gall symptoms on this material even under durable inoculum pressure strengthens the hypothesis that this nematode stage has a very weak effect on plant cells during the infection process. This is the first evidence of the protective effect of a RKN resistance gene against the expression of root crown gall consecutive to RKN infection. The protective effect of Ma and presumably of other RKN resistance genes against AT is a strong argument for their introgression into Prunus and other Rosaceae or bacterium-susceptible crops. 相似文献
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Literature data on the nematode fauna of Pinus spp. in Bulgaria are summarized. 48 plant-parasitic nematodes have been reported so far associated with six pine species and a variety of one of these species. In the course of the present study of pine nematode fauna in Rila and Rhodope mountains, Crossonema menzeli, Criconemella xenoplax, Bursaphelenchus sp., Longidorus vineacola, L. leptocephalus, Longidorus sp. and Trichodorus similis were found. Morphological data on some of the species studied are given. The males of L. leptocephalus was more common than the females. L. leptocephalus and Bursaphelenchus sp. are new geographical records. Pinus sylvestris is a new plant host for C. menzeli and L. leptocephalus. 相似文献
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The two closely related nematode species Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida are one of the major problems encountered in potato cultivation. There is a spectrum of potato plant genes known, which confer resistance to these species and their pathotypes. Potato growing in The Netherlands has to follow strict rules to control spread of the pests. Since distinction between the two nematode species is difficult, a rapid and reliable identification method is needed to allow better use of existing and forthcoming resistant potato cultivars. The aims of this project were: (1) identification and partial purification of species-specific proteins from the nematodes, (2) production of species-specific monoclonal antibodies, and (3) development of a screening test for qualitative and quantitative determination of Globodera spp. in soil samples. 相似文献
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Progeny production of a new entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema abbasi in various lepidopterous prepupae was investigated. Most dauer juveniles (DJs) developed in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (234 000) but the bollworms Helicoverpa virescens (220 000) and Spodoptera exigua (166 000) were also good hosts. Progeny production was independent of the number of nematodes invading the host between the doses of 40 and 230 DJs. The infectivity of DJs declined when they were stored for 3 months but at 30°C approximately 11% of the DJs were still infective. S. abbasi is a nematode of the semi-arid tropics and it would be possible to use the nematode to target pests in these areas if it can be produced satisfactorily locally. 相似文献
20.
C. S. Pimentel P. N. Firmino T. Calvão M. P. Ayres I. Miranda H. Pereira 《Plant pathology》2017,66(5):856-864
The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, native to North America (NA), is now a major invasive pine pest in Eurasia. Pine species differ greatly in their susceptibility to B. xylophilus, and differences in susceptibility might be related to differences in phytochemistry. This study addressed two major questions: (i) which plant chemical profiles (including compounds that act as plant defences and those important for nutrition) favour pinewood nematode development; and (ii) are NA and Portuguese pinewood nematodes different in their capacity to subsist on plant tissues? For this, B. xylophilus isolates from NA and Portugal were tested on pine phloem and xylem of different pine species. It was found that unaltered pine phloem can sustain the population growth of B. xylophilus, but only in a few cases, and this was clearly related to distinct chemical profiles in some pine species. No evidence was found of evolutionary divergence between B. xylophilus populations in Portugal and NA. The pine species with phloem on which pinewood nematodes could grow tended to have low levels of total phenols, condensed tannins, flavonoids and lignin. Evidence was also found that nutrients such as N may be important. 相似文献