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1.
Two hundred seventy-seven Salmonella (27 serotypes) were isolated from Kansas swine over a 5-year period (1979 to 1983). Salmonella cholerae-suis was the predominant isolant from all tissues and made up 94.4% of the Salmonella isolants from the lungs. The percentage of Salmonella isolants susceptible to various antimicrobial agents was determined. The percentage of Salmonella susceptible to carbadox decreased from 1980 to 1983.  相似文献   

2.
Field isolants of Pasteurella multocida from fowl cholera outbreaks in Georgia turkeys were characterized by three sets of criteria: differential biochemical reactions, in vitro drug sensitivity, and serology. Of the 30 isolants studied, 28 exhibited identical biochemical patterns. These were similar to previously described patterns for turkey isolants of P. multocida. The two exceptions were isolants recovered from the same farm at different times. They differed only in ability to ferment arabinose. The isolants were generally sensitive to broad-spectrum antibiotics in vitro. The majority were also sensitive to the sulfonamides tested. Variation was sufficient, however, to warrant recommending in vitro sensitivity testing as a guide to selection of the proper therapeutic regimen in individual cases. Of the 30 isolants tested, 57% were of Heddleston's serotype 3, 3% were of his type 4, and 40% precipitated with antisera against both types 3 and 4. The large proportion of cross-reactors is unique to Georgia isolants. The biochemical patterns, drug sensitivities, and serological types had no apparent relationship to each other.  相似文献   

3.
Detection of Salmonella in pet turtles has been the focus of extensive research, but its incidence in free living turtles is not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of Salmonella in terrestrial and aquatic species of chelonians inhabiting a National Park in southwestern Spain. Individuals of the terrestrial tortoise Testudo graeca (n = 16) and the aquatic turtles Emys orbicularis (n = 26) and Mauremys leprosa (n = 50) were investigated. Maximum incidence of Salmonella was recorded in the terrestrial species (100%). In contrast, the incidence of infected animals was low in the aquatic species, 12% in M. leprosa and 15.4% in E. orbicularis. Five serotypes of Salmonella belonging to subspecies enterica (I) and salamae (II) were identified. All serotypes were found in the terrestrial species, and three in the aquatic ones, suggesting that wild terrestrial chelonians are important reservoirs of Salmonella in our study area. Cloacal transmission during mating is the most probable mode of transmission among individuals.  相似文献   

4.
A base-line study of bacteria isolated from horses admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during a 6-month period was performed to determine the extent of multiresistant nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacteria other than Salmonella spp. Results of this study indicated that 21.9% of the 105 horses from which cultures and sensitivities were available had developed nosocomial gram-negative aerobic infections, with high rates of resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim sulfadiazine, three of the most often prescribed antibiotics in this hospital. In addition, a prospective study of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of fecal origin was performed to determine whether there was a change in the degree of antibiotic resistance of a horse's intestinal flora while the horse was hospitalized. Bacterial culturing for gram-negative lactose fermenting bacteria was done on fecal specimens collected directly from the rectum on day 1 and day 7 of a horse's hospitalization. Susceptibility testing was done on each isolant. Of the 24 paired fecal specimens obtained, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp isolated on day 7 were resistant to a significantly higher number of antibiotics than day 1 isolants (P = 0.003, P = 0.043, respectively).  相似文献   

5.
Susceptibility of obligate anaerobes to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Susceptibilities of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were tested alone and in combination (1:20) against 94 isolants of obligate anaerobes from clinical specimens. Ninety percent of the isolants were inhibited by less than 0.25 microgram - less than 4.75 micrograms trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole/ml; 5.4 micrograms trimethoprim/ml and; 900 micrograms sulfamethoxazole/ml. We concluded that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole would be effective in the treatment of infectious processes containing species of obligate anaerobes, including those resistant to the penicillin and cephalothin groups of antibiotics.  相似文献   

6.
In 123 cases of external ocular disease in the horse, pathogenic microorganisms isolated with greatest frequency were Streptococcus sp (43.9%), Staphylococcus sp (24.2%), and Pseudomonas sp (13.8%). Fungi were isolated in 4.8% of the cases. In vitro testing showed that most of the Streptococcus sp isolants were sensitive to ampicillin, cephalothin, and carbenicillin. Most of the Staphylococcus sp isolants were sensitive to gentamicin, cephalothin, and bacitracin. Most of the Pseudomonas sp isolants were sensitive to polymyxin B and gentamicin.  相似文献   

7.
During August 2001, a syndrome characterized by acute lethargy and dyspnea was observed in a population of 45 lorikeets and lories in an open-air zoologic exhibit. The first death occurred on August 10, and within the next 12 days, nine more birds died (22% mortality rate). Hepatomegaly, reddening and congestion of the lungs, and injection of the serosal surface of the intestines were the common gross findings. Histologic changes, including fibrinonecrotic hepatitis and splenitis, bacterial emboli (liver, spleen, lung, kidney, proventriculus), pulmonary congestion and hemorrhage, and enteritis, were indicative of an acute, overwhelming bacterial septicemia. Salmonella typhimurium, with the same antibiogram, was isolated from four birds. Several birds had attacked and killed a snake on July 24, and Salmonella serogroup B (untypeable) was isolated from intestine and kidney samples of a garter snake caught in the open-air exhibit on August 28. Salmonella was also isolated from environmental samples of the exhibit but not from food preparation areas. After antimicrobial therapy, Salmonella spp. was not isolated from the surviving birds. The source of Salmonella in this outbreak remains unknown, but infection either directly or indirectly from snakes in the exhibit is possible. Contact between captive psittacine populations and reptiles should be avoided to prevent the risk of salmonellosis.  相似文献   

8.
Eimeria tenella: sensitivity of recent field isolants to monensin   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
T K Jeffers 《Avian diseases》1978,22(1):157-161
Coccidia were propagated from litter samples obtained from broiler production flocks being medicated with monensin. Eimeria tenella was isolated from 48.9% of the litter samples from which coccidia were propagated. Tests of the monensin sensitivity of the 73 E. tenella isolants obtained revealed no monensin-resistant isolants.  相似文献   

9.
On the basis of the data obtained in 1996 and 1997 in Germany on the frequency of detection of Salmonella and also of single Salmonella serovars in foods and infected humans, attempts were made to assess the relevance of Salmonella from swine as a source of human infection. Four assumptions considered as reasonable were made concerning the development of human salmonellosis. On the basis of these assumptions, a model for the estimation of the share of human Salmonella infections attributable to the swine population is proposed. According to this, ca. 20% of human cases of salmonellosis have been caused by Salmonella originating from swine.  相似文献   

10.
The DNA fingerprint profiles of 126 isolants of Pasteurella multocida from 41 turkey farms in Missouri were analyzed after digestion with the restriction endonuclease HhaI and compared with their somatic antigenic type. The goal was to determine if the same isolant of P. multocida was reisolated from the the same farm during the same and consecutive years and after an interval of one or more years. Of the 37 pairs of P. multocida collected during the same year from the same turkey farms, the DNA fingerprint profiles were the same with 26 pairs (70.3%) and different with 11 pairs (29.7%). Of the 33 pairs of P. multocida collected during consecutive years from the same 22 turkey farms, 21 pairs (63.6%) were the same and 12 pairs (36.4%) were different. Of the 15 pairs of P. multocida collected with an interval of one or more years between them from the same 14 turkey farms, only four pairs (26.7%) were the same and 11 pairs (73.3%) were different. There did not appear to be any relationship between the DNA fingerprint profiles and the typing of their somatic antigens because, although 44 pairs of isolants had the same DNA fingerprint profile and somatic antigenic type, 42 pairs differed in these parameters when all pairs were combined.  相似文献   

11.
Seventeen ponies were infected with Salmonella typhimurium and then 15 were variously stressed by transportation and/or surgery and 9 were given oxytetracycline. Indications of Salmonella reactivation occurred in all the stressed ponies. Diarrhea due to a reactivation of the Salmonella infection did not develop until greater than 3 days after stress, although maximal shedding of organisms occurred within 24 hours. A neutropenia generally occurred within 24 hours after stress and lasted about 5 days. A rectal temperature greater than 39 C usually did not occur. An increase in serologic titer was noticed in about half of the ponies. Transportation had a major role in reactivating the Salmonella infection, and 1 pony died of peracute colitis. The use of oxytetracycline prolonged the excretion of Salmonella; therefore, this drug should not be used after stress, particularly transportation, in ponies that have diarrhea or are known to be Salmonella carriers.  相似文献   

12.
The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 262 strains of Pasteurella multocida and 141 strains of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from cattle and swine from 1971 to 1974 were analyzed for patterns of resistance to streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, using a modified Kirby-Bauer procedure. Resistance was recorded for 80.5% of the isolants of P multocida and 92.2% of those of P haemolytica. Resistance to streptomycin was most frequent, followed by resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. Most cultures of P multocida and P haemolytica were susceptible to chloramphenicol. There were 9 patterns of resistance with the aforementioned antibiotics. The combinations, streptomycin and penicillin and streptomycin and tetracycline, each accounted for approximately 10% of the resistance patterns of P multocida. Approximately half of the 14 isolants of P haemolytica were resistant to the combination of streptomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline. These observations underscore the need for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolants of P multocida and P haemolytica.  相似文献   

13.
Because of recent interest in bacteriophage therapy in poultry, information regarding the interaction of bacteriophages and potential host bacteria in the environment should be collected. The present studies were initiated with a rather typical commercial broiler integrator within the south-central United States to examine environmental Salmonella levels in two broiler complexes, attempt to isolate Salmonella-lytic bacteriophages, and elucidate a possible reason for differing apparent Salmonella prevalence. Significantly (P < 0.05) less Salmonella was isolated from houses in complex 1 (15/44 [34%] Salmonella-positive drag swabs) as compared to houses in complex 2 (22/24 [92%]). A total of seven Salmonella-lytic bacteriophages were isolated from Salmonella-positive environments, and two bacteriophages were isolated from a single Salmonella-negative house. During the initial bacteriophage isolation, individual bacteriophages did not replicate in the Salmonella host isolated from the same environment, and lysis of additional Salmonella hosts relied on high numbers of bacteriophage to be present. This suggests that the presence of these bacteriophages in the environment of a commercial broiler house had little to no effect on the presence of Salmonella. This study highlights the need to find additional bacteriophage sources, more effective isolation methods, and more innovative approaches to using bacteriophages to treat enteric disease.  相似文献   

14.
Approximately 1.4 million Salmonella infections and 400 deaths occur annually in the United States. Approximately 6% of human Salmonella cases are thought to be associated with reptiles; Salmonella enterica subspecies IV is primarily reptile-associated. During 1-4 December, 2009, three isolates of Salmonella IV 6,7:z4,z24:- with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were identified through Minnesota Department of Health laboratory-based surveillance. None of the three patients associated with the isolates reported reptile contact; however, all had attended the same potluck dinner. Dinner attendees were asked questions regarding illness history, foods they prepared for and consumed at the event, and pet ownership. Cases were defined as illness in a person who had eaten potluck food and subsequently experienced fever and diarrhoea (three or more loose stools in 24 h) or laboratory-confirmed infection with Salmonella IV matching the outbreak PFGE subtype. Nineteen days after the event, environmental samples were collected from a food preparer's house where two pet bearded dragons were kept. Sixty-six of 73 potluck food consumers were interviewed; 19 cases were identified; 18 persons reported illness but did not meet the case definition. Median incubation period was 19 h (range: 3-26 h). Median duration of illness was 5 days (range: 1-11 days). Consumption of gravy, prepared by the bearded dragons' asymptomatic owner, was associated with illness (16/32 exposed versus 1/12 unexposed; risk ratio: 6.0; exact P = 0.02). Salmonella Labadi was recovered from 10 samples, including from one bearded dragon, the bathroom door knob and sink drain, and the kitchen sink drain. The outbreak PFGE subtype of Salmonella subspecies IV was isolated from vacuum-cleaner bag contents. This foodborne outbreak probably resulted from environmental contamination from bearded dragons. Reptiles pose a community threat when food for public consumption is prepared in households with reptiles.  相似文献   

15.
A complement-fixation test to detect Newcastle disease virus with antiserum produced in guinea pigs is described. Methodology is given for serum production and for standardization of the test. The test was used to differentiate 13 strains of Newcastle disease virus. Velogenic strains, including isolants form 1970-71 disease outbreaks in California, Florida, and Texas, were poor complement-fixing antigens, whereas lentogenic strains, including LaSota, Hitchner, and England F, were strong complement-fixing antigens. Mesogenic strains ranged from weak to strong in complement-fixing capabilities. This test can be used to differentiate velogenic field isolants from vaccine strains such as LaSota, Hitchner, and Roakin.  相似文献   

16.
Conjunctival fungal flora in horses, cattle, dogs, and cats   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Conjunctival swab specimens were obtained from both eyes of 43 horses, 25 cows, 50 dogs, and 25 cats without keratitis or other ophthalmologic problems. Fungi were isolated from 95% of the horses, 100% of the cows, 22% of the dogs, and 40% of the cats. Aspergillus spp were isolated from 56% of the horses, 12% of the cows, 8% of the cats, and none of the dogs. Penicillium spp and Cladosporium spp were isolated ubiquitously. Collectively, 28 species from 209 isolants were identified.  相似文献   

17.
Transovarian transmission of paratyphoid Salmonella is well documented and occurs at a low incidence in chickens. However, the exact mechanism of follicular invasion is not well understood. The following study investigates the ability of Salmonella to invade ovarian follicles at different stages of follicular maturity in vitro. Ovarian follicles were collected from Leghorn hens and separated into three stages of maturity: (1) large yellow follicles or F follicles (LYF), (2) small yellow follicles (SYF), and (3) small white follicles (SWF). All follicles were incubated at 37 degrees C in RPMI 1640 medium. Follicles were incubated with 1 x 10(6) CFU/mL of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis sensitive to gentamicin for 2 h. Samples were then removed from the bacterial culture, and placed in medium containing gentamicin sulfate for 5 h to kill any S. typhimurium or S. enteritidis, which had not invaded the follicular membrane. After the 5 h incubation, follicles were stomached in phosphate buffered saline. Serial dilutions were made of each follicle and viable S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis cells were enumerated on brilliant green agar. Two identical trials were conducted. Data suggest that Salmonella may differentially invade ovarian follicles depending on maturity of the follicle, and that SWF may be more susceptible to S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis invasion than either the SYF or the LYF.  相似文献   

18.
Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Newport strains are increasingly isolated from animals and food products of animal origin and have caused septicemic illness in animals and humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence and the epidemiologic, phenotypic, and genotypic characteristics of S. Newport of animal origin that may infect humans, either via the food chain or directly. During the 1993-2002 period, the Office International des Epizooties Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis in Guelph, Ontario, received 36 841 Salmonella strains for serotyping that had been isolated from animals, environmental sources, and food of animal origin in Canada. Of these, 119 (0.3%) were S. Newport. Before 2000, none of 49 S. Newport strains was resistant to more than 3 antimicrobials. In contrast, between January 2000 and December 2002, 35 of 70 isolates, primarily of bovine origin, were resistant to at least 11 antimicrobials, including the extended-spectrum cephalosporins. The blaCMY-2', flo(st'), strA, strB, sulII, and tetA resistance genes were located on plasmids of 80 to 90 MDa that were self-transmissible in 25% of the strains. Conserved segments of the integron 1 gene were found on the large MDR-encoding plasmids in 3 of 35 strains additionally resistant to gentamicin and spectinomycin or to spectinomycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and trimethoprim. Resistance to kanamycin and neomycin was encoded by the aphA-1 gene, located on small plasmids (2.3 to 6 MDa). The increase in bovine-associated MDR S. Newport infections is cause for concern since it indicates an increased risk of human acquisition of the infection via the food chain.  相似文献   

19.
Mycobacteria were isolated from 195 of 200 lesions in lymph nodes identified as granulomatous by meat inspectors at 4 abattoirs in South Dakota. Mycobacterium avium serotypes 1 and 2 accounted for 89% of the isolants. Mycobacteria were isolated more frequently from lesions than acid-fast bacilli were observed on microscopic examination (P less than 0.001). The frequency with which mycobacteria was isolated was similar to the occurrence of granulomatous lesions. The numbers of the various kinds of mycobacteria isolated at each of the 4 abattoirs and for the 3 meat inspection disposition classes were not significantly different.  相似文献   

20.
Plasmid profile analysis of salmonellae in a large-animal hospital   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The plasmid profiles of salmonellae isolated from the patients and environment of the Purdue Large Animal Hospital were used as markers to identify strains and to assess the impact of improvements in hospital operation on nosocomial salmonellosis. Plasmid profile analysis proved to be more sensitive than either serotyping or antimicrobial susceptibility testing in identifying Salmonella isolates. During June and July 1983, 29 of 34 salmonellae isolated were one of three strains with distinct plasmid profiles: one S. typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and two S. muenchen. Each of these strains was isolated from at least one patient and two environmental sites, suggesting the possibility that infections were hospital-acquired. Patient and environmental sampling was repeated in June and July 1984, after improvements had been made in hospital traffic flow and sanitation. In contrast to 1983, only seven isolates, representing six strains not seen previously, were obtained in 1984. None of these strains was isolated from both patient and environmental sources. The results indicate that the high incidence of clinical salmonellosis in 1983 was largely due to nosocomial infections. The decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis and the absence of the 1983 strains from samples taken in 1984 were presumed to be due to improvements made in hospital operation. This study demonstrates the value of plasmid analysis in monitoring nosocomial salmonellosis in a veterinary hospital.  相似文献   

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