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1.
Post‐mortem examination of the reproductive organs of female wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Sweden 
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下载免费PDF全文 In recent decades, wild boars (Sus scrofa) have increased in numbers and distribution in Europe. Compared to other wild ungulates of similar body size, wild boars have a high reproductive capacity. To increase the knowledge of wild boar reproduction, the objective of this study was to investigate characteristics of reproductive organs, and to provide information on the occurrence of abnormalities in reproductive organs from free‐ranging female wild boars. Between December 2011 and December 2015, reproductive organs from female wild boars (>30 kg body weight), were collected during hunting in four Swedish counties at estates where supplementary feeding was applied. The organs were macroscopically examined and measured. The stage of the reproductive cycle was defined according to the ovarian structures and in relation to uterus characteristics. Observed abnormalities were noted. The results from 569 animals that met the requirements to be included in this study showed significant differences in weight and length of the uterus between the various reproductive stages. Sampling region had significant effect on these differences. Abnormalities in the reproductive organs were present in approximately 10% of the examined animals. The prevalence of abnormalities increased significantly with age and was significantly affected by sampling region. 相似文献
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Weiguo DU Travis R. ROBBINS Daniel A. WARNER Tracy LANGKILDE Richard SHINE 《Integrative zoology》2014,9(3):360-371
Geographic variation in life‐history traits among populations of wide‐ranging species is influenced by both spatial and temporal aspects of the environment. Rarely, however, are the effects of both aspects examined concurrently. We collected gravid female lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) from northern (Indiana), central (Mississippi) and southern (Florida) populations, spanning nearly the full latitudinal range of the species, to examine amongpopulation differences in strategies of reproductive energy allocation. Adult females from the southern population were smaller, and produced fewer and smaller eggs in their first clutches than did females from the more northern populations. Southern females were more likely to produce a second clutch, and second clutches were smaller than first clutches for females from the 2 northern populations. Together these trends eliminated population differences in overall reproductive output after accounting for body size. The trend for greater reproductive energy to be allocated to first clutches at higher latitudes, and to later clutches at lower latitudes is corroborated by published data from field studies on multiple populations. Distributing reproductive effort by producing more clutches of smaller eggs may be an adaptive response to the long season available for egg incubation and lizard activity in sub‐tropical southern environments. In contrast, allocating greater resources to early reproduction may enhance maternal fitness in the relatively short activity seasons that characterize more northern sites. 相似文献
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Georgios Michailidis 《Veterinary research communications》2010,34(5):459-471
In recent years host antimicrobial peptides and proteins have been recognised as key mediators of the innate immune response
in many vertebrate species, providing the first line of defense against potential pathogens. In chickens a number of cationic
antimicrobial peptides have been recently identified. However, although these peptides have been studied extensively in the
avian gastrointestinal tract, little is known about their function in the chicken reproductive organs and embryos. Chicken
Liver Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide-2 (cLEAP-2) has been previously reported to function in protecting birds against microbial
attack. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cLEAP-2 gene in the chicken reproductive organs, as well
as in chicken embryos during embryonic development, and to determine whether cLEAP-2 expression in the chicken reproductive
organs was constitutive or induced as a response to Salmonella enteritidis infection. RNA was extracted from ovary, oviduct, testis and epididymis of sexually mature healthy and Salmonella infected birds, as well as from chicken embryos until day ten of embryonic development. Expression analysis data revealed
that cLEAP-2 was expressed in the chicken ovary, testis and epididymis as well as in embryos during early embryonic development.
Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that cLEAP-2 expression was constitutive in the chicken epididymis, but was significantly
up regulated in the chicken gonads, following Salmonella infection. In addition, expression of cLEAP-2 during chicken embryogenesis appeared to be developmentally regulated. These
data provide evidence to suggest a key role of cLEAP-2 in the protection of the chicken reproductive organs and the developing
embryos from Salmonella colonization. 相似文献
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Jimena B. FERNÁNDEZ Marlin MEDINA Erika L. KUBISCH José A. SCOLARO Nora R. IBARGÜENGOYTÍA 《Integrative zoology》2017,12(2):132-147
Reproductive and life history patterns in reptiles are tightly related to the environmental conditions, so male reproductive cycles have been historically characterized as continuous, for tropical lizards, or seasonal, for temperate lizards. However, males of Liolaemus and Phymaturus lizards (Liolaemidae), from cold temperate climates of high altitudes or latitudes in Argentina and Chile, have developed a variety of reproductive cycles to coordinate with the short female reproductive season and to deal with the low frequency of reproductive females in the population. Using gonadal histology and morphological analysis, we describe the male reproductive biology, fat storage and sexual dimorphism of the viviparous lizards Liolaemus sarmientoi and Liolaemus magellanicus that inhabit an austral grass steppe at 51°S, in the southern limit of the American continent. Males of L. sarmientoi and L. magellanicus are reproductively available during the entire activity season of approximately 5 months. In addition, males of both species exhibit greater body sizes than females in morphological variables relevant in sexual selection. Meanwhile, females of both species exhibit larger inter‐limb length than conspecific males, which suggests fecundity selection to increase space for a larger litter size. The continuous sperm production throughout the activity season allows these liolaemids to mate at any time when females ovulate, representing a selective advantage to deal with the short activity season and the adversities of the cold environment they inhabit. 相似文献
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Perionyx excavafus (Oligochaeta) is a vermicomposting earthworm of which the reproductive strategies are little known. In order to obtain more information on this, its reproductive systems were studied. Existing literature on the topic is either contradictory or scant. The investigation was done by examining the gross anatomy and histology, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The male reproductive system consists of two pairs of testes in segments 10 and 11 and two pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 11 and 12. In mature worms the developing spermatozoa are released by the testis into the body cavities of segments 10 and 11. The seminal vesicles in a particular segment receive developing spermatozoa from the lumen of the preceding segment. Two pairs of ciliated sperm funnels also occur in segments 10 and 11 and become the ciliated vasa deferentia carrying the sperm. The vasa deferentia on each side fuse to form only one vas deferens. These vasa deferentia reach the pair of prostatic glands in segment 18, each joining the prostatic duct and opening via the ventral male openings adjacent to each other on segment 18. Associated with the male openings are retractable penial chaetae. The cellular composition and organelle distribution of some organs and structures are also described. The positions of the female reproductive structures are illustrated diagrammatically in this paper. 相似文献
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Isolation of microsatellite loci and reliable genotyping using noninvasive samples of a critically endangered primate,Trachypithecus leucocephalus 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Genetic information can be critical in identifying conservation priorities and developing conservation strategies. There is an urgent need for noninvasive genetic tools to study the wild populations of Asian colobine monkeys. The majority of these species are threatened with habitat destruction, population reduction and even extinction, but generally lack information on their genetic diversity and population structure. Genetic sampling and tissue collection have been scarce in these species owing to strict regulations on manipulation of endangered species, and the difficulties and risks associated with capturing these arboreal and fast‐moving monkeys in the challenging environments that they inhabit. These difficulties have hindered the development of molecular genetic markers, which are usually derived from tissues or blood. In this study, we present a method for de novo microsatellite isolation and genotyping using DNA from noninvasive origins of a critically endangered Asian colobine, the white‐headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus). Genomic DNA isolated from hair was shown to be sufficient for microsatellite enrichment and isolation, with similar isolation efficiencies as from tissue DNA. We identified and characterized 20 polymorphic microsatellite loci, and evaluated their amplification success and genotyping reliability with 86 field‐collected fecal samples. These results show that this panel of loci can produce reliable genotypes from fecal samples, and represent a useful tool for noninvasive investigation of genetic structure, individual identification and kinship assessment in this highly endangered species. Our approach can be applied to conservation genetic studies of other wild species that lack sequence information and tissue samples. 相似文献
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Brandon C. Moore Wan-Nor Fitri Lauren Augustine 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2020,49(3):390-401
As wild population threats for the endangered false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) persist, conservation breeding programs, including developing semen collection techniques for subsequent artificial insemination, are becoming important species conservation measures. Developing reproductive biology understanding of a species is important to developing best practices and hopefully maximizing reproductive successes. However, information on crocodylians functional copulatory anatomy in general is lacking. To that end, zoological facilities and conservation centres have the exceptional opportunity to contribute new understandings that may not otherwise be attainable regarding crocodylian reproductive anatomy, particularly during routine physical examinations or post-mortem necropsies. Therefore, to better understand T. schlegelii reproductive biology, to contribute knowledge in support of zoo breeding conservation efforts and to contribute to what is known overall about crocodylian reproduction, we investigated phallic anatomy of adult male Tomistoma from two zoological populations, the St. Louis Zoo, USA and Sungai Dusun Wildlife Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. Here, we present the gross anatomical features and histological analysis of underlying tissue-level details in pursuit of a better understanding of copulatory function and associated gamete transfer mechanisms. While much of the overall Tomistoma phallic morphology and inferred function corresponds to that of other crocodylian species and speaks to conserved aspects of functional anatomy across taxa, species-specific aspects of glans and glans tip morphology are also identified. These novelties are discussed in a general function and overall broader evolutionary contexts. 相似文献
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The Female Reproductive Cycle of the Neotropical Snake Atractus pantostictus (Fernandes and Puorto, 1993) from South‐eastern Brazil 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Data on reproductive activity of fossorial species are limited because the specimens are difficult to be observed and captured. Here in, we present the reproductive cycle of female Atractus pantostictus, a fossorial neotropical species, and the sexual maturity of males and females in south‐eastern Brazil. The female reproductive cycle of A. pantostictus is seasonal, with vitellogenic follicles being found from September to April and eggs in November, February, March and April with the number varying between two and four. Spermatozoa were found in the lumen of the glandular and non‐glandular uterus in females collected during the rainy season. Sperm storage tubules were found in the posterior infundibulum of the females, where the storage of sperm occurs for a short time. The storage may occur because mating and ovulation are dissociated. 相似文献
10.
Fengxin YAO Boyang SHI Xiaoqi WANG Da PAN Ming BAI Jie YAN Neil CUMBERLIDGE Hongying SUN 《Integrative zoology》2020,15(3):174-186
One of the most striking radiations in brachyuran evolution is the considerable morphological diversification of the external reproductive structures of primary freshwater crabs: the male first gonopod (G1) and the female vulva (FV). However, the lack of quantitative studies, especially the lack of data on female genitalia, has seriously limited our understanding of genital evolution in these lineages. Here we examined 69 species of the large Chinese potamid freshwater crab genus Sinopotamon Bott, 1967 (more than 80% of the described species). We used a landmark‐based geometric morphometric approach to analyze variation in the shape of the G1 and FV, and to compare the relative degree of variability of the genitalia with non‐reproductive structures (the third maxillipeds). We found rapid divergent evolution of the genitalia among species of Sinopotamon when compared to non‐reproductive traits. In addition, the reconstruction of ancestral groundplans, together with plotting analyses, indicated that the FV show the most rapid divergence, and that changes in FV traits correlate with changes in G1 traits. Here we provide new evidence for coevolution between the male and female external genitalia of Sinopotamon that has likely contributed to rapid divergent evolution and an associated burst of speciation in this lineage. 相似文献
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Morphological and Morphometric Description of Female Reproductive Tract of Sapajus apella (Capuchin monkey) 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 A. R. Lima S. B. Guimarães É. Branco E. G. Giese J. A. P. C. Muniz W. L. A. Pereira P. K. F. da Cunha R. E. Ricci M. A. Miglino 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2015,44(4):262-268
Forest destruction has progressively hampered the survival of many species, and this is why it is so important to study of the lives of primates in captivity. This study aimed to describe the morphological aspects of the female reproductive tract of Sapajus apella. We used five animals obtained from the National Primate Center, Ananindeua – PA. The ovaries were paired, compact and symmetrical and had a smooth surface. The uterine tubes were bilateral and convoluted in adult animals and straight in young individuals. The uterus was simple and located in the pelvic region. The vagina was a long structure due to the position of the uterus. The external genitalia were located in the urogenital perineum and consisted of dark pigmented labia majora and labia minora, a vaginal vestibule as long as the vagina and a well‐developed clitoris. The results showed that the genitals of S. apella resemble those of other Neotropical primates. 相似文献
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Muhammad Risman Wahid Andhika Yudha Prawira Chairun Nisa' Srihadi Agungpriyono Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2020,49(6):779-787
The conventional anatomical study of specimens requires cutting processes which destruct the limited specimens. A non-destructive method, namely an ultrasonography, can be used to assess the anatomical organ information of those specimens. The aim of this research is to analyse the macroanatomy of the female reproductive organ in the Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica), using ultrasonographical imaging. In this study, four formaldehyde-fixed reproductive organ specimens of the Sunda porcupine were used. A 10–12 MHz linear ultrasound transducer was utilized to provide an imaging format of both longitudinal and transversal views. Photographic images were then used as comparison with a sonographic image. The results show that the ultrasound image of the Sunda porcupine reproductive organ soft tissue was hypoechoic, the lumen and antrum follicles were anechoic, while atretic follicles and the mons pubis were hyperechoic. Generally, the size of the organ was not significantly different between photographical and ultrasonographical imaging (p > .05). In conclusion, ultrasound images can be utilized for anatomical studies of the Sunda porcupine reproductive organs without destructing the specimen. 相似文献
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《Journal of aquatic animal health》2013,25(1):73-76
Abstract Several species of marine fish caught in the wild and of freshwater ornamental fish were used in this study. Infected organs (liver, spleen, and kidney) were sampled for mycobacteria. Decontaminated tissue samples were plated onto selective media for mycobacterial recovery. After initial isolation, fluorescent and acid-fast staining techniques identified bacterial colonies to genus. Profiles of biochemical growth characteristics were used to further identify the isolates to species. Five species of Mycobacterium were identified: M. simiae, M. scrofulaceum, M. marinum, M. chelonae, and M. fortuitum. Of these, M. simiae and M. scrofulaceum have not been previously reported from fish. Tissue samples containing focal granulomatous lesions were prepared for electron microscopic examination. 相似文献
16.
PJ CHENOWETH 《Australian veterinary journal》1994,71(12):422-426
SUMMARY Differences occur between female Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle in various aspects of reproductive physiology and behaviour. These may be associated with different natural and human selection pressures, compounded by strong genotype-environment interactions. B indicus cattle are better adapted for tropical environments (despite overall poor cattle reproductive rates in these regions) which tend to be more stressful for B taurus genotypes. Conversely, B taurus cattle generally show superior reproductive and productive traits under more favoured, temperate conditions. Despite genotype-environment effects, B indicus females are generally considered to take longer to achieve puberty and to have longer gestation lengths, exhibit prolonged postpartum anoestrus, show greater seasonality of reproductive traits (tending to be long-day breeders), display a shorter, less overt oestrus as well as less tendency to allow riding behaviour by subordinate females. Some groups appear to have increased losses both during pregnancy and in the neonatal period. On the positive side, B indicus females respond well to managerial and nutritional interventions, tend to have greater reproductive longevity and they generally exhibit strong maternal traits. Culling of infertile females and selection for greater male scrotal circumference and sex-drive, in conjunction with the use of target weights, body condition scoring and weaning stratagems can improve reproductive rates in B indicus females. 相似文献
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Thadiyam Puram Ramees Kumaragurubaran Karthik Ramswaroop Singh Rathore Ashok Kumar Mani Saminathan 《The Veterinary quarterly》2017,37(1):136-161
Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control. 相似文献
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水分胁迫下雌雄异株植物草繁殖策略的可塑性调节 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究雌雄异株草本植物应对环境胁迫的繁殖策略及生殖分配可塑性,对发展雌雄异株植物的生活史进化理论和该类植物资源保护利用具有重要意义。实验以草为材料,通过设置轻度（LS）、中度（MS）、重度（RS）水分胁迫梯度,研究雌、雄单株的花芽分化、生物量分配、花穗性状、花药（或子房）数、花粉数及活力等与生殖生长相关的可塑性。结果表明：1）草通过提前花芽分化应对水分胁迫,雄株先于雌株进入生殖生长（P ＜0．01）。2）雄株增加生殖分配应对 LS 胁迫,雌株减少花穗生物量应对水分胁迫;在 RS 胁迫时雄株的生殖分配为雌株的近3倍。3）草通过减少花穗数应对胁迫,雄株显著增加单个花穗的小花数来应对轻中度缺水（P ＜0．05）,雌株则减少开花频次降低水分胁迫下生殖能量消耗。4）轻中度水分胁迫对雌株子房宽度无显著影响;中重度胁迫虽使雄株显著缩短了花药长度、减少了单个花药的花粉数（P ＜0．05）,但花粉大小、花粉活性受影响较小。5）雄株花穗的 POD 和 SOD活性显著高于雌株,雄株对水分胁迫更加敏感。在水分胁迫下,草在生存和防御功能稳定的基础上,可以通过协调分配有限资源,实现有性繁殖来完成草本植物较为短暂的生活史。 相似文献
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