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1.
The development time and parasitization rate ofDiaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) onBrevicoryne brassicae (L.) feeding on differentBrassica cultivars was studied in the laboratory at 20°C. The shortest development time from egg to adult parasitoid was 11.6 days
on cabbage cv. ‘Yalova 1’ and the longest was 12.1 days on turnip cv. ‘Antep’ and rapeseed cv. local variety. Females lived
significantly longer than males on the host plants used in the study. Females and males had the shortest longevity on rapeseed
at 11.1 and 5.1 days, respectively. The highest percent parasitism ofB. brassicae byD. rapae was found on cabbage (40.20%), and the lowest was recorded on turnip (32.64%). Our results demonstrate that parasitism rate
could be influenced by the plant quality, probably due to the nutritional status of the aphids or to toxic compounds ingested
through the plant. Cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli were found to be suitable plants for the parasitoid, considering the
development time of pre-adults, and the parasitization rate ofD. rapae onB. brassicae.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 23, 2007. 相似文献
2.
Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh.) is an endoparasite of the turnip aphid,Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) with a wide geographical distribution. The four Pesticides Nogos 50 EC at 600 ml per acre, Dimecron 50 WSC, Monofos
40 WSC and Tamaron 600 SL at 500 ml per acre, used in practice for the control of this pest, were tested for their side-effects
onD. rapae. The parasitoid was reared on pottedBrassica napus plants infested with aphid under laboratory conditions (22±2°C, 60–70% rel. hum., 16 h light and 8 h dark). In one test,
adult female parasitoids were exposed to fresh pesticide residues on glass plates and in another test, the pupae within aphid
mummies were directly sprayed. The results revealed that Dimecron 50 WSC, Nogos 50 EC and Monofos 40 WSC were harmful causing
100% mortalitv toD. rapae followed by Tamaron 600 SL (97% moderately harmful) after 24 hours of application, compared to no mortality in control, where
only water was sprayed. Directly spraying of pupae with Dimecron 50 WSC and Nogos 50 EC reduced adult parasitoid emergence
to 9 and 7%, respectively, Monofos 40 WSC and Tamaron 600 SL to 3% compared to 78% emergence for the control within one week
of treatment. The results showed that none of the tested pesticides was safe toD. rapae and according to the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) further testing under semi-field and field
conditions is recommended. 相似文献
3.
The hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus (Degeer) is one of the most abundant predators of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)) in brussels sprouts in Belgium. In the current laboratory study, the toxicity of several insecticides applied at maximum
recommended field rates was investigated on the larvae of E. balteatus. Two- to 3-day-old larvae were confined in glass petri dishes with dry residues of freshly applied insecticides. Their mortality
was checked daily until adult emergence. Sub-lethal effects were investigated by assessing the reproductive performance of
adult hoverflies, originating from the surviving larvae. Of the five compounds tested, only pirimicarb caused 100% larval
mortality. The corrected mortality for spinosad was 60% and the adults obtained from the surviving larvae did not succeed
in laying eggs. Therefore, pirimicarb and spinosad were rated “harmful” (International Organization for Biological and Integrated
Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) category 4) for the larvae of E. balteatus. In contrast, flonicamid, thiacloprid and spirotetramat yielded much lower mortality percentages. The hatching rate of hoverfly
eggs treated with flonicamid was 25.6% vs 48.7% in the control. Hence, flonicamid was rated “slightly harmful” (IOBC category
2). The fertility of adults treated as larvae with thiacloprid or spirotetramat was not affected (IOBC category 1). These
laboratory trials suggest that thiacloprid and spirotetramat can be used safely in integrated pest management programs to
control the cabbage aphid. Pirimicarb, spinosad and flonicamid should be tested in semi-field and field situations to assess
their toxicity under more realistic conditions. 相似文献
4.
When infested with Fusarium sp., the cereals Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol. cv. ‘Bombona’, Avena sativa L. cv. ‘Deresz’, and Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Rastik’ can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOCs differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from those emitted by non-infested wheat, oat, and barley plants. We detected increased amounts of VOCs released by green leaves (green leaf volatiles – GLVs): (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, 1-hexyl acetate as well as the other VOCs like (Z)-ocimen, linalol, linaloloxide, benzyl acetate, indole, and β-caryophyllene. The lipoxygenase pathway resulted in the highest release of GLVs in comparison to the other biochemical pathways of volatile production. As a result of Fusarium infestation, the amounts of VOCs varied between tested cereals. We also subjected uninfested wheat, barley, and oat plants to infested wheat plants, and found that these cereals released larger amounts of VOCs compared to control plants. Emitted amounts of VOCs were significantly higher the shorter the distance between uninfested and infested plants. 相似文献
5.
6.
Neem [Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.)] seed oil (NSO) applied in three concentrations, 0.5%, 1% and 2%, to potted plants infested with green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), totally prevented adult eclosion of larval coccinellids,Coccinella undecimpunctata L., and reduced adult eclosion of syrphids,Eupeodes fumipennis (Thompson), to 11%, 7% and 0%, respectively, of the controls. Under the same conditions, NSO did not reduce the rate of parasitism ofM. persicae byDiaeretiella rapae (Mcintosh), but emergence of parasitoid adults from aphid mummies collected from treated plants was reduced to 35%, 24% and 0%, respectively, of the controls. Although topical treatment of predator larvae with NSO at concentrations of up to 5% did not affect survival, emergence of parasitoids from mummies dipped in aqueous emulsions of NSO at similar rates was reduced significantly. Under field conditions, sprays of NSO and neem seed extract to plants had no significant impact on the number of aphids parasitized. Although total numbers of predators were reduced, numbers of predators relative to aphid numbers were similar to those in controls. Neem insecticides may be suitable for use in integrated pest management programs, as under field use they appear to be relatively benign to aphid predators and parasitoids. 相似文献
7.
Intraspecific variation in Capsella bursa-pastoris in plant quality traits for insect herbivores 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The arable plant Capsella bursa‐pastoris is phenotypically variable in many life history traits, particularly time from germination to flowering. The hypothesis was investigated that, associated with this variation, there are differences in traits that influence plant quality for insect herbivores. Significant within‐species variation was found in plant growth, leaf surface characteristics and tissue nutrient composition among 21 accessions of Capsella. Short flowering time plants exhibited slow vegetative growth, relatively large shoot nitrogen content, high leaf hair densities and differences in phloem composition, compared with long flowering time plants. Insect herbivore response to distinctive trait combinations was assessed on a subset of seven accessions using the phloem‐feeding aphids Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae. Variation in aphid performance was small but significant, with 15–25% fewer nymphs produced on plant variants that exhibited greater tissue water content and low tissue C:N ratio (A. fabae) or on variants with less phloem nitrogen (M. persicae). The differential responses exhibited by the two aphid species to the test accessions confirmed that quantifying intraspecific plant variation is a necessary first step in understanding plant functional diversity and its impact on consumers in arable systems. 相似文献
8.
The effect of low concentrations of azadirachtin applied systemically through root tissues of rape plants (Brassica napus subsp.napus) on the mortality, period of development, longevity and fecundity of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) was studied. The concentrations of azadirachtin A tested were: 0.25, 0.05, 0.005, 0.0005
and 0.00005 mg ml−1. The mortality of cabbage aphid nymphs, particularly during the period of ecdysis, increased significantly with increasing
concentrations. Azadirachtin had no effect on the length of the development period of the respective immature stages of cabbage
aphids. The average longevity of the cabbage aphids decreased with increasing azadirachtin concentration and time spent feeding.
The fecundity of aphids decreased after the application of azadirachtin.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004. 相似文献
9.
Ant attendance, well known behavior form towards aphid species was studied in case of the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations in four plantations in the coastal area of Carmel (Israel), where the aphid is a major pest on banana. The study characterizes the ant community the extent of attendance and the natural enemies associate with the aphid. The ants and natural enemies were sampled on mats and suckers. The ant community in the plantations was also studied by using different ant baits. In addition, the ants’ impact on the density of the banana aphid population and the potential role of local natural enemies was evaluated in artificially infested potted banana plants set in the plantation with or without a glue barrier. More than 80% of the aphid colonies on the mats were attended by ants. Ten of the twelve ant species detected in the plantations were observed attending the banana aphid. Seventeen species of potential natural enemies of the aphid, mostly belonging to the families Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae and Coccinellidae, were found in the aphid colonies. When ant attendance on infested potted banana plants was excluded, the number of natural enemies was higher, while the aphid density was lower, than recorded on the control plants. Our finding suggest that the ants, especially the invasive species, lower the pressure of natural enemies on the aphid population and but also probably remove large quantity of honeydew which is the source of the main damage caused by the banana aphid in the local plantations. 相似文献
10.
The present study was performed to investigate whether Plasmodiophora brassicae can be disseminated by livestock manure. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed and used to detect and quantify P. brassicae in manure samples from naturally and artificially infested chickens and pigs. In naturally infested manure, quantifiable levels of infestation were observed in 7 out of the 28 samples, ranging from 103 to 107 resting spores per g of manure. The vast majority of the resting spores (76–91%) were viable, as determined by a dual fluorescence viability assay. Clubroot symptoms developed on plants inoculated with P. brassicae resting spores isolated from all seven qPCR‐positive samples. Artificially infested manure samples were produced by feeding chickens and pigs on P. brassicae‐contaminated feed. The levels of infestation were 103 resting spores per g of manure for both chicken and pig manure sampled 24 and 48 h after feeding, respectively. Spore viability was >80% for both samples, and the disease severity indices were both >40 as indicated by bioassay. This showed that resting spores can survive the digestive tracts of chickens and pigs, and retain strong pathogenicity. The findings indicate that manure dissemination is possible for P. brassicae. Farmers should avoid feeding livestock on P. brassicae‐contaminated feed or applying infested manure as fertilizer on land intended for crucifer crops. 相似文献
11.
Dewhirst SY Birkett MA Loza-Reyes E Martin JL Pye BJ Smart LE Hardie J Pickett JA 《Pest management science》2012,68(10):1419-1429
BACKGROUND: Two important pests of the sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum, are the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, and the glasshouse potato aphid, Aulacorthum solani. Current aphid control measures include the use of biological control agents, i.e. parasitic wasps, but with varying levels of success. One option to increase parasitoid efficiency is to activate plant defence. Therefore, sweet pepper plants were treated with the naturally occurring plant defence activator cis-jasmone, and its impact upon the behaviour and development of aphids and aphid parasitoids was investigated. RESULTS: Growth rate studies revealed that the intrinsic rate of population increase of A. solani and M. persicae on sweet pepper plants treated with cis-jasmone (cJSP) was not affected compared with untreated plants (UnSP), but the positive behavioural response of alate M. persicae towards the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from UnSP was eliminated by cis-jasmone treatment 48 h previously (cJSP48). In addition, the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi preferred VOCs from cJSP48 compared with UnSP, and a significant increase in foraging time was also observed on cJSP. Analysis of VOCs collected from cJSP48 revealed differences compared with UnSP. CONCLUSION: There is evidence that treatment with cis-jasmone has the potential to improve protection of sweet pepper against insect pests. © Crown copyright 2012. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
The development time, mortality, survivorship and reproduction of the cabbage aphidBrevicoryne brassicae (L.) were evaluated on detached leaves of sixBrassica species (cabbage cv. ‘Yalova 1’, cauliflower cv. ‘Early Snowball’, broccoli cv. ‘Marathon’, turnip cv. ‘Antep’, rapeseed
cv. local variety, and wild mustard) at a constant temperature of 20°C. Total development time ofB. brassicae was the shortest (8.9 days) on cauliflower and the longest (10.4 days) on cabbage. Mortality of immature stages varied from
16% on cabbage to 88% on turnip. Longevity of the cabbage aphid was the shortest (6.2 days) on mustard, and the longest (21.8
days) on cauliflower. The net reproductive rate was highest (35.98) on cauliflower, and lowest (1.89) on turnip. The intrinsic
rate of increase was 0.2345 on cauliflower, followed by 0.2009 on cabbage, 0.1976 on broccoli, 0.1662 on mustard, 0.1357 on
rapeseed, and 0.0465 on turnip. Cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli were susceptible host plants for the cabbage aphid. Rapeseed,
turnip and mustard showed resistance to the pest. 相似文献
13.
甘蓝蚜取食对结球甘蓝生长和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在温室条件下研究了甘蓝蚜取食对结球甘蓝生长及叶球产量的影响。当甘蓝在莲座后期至结球初期被大量吸食后,绝大部分外叶卷曲变形,到结球中期外叶加外茎的重量及叶面积显著下降,但叶球的鲜重、干重及大小均未受到影响。蚜虫大量取食使甘蓝的叶球占全株的相对比重显著增加,同时也使叶球含水量略有上升。 相似文献
14.
甘蓝蚜[Brevicoryne brassicae (Linné)]是烏魯木齐地区十字花科蔬菜上最主要的蚜虫。从9月下旬开始,在晚甘藍、晚苤藍及大白菜等蔬菜靠近地面的根、茎凹陷处,以及叶柄基部和叶片上产卵。蚜卵既可随寄主在菜窖里越冬;也可在菜株残体上露地越冬。露地越冬蚜卵,一般不能成为早春的有效蚜源,因其孵化率极低;孵化出来的少数干母,由于不能及时得到食料或因气候不适合,难以存活。越冬蚜卵于4月下旬孵化,5月中旬末产生有翅蚜,主要先在越冬寄生及冬蘿卜留种株上繁殖;到5月下旬至6月初,才陆續迁飞到春、夏十字花科蔬菜及春油菜上,大量繁殖和为害。7月下旬至8月初,晚甘藍与晚苤藍上的蚜虫便成为大白菜和冬蘿卜苗期的主要蚜源。甘藍蚜在烏魯木齐地区,无論是在菜窖里,或是在露地残株上,均不能以成蚜越冬。 相似文献
15.
Direct and host‐mediated interactions between Fusarium pathogens and herbivorous arthropods in cereals 
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下载免费PDF全文 Fusarium head blight and fusarium ear rot diseases of cereal crops are significant global problems, causing yield and grain quality losses and accumulation of harmful mycotoxins. Safety limits have been set by the European Commission for several Fusarium‐produced mycotoxins; mitigating the risk of breaching these limits is of great importance to crop producers as part of an integrated approach to disease management. This review examines current knowledge regarding the role of arthropods in disease epidemiology. In the field, diseased host plants are likely to interact with arthropods that may substantially impact the disease by influencing spread or condition of the shared host. For example, disease progress by Fusarium graminearum can be doubled if wheat plants are aphid‐infested. Arthropods have been implicated in disease epidemiology in several cases and the evidence ranges from observed correlations between arthropod infestation and increased disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation, to experimental evidence for arthropod infestation causing heightened pathogen prevalence in hosts. Fusarium pathogens differ in spore production and impact on host volatile chemistry, which influences their suitability for arthropod dispersal. Herbivores may allow secondary fungal infection after wounding a plant or they may alter host susceptibility by inducing changes in plant defence pathways. Post‐harvest, during storage, arthropods may also interact with Fusarium pathogens, with instances of fungivory and altered behaviour by arthropods towards volatile chemicals from infected grain. Host‐mediated indirect pathogen–arthropod interactions are discussed alongside a comprehensive review of evidence for direct interactions where arthropods act as vectors for inoculum. 相似文献
16.
为鉴定产香真菌GS-1菌株物种分类和评价其挥发性物质对番茄灰霉病的生防效果,通过形态学和ITS(internal transcribed spacer)序列分析对菌株GS-1进行物种鉴定,以对扣法测定其挥发物对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、水稻胡麻斑病菌Bipolaris oryzae、小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum、白菜黑斑病菌Alternaria brassicae和莴苣菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum共5种植物病原真菌的熏蒸抑制活性,以果实针刺法测定挥发物对番茄灰霉病的抑制作用,并观察对其菌丝生长的影响。结果显示,菌株GS-1为普通瘤座孢Tubercularia vulgaris;其挥发物对5种植物病原真菌均有明显的熏蒸抑制作用,72 h的抑制率为58.05%~75.81%;其挥发物可造成番茄灰霉病菌菌丝畸形、分枝增多、原生质外渗等,对番茄果实灰霉病的防效72 h后达53.62%。表明产香真菌普通瘤座孢GS-1菌株挥发物对番茄灰霉病有良好的生防效果。 相似文献
17.
甘藍蚜、桃蚜和棉蚜的有翅型与无翅型,均能传播大白菜病毒病,其中以甘藍蚜为最主要的传毒介体。一头带毒蚜可使80％的健苗发病;一头无毒蚜經吸毒一分钟的传病率为35％;健苗經一头有毒蚜传毒一分钟,就有10％发病。病毒系非持久性的,蚜虫一次吸毒后的传毒期限为25分钟左右。在烏魯木齐地区,有翅甘藍蚜全年中的迁飞高峯期,都是在7月下旬。証实了这时期与大白菜病毒病的流行,有极密切的关系。当年春、夏季播种的甘蓝和苤藍,尤其是晚甘蓝和晚苤蓝,是大白菜(包括冬蘿卜)苗期的初次毒源和蚜源。初步認为,能感染病毒的几种十字花科及藜科杂草,不是本病病毒和甘藍蚜的重要越夏寄主。 相似文献
18.
The effectiveness of two synthetic pyrethroids, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, and of methomyl applied to cabbage plants was tested against the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), and its parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh). Dosage rates chosen were equivalent to the manufacturer's maximum and minimum recommendations. Methomyl was considerably more toxic to B. brassicae adults than the two synthetic pyrethroids used. Fenvalerate, at the lowest rate used (71 g ha?1), showed satisfactory effectiveness in reducing aphid adult population on treated plants by c. 77% below that of the control. All insecticides and rates used significantly reduced the emergence of parasitoid adult D. rapae from mummified aphids compared to the control. Fenvalerate clearly had less impact on emergence than cypermethrin or methomyl at any dosage used, while methomyl has appeared to be the most toxic compound in this respect. Longevity of parasitoid adults was highly affected by insecticide application, particularly those adults emerging from mummified aphids exposed to methomyl or cypermethrin. However, only a slight difference in longevity was seen at the lower rate of 71 g ha?1 of fenvalerate. At the lowest dosage rates used, methomyl and cypermethrin reduced the F1-progeny of adult parasitoid females by 70.5% and 58.3%, respectively, of the control, whereas fenvalerate reduced the progeny by only 36.4%. 相似文献
19.
BACKGROUND: As part of their indirect defense, plants under herbivore attack release volatile chemicals that attract natural enemies of the herbivore. This is a very well-documented phenomenon. However, relatively few studies have investigated the response of plants to different population levels of herbivores and their feeding duration. RESULTS: Working with larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), and tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. clarence, and using an ultrafast gas chromatograph (the zNose™) for volatile analyses, the authors studied the effect of larval density and feeding duration on levels of plant volatile emissions. Intense herbivory caused higher emission levels of the herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene and β-caryophyllene than those caused by moderate herbivory. When herbivory had ceased following 12–24 h of larval feeding, plants kept releasing HIPVs at a high level for a longer period of time than they did following only 6 h of larval feeding. The plants' slow adjustment in their volatile emissions following prolonged larval feeding might be strategic, as such feeding is more likely to have ceased just temporarily. CONCLUSION: This information may help in the development of a pest monitoring system that is based on herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献