共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Yu. G. Chendev A. L. Aleksandrovskii O. S. Khokhlova M. I. Dergacheva A. N. Petin A. N. Golotvin V. A. Sarapulkin G. L. Zemtsov S. V. Uvarkin 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(1):1-13
The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves. 相似文献
2.
The analysis of long-term (since 1947) data on the water content of the upper 3-m-thick layer in the Streletskaya Steppe chernozems
under annual mowing showed that the weather changes during the last decades (from 1972–1973 to 2005–2006) resulted in an increase
in the soil wetting depth during the fall-winter-spring period and the frequency of the percolation, a decrease in the water
consumption from the 150- to 300-cm layer during the growing season, and a decrease in the water deficit in the fall. Therefore,
the total water content of the steppe chernozems increased, although to a significantly lesser degree than that found for
the steppe plot with a succession of woody-shrub vegetation. In a perennial fallow, the water content of the soil layer also
increased. The water supply of the 0- to 160-cm layer of chernozems under winter wheat and corn underwent no significant changes. 相似文献
3.
Transformation of particle-size composition, structure, and density of soils upon urbopedogenesis is considered for Rostov agglomeration. Various soils are compared by horizons. It is found that the share of sand fractions increases in upper and middle horizons of migration–segregation chernozems (Calcic Chernozem (Hyperhumic, Loamic)), above all, at the expense of particles of 0.05—0.001 mm in size; with the coarse medium sand fraction 1–0.25 mm being diagnostic for urbopedogenesis. The reason is the introduction of sandy particles upon urban construction, arranging water conduits and other utility lines, as well as the use of icing-control sandy mixtures. The Dolgov-Bakhtin schedule appears to be the most appropriate for assessing the structure of urban soils. Dry sieving testified to the decreasing amount of agriculturally valuable aggregates in all compared pairs of horizons in the sequence of urban soils: under forest vegetation → under steppe vegetation → in the buried massif of urbosoils. The water stability of aggregates decreases in the sequence: soils under steppe vegetation → buried horizons of urbosoils → soils under forest vegetation. The following sequence of urbic horizons (UR and RAT) shows a decrease in the share of agriculturally valuable fractions and an increase in their water stability: heavy-textured UR → light-textured UR → RAT. The density of natural soils varies insignificantly within the city territory, with its urbostratified soils (Calcic Chernozem Novic (Technic Loamic) in residential areas often manifesting the maximal density. 相似文献
4.
A method is presented for assessing the distribution of enzymatic activity inside and outside of water-stable aggregates. Two samples of water-stable aggregates >1 mm have been isolated from dry aggregates of 1–2 mm. To determine the enzymatic activity, a substrate has been added to one of the samples without disaggregation; the other sample has been preliminarily disaggregated. Enzymatic activity within waterstable aggregates has been assessed from the difference between the obtained results under the supposition that the penetration of substrate within the water-saturated aggregates is hampered, and enzymatic reactions occur only at the periphery. The levels and distributions of enzymatic (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase) activities in water-stable aggregates of soddy-podzolic soils under forest and plowland and typical chernozems of long-term field experiments have been studied. The peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase activities of water-stable aggregates vary from 6 to 23, from 7 to 30, and from 5 to 7 mmol/(g h), respectively. The ratio between the enzymatic activities inside and outside of soil aggregates showed a higher dependence on soil type and land use, as well as on the input of organic matter and the structural state, than the general activity level in water-stable aggregates. 相似文献
5.
It has been revealed that, in the years when the freezing depth of leached chernozems on slopes in the southern Cis-Ural region is in the range of 30–38 cm, no surface runoff is observed in the spring regardless of the snow cover, soil wetting, or vegetation; the critical freezing depth under forest is half that on the open surfaces. When the freezing depth is deeper, the critical volume of the spring runoff is mainly determined by the meteorological conditions, the water permeability of the soil, and its protection by plants. 相似文献
6.
Yu. G. Chendev A. L. Aleksandrovskii O. S. Khokhlova L. G. Smirnova L. L. Novykh A. V. Dolgikh 《Eurasian Soil Science》2011,44(1):1-12
A sequence of dark gray forest soils developing under a virgin broadleaved forest and under croplands used for 100 and 150
years was studied in the southern part of the forest-steppe zone on the Central Russian Upland. The application of multiple
study methods for these objects made it possible to trace the evolutionary changes in the soil properties during the 150-year-long
period of regular plowing. Several important trends in the soil development under the impact of the cultivation were revealed:
(a) an increase in the thickness of the humus layer (according to the measurements at 20 points for each of the objects),
(b) an increase in the amount of mole tunnels, (c) a decrease in the coefficient of the textural differentiation of the soil
profile (with respect to the clay content), (d) an increase in the contents and reserves of the major nutrients upon a stable
pool of humus in the upper meter, and (e) some alkalization and carbonization of the profile. Powdery accumulations of carbonates
and whitish calcareous coatings on the faces of prismatic peds appeared at a depth of more than 130 cm. The plowed soils contained
thin deep fissures, the surface of which was covered by dark-colored clayey-humus coatings at the depth of 50–110 cm. The
radiocarbon age of the humus in these coatings was 500–1000 years younger than the age of the humus in the soil mass between
the fissures. This set of features attests to the evolution of the plowed dark gray forest soils into chernozems under the
impact of plowing. 相似文献
7.
Soil samples were taken from the profiles of a gray forest soil (under a forest) and southern chernozems of different textures under meadow vegetation. The microbial biomass (MB) was determined by the method of substrate-induced respiration; the basal respiration (BR) and the population density of microorganisms on nutrient media of different composition were also determined in the samples. The microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2 = BR/MB) and the portion of microbial carbon (C mic) in C org were calculated. The MB and BR values were shown to decrease down the soil profiles. About 57% of the total MB in the entire soil profile was concentrated in the layer of 0–24 cm of the gray forest soil. The MB in the C horizon of chernozems was approximately two times lower than the MB in the A horizon of these soils. The correlation was found between the MB and the C org (r = 0.99) and between the MB and the clay content (r = 0.89) in the profile of the gray forest soil. The C mic/C org ratio in the gray forest soil and in the chernozems comprised 2.3–6.6 and 1.2–9.6%, respectively. The qCO2 value increased with the depth. The microbial community in the lower layers of the gray forest soil was dominated (88–96%) by oligotrophic microorganisms (grown on soil agar); in the upper 5 cm, these microorganisms comprised only 50% of the total amount of microorganisms grown on three media. 相似文献
8.
A decrease in the depth of organic surface horizons (forest litters and steppe mats), the reserves of organic matter in them, and an increase in their renewal rate were noted for virgin and fallow soils when going from the southern taiga to the dry steppe zone. Zonal changes in the content and reserve of easily decomposable soil organic matter showed a similar tendency: these parameters regularly decreased from soddy-podzolic soils of the southern taiga to chestnut and light chestnut soils of the dry steppe. An exception from this series is provided by fallow chernozems of the steppe zone noted for the lowest content and reserve of labile organic matter in the series of soils studied. Similar, although less pronounced, tendencies were observed for the arable soils. 相似文献
9.
The hydrologic regimes of arable chernozems were simulated for two plots located within a watershed. For the last fifty years continuous corn monoculture was practiced in one plot, and permanent bare fallow was practiced in the other plot. Carbonates are detected from a depth of 140–160 cm under corn and from 70–80 cm under bare fallow. The objective of the simulation study was to test the validity of the hypothesis that the shallower depth to carbonates under bare fallow is related to carbonate rise due to changes in the hydrologic regime of bare soil compared to soil under vegetation. Mathematical modeling using the HYDRUS-1D software and the FAO56 method confirmed that the hydrologic regimes of arable chernozems within the two plots are different. The soil water content under bare fallow is generally higher than that under corn. The downward soil water fluxes for the two plots are comparable. The upward soil water fluxes under bare fallow significantly exceed those under corn and affect a thicker soil layer. The changes in the hydrologic regimes of chernozems under bare fallow favor the upward movement of carbonates through both the direct transfer by upward water fluxes and the diffusion of ions. 相似文献
10.
以永定河(北京段)滨河带的藤本植被和次生乔木林为研究对象,采用野外染色示踪法和根系分析法,利用形态学和统计分析学的解译手段,对得到的剖面染色图片进行优先流特征研究。结果表明:藤本植被覆盖的样地基质流深度比次生乔木林小5.48 cm,优先路径的通道数量比次生乔木林多67%。藤本植被的优先流现象更明显,平均染色面积比(34.17%)、优先流比(69.44%)和长度指数(457.79%)分别比乔木样地大9.89%,18.66%,25.71%。2种覆被状况下根长密度随土层深度增加逐渐减小,藤本植被覆盖下土壤表层0—10 cm根长密度是次生乔木林样地的2.96倍。2种覆被状况下的染色面积比和根长密度关系曲线拟合较好,藤本样地相关指数R~2高达0.97。在相同外界条件下,藤本植被覆盖下的土壤比次生乔木林土壤优先流程度更大。 相似文献
11.
Soils of the Arkaim Reserve were studied before the establishment of the reserve and, then, 12 and 18 years after the reservation of this territory. Former pastures and hayfields occupy 70% of the reserve, and former plowlands occupy about 30%. Some of them have been converted into sown meadows. The soil cover of the reserve is composed of chernozems (about 50% of the area), solonetzes and salt-affected soils (32%), meadow-chernozemic soils (7%), and forest soils (1%). In eighteen years of reservation, the Corg content in the upper 20 cm has increased by 0.5–0.8%, or by 14–25% of the initial content with the average rate of 60–100 g C/m2 per year. The accumulation of Corg has been more intensive in the soils of former plowlands than in the soils of former pastures and in the chernozems than in the meadow-chernozemic soils. Self-restoration of most of the soils of the reserve is accompanied the rise in the content of the labile fraction of organic carbon. In some soils, the contents of the labile fraction (0.3%) and light-weight fraction (>25% of Corg) have reached optimum values. After 18 years of reservation, the biomass of microorganisms has reached 500–800 μg/g of soil (or 1.1–1.9% of Corg); the basal respiration has reached 0.7–1.5 μg C-CO2/g per hour. These characteristics are the highest for meadow-chernozemic soils under former pasture and the lowest for postagrogenic chernozems. The rise in the Corg content and changes in the particular forms of soil organic matter under the regime of a reserve greatly depend on the soil type and on the former land use. The role of parent materials is smaller. Many soils of the reserve require a long period of rehabilitation. 相似文献
12.
黄土丘陵区不同植被群落土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分的分布 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
有机碳是形成土壤团聚体的重要物质,植被群落通过有机残体的输入增加土壤有机碳含量,从而通过影响团聚体的形成而影响土壤结构。为探究不同植被群落对土壤结构改良的意义,对黄土丘陵区森林带和草原带的不同植被群落土壤团聚体中有机碳组分进行了研究。结果表明:(1)研究区域森林带土壤有机碳含量大于草原带,森林带植被群落土壤总有机碳含量大小顺序为:辽东栎群落>人工刺槐群落>狼牙刺群落,草原带植被群落土壤总有机碳含量大小顺序为:人工沙棘群落>达乌里胡枝子+茭蒿群落>铁杆蒿+达乌里胡枝子群落;(2)土壤活性有机碳和腐殖质碳占土壤总有机碳的比例在两种植被带之间基本相同,相同植被群落土壤活性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的比例高于腐殖质碳占总有机碳的比例;(3)森林带土壤>0.25 mm团聚体含量显著高于草原带土壤>0.25 mm团聚体含量,各种形态的有机碳随着土壤团聚体粒级的增大有机碳含量呈先增加后减少或者随着团聚体粒级的增大而增大的趋势,2~0.25 mm和<0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量最高;(4)草原带每种植被群落土壤活性有机碳含量空间差异性较大,辽东栎群落各种形态土壤有机碳含量的空间差异性都较大,<0.25 mm团聚体腐殖质碳含量大于其他粒径;(5)草原带人工沙棘群落土壤各种形态有机碳在土壤剖面上的含量差异很小,其他各植被群落0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量均大于10~20 cm土层。 相似文献
13.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):768-782
The mountainous region of the Himalayas is covered with forest, grassland, and arable land, but the variation in ecosystem functions has not been fully explored because of the lack of available data. This study appraises the changes in soil properties over the course of a year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) for forest, grassland, and arable soils in a typical hilly and mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Soil samples were collected from major land-cover types in the mountain region: natural forest, grassland, and cultivated land (arable). The natural forest served as a control against which changes in soil properties resulting from removal of natural vegetation and cultivation of soil were assessed. Soil samples were collected from depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm six times during the year and examined for changes in temperature, moisture, electrical conductivity (EC), micronutrients [iron, manganese, copper, and zinc (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, respectively)], and microbial population. Significant differences were found in soil temperature, soil moisture, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and number of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi among the three land-cover types. Soil under cultivation had 4–5 °C higher temperature and 3–6% lower moisture than the adjacent soils under grassland and forest. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of forest, grassland, and arable soil were 0.36, 0.30, and 0.31 dS m?1, indicating that soil collected from the forest had 18–20% more EC than the adjacent arable and grassland soils. On average, amounts of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the soil collected from the arable site were 6.6, 5.7, 1.7, and 0.8 mg kg?1, compared with 24.0, 12.1, 3.5, and 1.2 mg kg?1 soil in the forest soil, showing that arable had two to four times less micronutrients than grassland and forest. Populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in the forest were 22.3 (105), 8.2 (105), and 2.5 (103), respectively, while arable land exhibited 8.2 (105), 3.2 (105), and 0.87 (103). Season (temperature) and depth showed significant effects on microbial activity and nutrient concentration, and both decreased significantly in winter and in the subsurface layer of 15?30 cm. Different contents of the parameters among arable, grassland, and forest soils indicated an extractive effect of cultivation and agricultural practices on soil. Natural vegetation appeared to be a main contributor to soil quality as it maintained the moisture content and increased the nutrient status and microbial growth of soil. Therefore, it is important to sustain high-altitude ecosystems and reinstate the degraded lands in the mountain region. 相似文献
14.
西北黄土地区土壤腐殖物质的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究了西北黄土地区土壤腐殖质的含量、组成、性质与分布。其结果是：1.土壤腐殖质含量，是从东南向西北呈由高到低的分布规律。2.胡敏酸的含量、胡敏酸/富里酸的比值及胡敏酸的芳构化程度，均以陕西靖边县草原植被下的轻黑垆土为中心，向西和西北荒漠草原植被下的棕钙土与白绵土；向南森林草原与森林植被下的滕土和褐土；向东是黄绵土逐渐降低。胡敏素的含量是向西、北、南及东逐渐增加。3.与钙结合的胡敏酸，以黑垆土为中心是向西、北、南和东递减；与铁铝结合的胡敏酸是向西、北、南和东递加。4.胡敏酸芳构化程度：草原土壤>干草原与森林草原土壤>荒漠草原和森林土壤。 相似文献
15.
Yu. N. Krasnoshchekov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2008,41(7):694-703
Specific features of soil formation and soil cover patterns in mountain forests of the East Khubsugul region are discussed. A scheme of the vertical zonality of soils under mountain forests is given. It is shown that soils of the uppermost forest zone are permafrost-affected. Seasonally freezing soils under forest vegetation predominate at lower heights and in the southern part of the region near the boundary with the steppe zone. The major soil combinations under different types of forest vegetation are described. The morphological, physicochemical, and chemical characteristics of widespread forest soils are given. 相似文献
16.
《Soil & Tillage Research》1987,9(3):207-216
Four soil profiles were selected to represent the heavy clay soils of alluvial and lacustrine origin. The locations studied had been subsoiled at least once during the year before the investigation. Field observations and laboratory analyses were carried out to ascertain the subsoiling effect on the soil profile properties. For further confirmation, soil penetration tests were performed on material from all the sites studied. The data revealed that subsoiling is not to be recommended in the Vertisols or the heavy clay soils adjacent to the northern Delta lakes of Egypt because these soils develop abundant natural cracks of 3–5 cm in width and 50–70 cm in depth. There are no impervious layers in the top 60 cm of the soils in the study area, and there is no evidence of soil compaction throughout the top 70 cm in all the sites studied. 相似文献
17.
A. N. Gennadiev A. P. Zhidkin Yu. I. Pikovskii R. G. Kovach T. S. Koshovskii N. I. Khlynina 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(9):1003-1012
Contents and compositions of bitumoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and free and retained hydrocarbon gases in soils along a transect at different distances from the local industrial source of atmospheric pollution with soot emissions have been studied. The reserves of PAHs progressively decrease when the distance from the source increases. Among the individual PAHs, the most significant decrease is observed for benzo[a]pyrene, tetraphene, pyrene, chrysene, and anthracene. On plowlands, the share of heavy PAHs—benzo[ghi]perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, perylene, etc.—is lower than in the forest soils. In automorphic soils of the park zone adjacent to the industrial zone, the penetration depth of four-, five-, and sixring PAHs from the atmosphere is no more than 25 cm. In soils under natural forest vegetation, heavy PAHs do not penetrate deeper than 5 cm; in tilled soils, their penetration depth coincides with the lower boundary of plow horizons. Analysis of free gases in the soil air revealed hydrocarbons only under forest. From the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the content, reserves, and compositions of different hydrocarbons, the following modification types of hydrocarbon status in the studied soils were revealed: injection, atmosedimentation–injection, atmosedimentation–impact, atmosedimentation–distant, and biogeochemical types. 相似文献
18.
Influence of land use changes on the soil temperature regime of Andosols on Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil temperature influences both soil formation processes and land use possibilities, and is a classification criterion in some systems. Vegetation cover is one of the factors that affects temperature. In this paper, we estimate the classes of soil temperature regimes, using Soil Taxonomy, for Andosols located in parts of the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, which are influenced by the trade winds. The study focuses on soils under three types of natural vegetation – cloud forest, tree‐heath woodland and pine forest – and adjacent plots where the vegetation has been replaced with, respectively, pine forest, herbaceous plants and cropping, and herbaceous plants. Temperature was measured monthly at 50‐cm depth for a period of 2–4 years at three sites, both in the natural vegetation plots and in the plots where the vegetation was modified. Under natural vegetation the soil temperature regimes are all ‘iso’ (difference < 6°C between summer and winter temperatures) and reflect tropical conditions. The switch to shorter vegetation, and particularly to use of the land for cropping, causes the soil temperature regime to change from iso to non‐iso. 相似文献
19.
The reconstruction of soil, vegetation, and climatic conditions for the Srubnaya cultural epoch (3660 ± 40 (date wood), 3860 ± 120 (bones date) was performed on the basis of palynological and paleosol studies with radiocarbon dating of bones and wood fragments from two kurgans in the Cis-Ural forest-steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Morphological features and chemical properties of the modern background soils, the soils formed on the surface of burial mounds (kurgans), and the soils buried under them were characterized. According to palynological data, the climate of this territory in the period of construction of these kurgans was more humid than the modern climate. The paleovegetation of the Srubnaya epoch was represented by mesophilic herbaceous steppes with a lower participation of xerophytic species as compared to the modern steppe and by small forest groves composed of birch and pine trees with some admixture of lime trees. The temperature conditions were close to those at present, or somewhat cooler, which is evidenced by the lower content of pollen of the broadleaved trees. The modern background soils and the soils buried under the kurgans are classified as thin light loamy typical calcareous chernozems; they have similar morphologies and physicochemical properties. However, the reconstructed organic matter content in the upper 50 cm of the buried paleosols is higher than that in the modern soils. This attests to more favorable climatic conditions during the Srubnaya epoch and is in agreement with palynological data. 相似文献