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1.
西北干旱山区雨量站稀少且分布不均,降水资料难以满足水文模拟的需求。CFSR(climate forecast system reanalysis)再分析数据覆盖范围广、时空分辨率高,是很有潜力的降水数据替代品,但其在干旱山区水文模型中的适用性还有待深入探究。本文以开都河流域为研究区,采用LOCI法、Gamma分布映射法以及以上两种方法相耦合(gam LOCI法)对CFSR降水数据进行偏差校正,分别用校正前和校正后的降水数据驱动已根据观测数据率定好的水文模型,比较流域日径流模拟结果差异。结果表明:由于CFSR原始数据与观测数据偏差较大,导致模拟的径流量与实测径流相对偏差大于40%,并且春季洪峰提前、洪峰峰值提高;与雨量站实测数据相比,gam LOCI法兼具了LOCI法和Gamma分布映射法的优点,既能校正湿日频率和湿日降水强度,又能校正反映离散程度的标准差和分位数,在高海拔山区校正效果更优,但在平原区,3种校正方法无显著差别;与水文站实测数据相比,LOCI、Gam和gam LOCI法校正后的降水数据驱动水文模型得到的径流模拟结果有很大提升,3种校正方法虽各有特点,但径流模拟结果差别不大,都能获得较为满意的校正效果。 相似文献
2.
以500m分辨率的MOD10A2积雪遥感影像和气象站点数据为基础,以积雪覆盖率和初雪日与积雪日数为变量对玛纳斯河流域积雪的年内分配(2007年10月-2008年9月)与年际变化(1960年-2006年)进行了分析探讨.结果表明:水文年内玛纳斯河流域积雪变化较大,北部开阔的河谷地带积雪覆盖呈现明显的季节性变化;南部山区海... 相似文献
3.
以MODIS卫星遥感数据为基础,结合BP神经网络方法,选取地面监测资料比较稀缺的博斯腾湖流域进行降雨估算研究。首先,从MODIS二级数据产品中读取与降水有直接关系的云、大气参数因子和研究区内实测降雨数据组成历史样本;而后,采用BP神经网络方法在山区和盆地建立降水估算模型,使用样本对模型进行训练和检验。结果表明:在水文、气象站点稀少的条件下,所建模型模拟山区日降雨量的效率系数达到0.7以上,模拟值与实测值拟合程度较好,可以进行空间上的推广,这对缺乏降水监测的山区具有数据补充意义。而在降水稀少的盆地,模型模拟效果不佳,可以通过对盆地水循环机理和降水物理机制的深入研究来完善模型。 相似文献
4.
5.
黄土高原地区干旱长期变化趋势及预测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据黄土高原地区21个分布较为均匀的气象站1957~2001年的降水资料,应用Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法对其年、季气象旱涝指标的变化趋势进行分析,同时分析该区水文干旱和农业干旱变化趋势,结果表明:黄土高原地区年、夏、秋和冬季有向干旱化发展趋势,春季有向湿润化发展趋势;夏、秋季的干旱化趋势造成了年干旱化趋势。以渭河流域为例,黄土高原地区地表水资源呈显著性减少趋势,气象干旱可能是造成水文干旱的主要原因。黄土高原各省份旱情呈逐年代加重态势,尤其是进入20世纪90年代后趋势更加明显。用灰色-Markov链模型对该区旱涝指标进行预测,模型平均精度为88.26%。 相似文献
6.
SWAT模型及SUFI-2算法在秃尾河上游流域径流模拟中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过构建处于干旱和半干旱地区的秃尾河流域(上游)的水文、气象、土地利用土壤等数据库,利用基于分布式的SWAT模型对该流域的水文过程和产流机制进行模拟,并通过改进的SUFI-2算法对模型参数进行不确定分析、率定和验证,探讨SWAT模型在于旱和半干旱流域的适应性.采用1977-1983年的月径流实测数据进行模型率定,用1984-1989年的月径流数据进行模型验证.验证结果表明:该研究流域年径流相关系数(R2)和模型效应系数(Ens)均小于0.6(通常认为当模拟结果期望值大于0.6时,模型能比较准确地描述了研究流域的水文过程);月径流相关系数和模型效应系数超过或者接近0.6的水平;汛期(5-10月)模型径流相关系数和效应系数最高(超过或接近0.8).研究表明通过改进的SWAT-SUFI模型能较好地模拟研究流域的汛期径流,而对全年径流和枯水期的径流模拟不够理想. 相似文献
7.
流域水文循环过程与机制的模型研究及进展 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
以坡地为研究对象,回顾了流域水文循环的研究进展;揭示了水文循环的影响因素及水文循环的物理机制;总结了在水文循环领域模型开发的研究成果;介绍了分布式水文模型及其数学建模的研究进展,并给出了目前建立分布式水文模型时存在的主要问题.最后指出,随着气候变化和人类活动等影响的加剧,一方面要加强对水文过程的物理机制的研究,另一方面开发有物理基础的分布式水文模型,这是今后流域水文循环研究的重点. 相似文献
8.
分布式水文模型是当今水文模型发展的趋势 ,是研究变化环境下水文循环与水资源演化规律的理想工具。图形用户界面 (GUI)技术在分布式水文模型中的应用 ,不仅为模型提供了应用的平台 ,更重要的是使复杂的模型具有简单易用性 ,为非专业用户的使用提供了方便 ,分布式水文模型GUI的开发是一个必然的趋势。黄河小花间水文模型为一个松散藕合型、小时为时间尺度的分布式水文模型 ,针对该模型开发的GUI为模型提供数据管理、参数率定、模型运行和结果输出的整体功能。模拟结果表明 ,模型运转良好。 相似文献
9.
未来气候情景下塔里木河干流日径流过程模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以塔里木河干流为研究区,运用分布式MIKE SHE水文模型,识别了日值尺度下塔里木河干流下垫面各参数,选取干流内6个气象站(阿拉尔、拜城、库车、轮台、库尔勒、铁干里克)1998—2007年实测气象数据,依据干流3个水文站(新其满、英巴扎、恰拉)1998—2007年实测数据对模型进行识别和验证,并结合Had GEM 2-ES气候模式中气温和降水数据,预估了未来(2021—2050年)气候情景下塔里木河干流径流演变特征。结果表明:(1)运用MIKE SHE模型模拟塔里木河干流日径流过程,模型效率系数均达0.63以上,表明该模型适用性较强。(2)未来30 a塔里木河干流多年月平均气温均较基准期(1981—2004年)升高了1.7~2.2℃,且夏秋季节升温较高;降水整体呈增加趋势,且春季增幅较大,秋季增幅较小。(3)未来气候情景下,各水文站年均径流量呈减少趋势,且以夏秋季节表现最为显著(P0.01)。其中,下游恰拉水文站平均径流量减少比例最大(5.04%),上游新其满水文站减少比例最小(0.6%);各气候排放情景中,RCP2.6(低排放情景)下各水文站减少量最小,RCP8.5(高排放情景)下减少最大。未来气候情景下塔里木河干流年径流呈减少趋势,使区域水资源调配面临更大困难,生态安全面临更大威胁,同时也将加大区域人地关系矛盾。 相似文献
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11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
13.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
14.
Sergio Ovruski Martín Aluja John Sivinski Robert Wharton 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(2):81-107
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids. 相似文献
15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
17.
W. Gams Willeke Van Laar 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1982,88(2):39-45
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen. 相似文献
18.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad 相似文献
19.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
20.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献