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《草业科学》2021,(9)
传统的地下啮齿动物种群数量统计方法如人工捕尽法、土丘计数法等,操作起来费时耗力。无人机航拍技术是一种灵活性强、易操作、可实现地面数据与航拍影像动态分析的技术。本研究基于无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)航拍技术,采用不同飞行高度和拍摄面积在呼伦贝尔草甸草原13处具有代表性地点调查东北鼢鼠(Myospalax psilurus)地面土丘密度。对航拍影像进行目视解译提取土丘数量,结合地面人工调查测定土丘数量,分析最佳航拍高度;分析航拍面积与土丘密度之间的关系,明确无人机调查东北鼢鼠地面土丘的最小取样面积。研究结果表明,在呼伦贝尔草甸草原地区,调查东北鼢鼠种群相对数量时,无人机最佳航拍高度为50 m,最小取样面积为2.21 hm2。 相似文献
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2016年和2017年9月,在内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原东北鼢鼠(Myospalax psilurus)栖息地设连续放牧区(CG)、按月轮牧区(MG)、季节轮牧区(QG)、过度放牧区(OG)和禁牧区(CK)共5个不同放牧强度样区,对植被性状和东北鼢鼠新土丘数量及其关系进行了分析。结果表明,1)放牧降低了物种的多样性,草丛高度、株丛数、生物量和盖度在季节轮牧区均最大。2)东北鼢鼠新土丘数量在不同放牧强度样区存在极显著差异(F=7.80,P0.000 1),放牧区土丘密度依次表现为MGQGCKCGOG。3)鼢鼠新土丘数量与植物株丛数呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),与生物量和Shannon-Wiener指数呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),与草丛高度和盖度呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。这些结果说明不同放牧方式下,草甸草原植被性状和鼢鼠新土丘数量会出现不同程度的变化,季节轮牧区可以在控制东北鼢鼠土丘密度的同时,维持植物性状的最优化和较高的生产力。因此,本研究认为在呼伦贝尔草甸草原区应采用季节轮牧的方式。 相似文献
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草甸草原割草地植物群落α多样性与草原鼢鼠种群密度的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究植物群落α多样性与草原鼢鼠(Myospalax aspalax)种群密度的关系,本研究于2012-2014年,在内蒙古锡林浩特市白银库伦牧场的天然割草地内定点布设3个平行固定样方(50m×20m),连续3年在野外进行了植物样方与草原鼢鼠土丘数的测定。以单位公顷新土丘个数代表当季草原鼢鼠种群的相对密度,通过Margalef指数、ShannonWiener指数、Pielou指数来确定植物群落的α多样性。结果显示,1)草原鼢鼠的活动会对植物群落多样性造成影响,但未达到显著水平(P0.05)。2)草原鼢鼠种群数量与植物群落多样性的互作关系中,草原鼢鼠对植物群落多样性的影响更强。其中,草原鼢鼠种群数量对植物群落的均匀度影响最大,而植物群落的物种丰富度与草原鼢鼠种群密度的相关性最大。 相似文献
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高原鼢鼠（Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘｂａｉｌｅｙｉ）地下生活，从春季至秋季，靠近地面活动，并推土成丘，在地面留下活动痕迹，种群密度越大，活动越明显，地表土丘数越多。据此，采用统计土丘数和土丘系数法进行种群相对数量调查，并以此来确定其月变化和季节变化。 相似文献
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通过对呼伦贝尔东北鼢鼠的调查,分析了东北鼢鼠对草原的危害以及危害程度等级评定。并对东北鼢鼠的防治进行了一系列的阐述。 相似文献
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高原鼢鼠栖息地的选择 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
高原鼢鼠（Myospalax baileyi）是青藏高原的特有鼠种,营地下生活,靠采食植物根茎为生,主要分布在青藏高原高寒草甸和高寒草原区,在草地生态系统中具有重要的功能和地位,有着地面植食性动物不可替代的作用。然而,由于高原鼢鼠种群密度上升,打破了原有土-草-畜-鼠的动态平衡,导致草地生产力下降,生物多样性丧失,进而形成草原鼠害。在鼠害严重危害区会形成次生裸地(黑土滩、鼠荒地等),严重威胁着草地生态环境安全。高原鼢鼠种群数量上升与其栖息地适合度增强密切相关,选择适宜栖息地也是导致高原鼢鼠扩散的主要原因之一。通过破坏栖息地环境来降低高原鼢鼠生境适合度,进而降低其种群密度是目前取代化学灭鼠的趋势。本研究详细阐述了影响高原鼢鼠对栖息地选择的因素,以及国外对地下鼠生境选择的研究,并对高原鼢鼠生态防治的研究及新型技术在其研究方面的应用做出了进一步的展望。 相似文献
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祁连山东段不同放牧强度下高原鼢鼠栖息地选择分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究以祁连山东段高寒草甸栖息的高原鼢鼠为研究对象,探讨不同放牧强度下高原鼢鼠栖息地特征及选择因素,为合理控制草原鼠害及保护草地生物多样性提供科学依据。本研究选择4个不同放牧强度小区,调查每个小区的高原鼢鼠相对种群密度、土壤紧实度和容重、植物学组成、植物物种丰富度、地上生物量、可食牧草产量及各植物功能群产量,并分析高原鼢鼠相对种群密度与这些要素之间的关系。结果表明,放牧强度与高原鼢鼠相对种群密度有正相关关系但不显著(P>0.05),重度放牧区下高原鼢鼠相对种群密度最高,禁牧区高原鼢鼠相对种群密度最低;高原鼢鼠相对种群密度与土壤紧实度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与土壤容重和地上生物量呈负相关但不显著(P>0.05);高原鼢鼠相对种群密度与杂类草产量有正相关关系但不显著(P>0.05),与可食牧草产量、禾草产量和物种丰富度有负相关关系但不显著(P>0.05);多元线性回归方程表明影响高原鼢鼠栖息地选择的主要因素是土壤紧实度(Y=205.36-0.145X1,X1为土壤紧实度)。 相似文献
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高原鼢鼠的采食造丘活动影响草地植被群落组成和结构,造成草地植被的空间异质性——土丘和植被斑块。本研究以冬季牧场中不同高原鼢鼠种群密度干扰下的植被性状为研究对象,探索植被群落组成结构对高原鼢鼠不同种群密度干扰的功能性响应。结果表明:植被高度随着鼢鼠种群密度的增加呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05),群落盖度和禾草丰富度呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),而物种丰富度及杂类草丰富度随鼢鼠种群密度的增加表现出单峰曲线格局。地下总生物量随鼢鼠种群密度的增加呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),杂类草生物量则表现出相反的趋势,而禾草类生物量表现出先降低后增加的趋势。由此可见,适宜密度的鼢鼠干扰有利于物种丰富度的提高,而低密度和高密度的鼢鼠干扰有利于草地中禾草生物量的提高。 相似文献
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高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠在高寒草甸中的作用 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
作为青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统组分的关键种,高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae和高原鼢鼠Myospalaxbaileyi在高寒草甸生态系统物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用。虽然高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠数量极端扩张后所产生的消极影响已被广泛认识,但其行为活动对生态系统土壤和植被的积极作用也不容忽略。通过简述青藏高原地区危害最严重的高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的生物学特征,全面分析了这2个种群的行为活动对高寒草甸生态系统植被和土壤的双重作用,指出这2个种群在适宜范围内对高寒草甸植被群落结构的种类组成、多样性、生物量及种子传播具有一定的积极效应,但当种群密度过大便会对高寒草甸生态系统的植被和土壤产生巨大的消极作用,加速植被和土壤退化。高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠活动利害转变的关键在于确定种群致灾密度,从而发挥其积极作用,维持高寒草甸生态系统的平衡。 相似文献
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Maria Antónia P. Conceição Hazel E. Johnson C. M. Wathes 《British poultry science》1989,30(4):765-776
1. The spatial distribution of aerial pollutants was measured in a large deep‐litter pullet house, initially holding 10,000 birds, at 12 sites within the birds’ breathing zone: on 6 occasions when the birds were between 8 and 27 d of age and on two occasions when the birds were 29 and 34 d of age and the flock size was halved.
2. The distribution of most pollutants appeared uniform, implying that all sites could be considered representative of the overall concentration of pollutant.
3. The concentration of ammonia differed between sites, probably because of local variations in the rate of release from the litter. The number concentration of non‐respirable particles (> 5 μm in diameter) became heterogeneous when the flock size was halved.
4. The operation of two punka fans had no effect on the spatial distribution of aerial pollutants, but increased the maximum air speed from 0.08 to 0.16 m/s.
5. Recommendations are given for the minimum number of sampling sites necessary for a predetermined level of statistical accuracy. Eight sites at least are recommended for most aerial pollutants, though more are needed for the concentration of gaseous ammonia. 相似文献
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Dietary manipulation to reduce aerial ammonia concentrations in nursery pig facilities. 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Two 4-wk trials (preliminary study) and three 5-wk trials (major study) were conducted to determine the effects of adding Yucca schidigera extract or anhydrous calcium chloride to nursery diets on the growth performance of nursery pigs and aerial ammonia concentration. The pigs were weaned between 13 and 15 d of age and had an initial BW of 3 to 6 kg. In each trial, pigs were allotted to three identical pig nursery rooms that were environmentally regulated. There were three diets (one diet per room): 1) control, containing 23% CP; 2) control plus 125 ppm of Yucca schidigera extract; and 3) control plus 1.95% anhydrous calcium chloride. Growth performance was recorded weekly. Aerial ammonia concentration was measured daily using aspiration detector tubes and during the last week of each trial using diffusion tubes. Manure samples were collected twice a week during the experimental period to determine ammonia and N concentrations and pH. Plasma urea concentration was determined in blood samples collected from the pigs at the end of each trial. Data were analyzed using split-plot and Latin square designs for the preliminary and major studies, respectively. Feed intake was similar among pigs fed all three diets. There were no differences in ADG and ADG/ADFI (G/F) between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the yucca extract diet (P > or = 0.41). In all trials, pigs fed the calcium chloride diet had lower ADG and G/F than pigs fed the other two diets (P < 0.05). In the preliminary study, aerial ammonia tended to be greater in the rooms in which pigs were fed the control diet than in the rooms with pigs fed the yucca extract diet (P = 0.08) and the calcium chloride diet (P = 0.11). In the major study, aerial ammonia increased weekly (diet x week; P < 0.001) in all rooms. In the 4th wk, ammonia concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) in the rooms in which pigs were fed the control diet than in the rooms in which the other two diets were fed. Dietary treatment had no effect on plasma urea concentration (P > or = 0.10), manure ammonia and N concentrations (P > or = 0.50), and manure pH (P > or = 0.78). Although aerial ammonia concentrations were relatively low, the addition of Yucca schidigera extract or calcium chloride to the diet of nursery pigs reduced ammonia concentrations in the nursery rooms. 相似文献
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The objective of the experimental study was to examine whether aerial ammonia alone could predispose the respiratory system of pigs to infection with toxigenic Pasteurella multocida type A. Two groups of 5 pigs each were continuously exposed to 50 ppm ammonia and less than 5 ppm ammonia, respectively, for a 59-day period (from 37 kg to 90 kg bodyweight) followed by necropsy. In an aerosol chamber all pigs were exposed to an aerosol of toxigenic P. multocida type A (mean bacterial concentration in the aerosol-exposure chamber: 10(5) colony forming units/m3; exposure period: 25 min) at day 10, 21, 35 and 49 after the onset of ammonia exposure. During the experiment none of the pigs showed clinical signs of pneumonia nor did they develop visible distortion of the snout. None of the pigs had gross lesions in the lungs at necropsy and toxigenic P. multocida was not detected by culture from the lungs from any of the pigs. The chance of recovering toxigenic P. multocida from nasal swabs (collected during experiment) was 2-4 times greater in the test group compared to the control group. The average daily weight gain was lower for the ammonia exposed pigs compared to the control group. In conclusion the results from this study suggest that ammonia in concentrations of 50 ppm is unlikely to predispose growing pigs to pulmonary infection with toxigenic P. multocida. 相似文献
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Müller T Freuling CM Gschwendner P Holzhofer E Mürke H Rüdiger H Schuster P Klöss D Staubach C Teske K Vos A 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2012,125(5-6):197-202
Large-scale oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies using aerial bait distribution has been successfully used to control terrestrial wildlife rabies in Europe and North America. A technical milestone to large-scale oral rabies vaccination campaigns in Europe was the development of fully-automated, computer-supported and cost-efficient technology for aerial distribution of baits like the SURVIS -system. Each bait released is recorded by the control unit through a sensor, with the exact location, time and date of release and subsequently the collected data can be evaluated, e.g. in GIS programmes. Thus, bait delivery systems like SURVIS are an important management tool for flight services and the responsible authorities for the optimization and evaluation of oral vaccination campaigns of wildlife against rabies or the control of other relevant wildlife diseases targeted by oral baits. 相似文献