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1.
This paper examines the broad range of informal land transactions and arrangements migrants are entering into with customary landowners to gain access to customary land for export cash cropping in the oil palm belt of West New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Whilst these arrangements can provide migrants with relatively secure access to land, there are instances of migrants losing their land rights. Typically, the land tenure arrangements of migrants with more secure access to land are within a framework of property rights for social inclusion whereby customary landowners’ inalienable rights to land are preserved and the ‘outsider’ becomes an ‘insider’ with ongoing use rights to the land. Through socially embedding land transactions in place‐based practices of non‐market exchange, identities of difference are eroded as migrants assume identities as part of their host groups. This adaptability of customary land tenure and its capacity to accommodate large migration in‐flows and expanding commodity production undermines the argument common amongst proponents of land reform that customary tenure is static and inflexible. Before such claims are heeded, there must be more detailed empirical investigations of the diverse range of land tenure regimes operating in areas of the country experiencing high rates of immigration. 相似文献
2.
Abstract: New Zealand's population growth of 10 per cent over the decade 1991–2001 resulted substantially from an increasing number of those claiming Pacific Island and Asian ethnicity, and to a lesser extent of the New Zealand Maori. Using census data for a comparable set of small areas with average populations of just over 100, this paper examines the changing geography of the four main ethnic categories – New Zealand European, New Zealand Maori, Pacific Island Peoples, and Asians – across the country as a whole and in its major settlements, especially Auckland. There is little extreme segregation of the three minority groups, but most of the Europeans live in areas where there is little exposure to those of other ethnicities. Most of the changes in segregation reflect the growth of Auckland's Pacific Island and, especially, Asian populations. 相似文献
3.
Richard Bedford 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2001,42(1):7-16
The 1990s can be characterised as the decade of migration as far as New Zealand's 20th century population history is concerned. There was the largest decennial net migration gain this century, the largest annual net migration gain since 1875, the largest decennial numerical increase in population since the 1960s, and the largest influx of immigrants from countries in northeast Asia on record. This was a decade when migration flows both in and out of the country attracted considerable public and political comment. In the mid‐1990s it was the ‘Asian invasion’ that was the key migration‐related political issue; in the late 1990s it was the ‘Kiwi exodus’, especially to Australia, that was attracting attention both in New Zealand and Australia. A ‘blip’ in birth rates in the early 1990s also attracted considerable attention from demographers and policy analysts – a short‐lived increase associated with irregularities in New Zealand's population structure as well as the changing patterns of fertility evident in later child bearing. The decade also saw some significant changes in the ethnic composition of the population, as well as debates about socio‐economic ‘gaps’ between some of the major ethnic components. 相似文献
4.
Manuhuia Barcham 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》1998,39(3):303-314
A massive demographic rural-urban shift has taken place within Maori society since the second world war. This demographic shift prompted changes in the structure of some Maori social institutions. Due to a number of factors these new social institutions have not been readily assimilated by Maori cultural practices. Recent battles over the allocation of pre-settlement Treaty assets have brought this issue to the fore, acting as catalysts in the struggle for recognition between evolutionary social change (represented by urban Maori) and the perceived static boundaries of indigenous culture (as represented by modern Iwi). This paper therefore addresses the problems of accommodating social change within ‘static’ cultural frameworks raised by the issue of asset allocation. The paper outlines the historical factors that have allowed incongruities between social structure and culture to emerge in New Zealand Maori society, and provides a number of options for consideration in the hope of resolving this issue. 相似文献
5.
For a quarter of a century, the government of New Zealand has been engaged in a process of restitution of property to Maori. Although land is the main object of Maori claims for restitution, rights to fisheries are also important. The nature of these rights is being influenced by findings of the Waitangi Tribunal and determined by legislation and judicial decisions. Both the definition of customary rights of Maori and the allocation of commercial fishing assets between urban Maori and members of traditional tribes present difficult questions not fully resolved. One principle that does appear to be settled is that full restitution is not feasible. Instead, both government and Maori seek settlements that will provide a firm foundation for community and economic development. 相似文献
6.
John Overton 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》1999,40(2):173-186
Discourses about development have contributed to profound socio-economic transformation in all parts of the world. This paper examines the development debate in Fiji with particular reference to two distinctive approaches: state-led developmentalism (vakamatanitū) and a discourse about custom-led development (vakavanua). Political and economic dimensions of these alternative discourses are reviewed with particular reference to land tenure systems in Fiji. Challenges to both vakamatanitū and vakavanua from an emerging literature on globalism will shift the focus of debate from ‘intentional’ to ‘immanent’ development in Fiji. 相似文献
7.
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to examine the various geographic shifts occurring in New Zealand air passenger service as a result of the liberal aviation policies pursued by the country. A brief history of New Zealand air passenger travel both domestically and internationally will be followed by a more in‐depth investigation into the impacts of the single aviation market between New Zealand and Australia, first negotiated in 1992, subsequently altered in 1996 and, in its present form, agreed to in 2000. Particular attention is given to the increased competition that has arisen in the Trans‐Tasman market, making it one of the most heavily contested routes in global aviation. The Trans‐Tasman is analysed at a variety of levels, including airline competition, market growth, and fare changes that have occurred in the five years since the ‘full open skies’ agreement came into effect. 相似文献
8.
Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which traditional techniques and practices remain current among a sub‐set of Indonesian tree crop smallholders. Village‐based studies of independent oil palm and rubber smallholders in Riau (Sumatra) indicate that bio‐diverse ‘jungle rubber’ and multi‐cropping techniques still exist, but primarily as components of farmers’ coping strategies under low commodity prices. A further strategy, seeking income from non‐agrarian sources, notably ‘illegal’ logging and land sales to migrants, partially fits Rigg's ‘deagrarianisation’ thesis, though his suggestion that the farm household has become a mere ‘shell’ is not substantiated. The lack of full legalisation of tenure constrains full capitalist development but does not impede land sales. Land seizures during the Suharto period reduced belief in the efficacy of customary (adat) law, though adat has retained importance in dispute resolution and as a cultural framework. New structures of village governance following decentralisation have so far had minimal impact in either empowering villagers or dispossessing elites. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, we use an actor‐oriented perspective to explore the nature and extent of conflict and negotiation with regard to land use and tenure among the Iban of Sarawak. The Iban are shifting cultivators who have long been involved in smallholder cash crops. We argue that the complexity of land‐use change and the major shifts in land law and policy in Sarawak in recent decades, particularly those favouring the rapid expansion of oil palm plantations on both state and customary land, have created a situation of indeterminacy that can be exploited to renegotiate land rights and livelihoods. We present a case history of an Iban community that has ‘shifted ground’ several times over the past century, both geographically and in its strategic position relative to state and private sector actors. We show how, under formidable pressure from these actors, this community has nevertheless renegotiated its access to land and other resources, and opportunistically developed a diversified livelihood system that has enabled it to survive in rapidly changing political and economic conditions. While not necessarily typical, the case sheds light on the limits and modes of negotiability in the context of a strong developmental state. 相似文献
10.
Examining trans‐Tasman migration of new immigrants to New Zealand from the People's Republic of China: A quantitative approach 
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下载免费PDF全文 Liangni Sally Liu 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2015,56(2):297-314
‘Back‐door’ migration refers to the entry of overseas‐born New Zealand citizens to Australia. Many New Zealand Chinese migrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) are within this migration flow. Based on a detailed analysis on the permanent and long‐term arrival and departure data from Statistics New Zealand and an online survey conducted by the author, this paper examines the trans‐Tasman migration of New Zealand's PRC migrants. The result shows that compared with New Zealand‐born citizens, the trans‐Tasman migration of China‐born New Zealand citizens is not large in number. The 2001 Australia immigration policy change of the welfare provisions to New Zealand citizens discouraged ‘back‐door’ migration of the PRC migrants in the short term only. Australia still remains a favoured destination for many of them. Economic consideration is the main factor drawing these migrants to Australia. This paper also reveals a circulatory feature of the PRC migrants' trans‐Tasman migratory movements, as evidenced by a significant number of respondents who had migrated from New Zealand to Australia indicating that they would come back to New Zealand at some future time. 相似文献
11.
Elspeth Young 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》1999,40(2):159-171
Indigenous and non-indigenous concepts of land ownership and use are fundamental elements in Australian debate on the implications of Native Title for development. However these approaches are not necessarily incompatible but can be reconciled. Drawing on evidence from the central Australian rangelands, this paper argues that the adaptations of land use practised by indigenous people, who have converted their land tenure from pastoral leasehold to Aboriginal freehold land, suggest that such reconciliation is possible and practical. Provision of appropriate support tools, such as participatory extension for improved land management, or community land management planning, strengthen the integration of indigenous and non-indigenous land management approaches. Successful integration will be essential for the management of Australia’s rangelands under Native Title. 相似文献
12.
Richard Willis 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2001,42(1):55-65
The continuation of the deregulated and restructured environment of the 1980s has produced differential impacts across different farming types and therefore varying results in different rural regions. There has been a major land use change away from traditional sheep farming to dairying on the flats and forestry on the steeper hills. Net farm profit during the 1990s has increased by 180 per cent on dairy farms but by only 97 per cent on sheep and beef farms. In one sense agriculture in New Zealand has become more ‘post‐productivist’ with a reduction in government support, a dramatic reduction in the number of farms, and an increase in farmland converted to urban and recreational uses such as farm tourism and golf course capitalism. But on the other hand New Zealand farmers still remain family rather than corporate, and they are firmly committed to increased production. Other challenges include pressure to deregulate the co‐operative and producer board system, and genetically modified food. 相似文献
13.
John Leo Ryks 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2014,55(1):38-53
This paper describes how the transformation of coastal New Zealand is directly connected to the dislocation and marginalisation of many Māori coastal communities. It focuses on how this transformation is played out in text and talk and how certain types of boundaries function as important determinants in the construction and social order of coastal New Zealand. The high value and demand placed on specific, accessible ‘cadastral’ parcels of private coastal property dictates that much of New Zealand's coast is mapped according to constructs of wealth and desirability. In other parts of the country where development pressures on the coast are less prevalent, coastal communities are less evidently connected to markers of affluence and/or ‘whiteness’. In these less disciplined spaces, uncertainty and liminality is more influential in the making of coastal places. Through an analysis of interviews with coastal planners and residents of coastal communities it is revealed that particular hegemonies, through the discourses they produce, attempt to assert a particular socio‐spatial epistemology on counter‐hegemonic groups in an effort to develop and manage the coast. Communities that revealed an alternative social ordering are described as messy and difficult to manage, while other coastal communities are marketed as exclusive, where model residents inhabit model places. 相似文献
14.
Tania Boyer 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》1996,37(1):59-80
Migration from Asia to New Zealand is now a topic of heated public debate within New Zealand. This study traces the experiences of Taiwanese migrants to Auckland over the past decade and documents their adaption and revised expectations. By the end of June 1995, over 21,000 Taiwanese had been granted permanent residence in New Zealand on the basis of their skills, qualifications and work experience. Although expecting a fall in income as the necessary ‘price’ to pay for an improved quality of life, as well as some language difficulties, few immigrants were prepared for the magnitude of the drop in income, the hardship it would bring and the heavy reliance this would place on their remaining investments in Taiwan. The net result has been unemployment and underemployment of immigrants many of whom are now resigned to net gains through education coming not to them but to their children. As a result of the inability to secure adequate employment, many Taiwanese immigrants have relocated one or all of the family members back to Taiwan. The introduction in October 1995 of stricter English standards and the flatter, less academic basis to point earning qualifications, validation of job offers, recognition of New Zealand work experience together with the spouses’ human capital as well as a clearer commitment to New Zealand should all go some way to addressing many of the difficulties the history of recent Taiwanese immigration has uncovered. 相似文献
15.
E. M. K. Douglas 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2001,42(1):17-25
The decade started with the 150‐year commemoration of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi that established British governance. This was when Maori were severely and disproportionately affected by the structural adjustment programmes which had reduced their standards of living and thrown them back on their own community resources as government withdrew from community involvement. The continuing conflict between the desire to retain their collective Maori identity and the almost overwhelming forces of assimilation (internally) and globalisation affected fortunes of Maori New Zealanders (internationally). This is best exemplified by the conflict in the Treaty of Waitangi between British sovereignty and Maori tino rangatiratanga. As the decade progressed, government sought a full and final settlement of the many hundreds of historical treaty claims, with a unilateral declaration of what was available ($1 billion). Unilateral actions on either side did little to assuage the long‐standing sense of mutual mistrust between Maori and Pakeha which was fuelled by a hostile mass media. Notwithstanding, ‘progress’ was made, and the twentieth century ended with Maori and Pakeha closer together than they had ever been. 相似文献
16.
农村建设用地集约利用评价研究——以重庆市为例 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
摘要：本文结合现阶段重庆市农村建设用地的实际情况,通过构建农村建设用地集约利用评价指标体系,应用层次分析法建立评价模型并确定指标权重。后结合GIS技术分析了重庆全市1999-2007年及全市各区县2007年农村建设用地集约利用水平及其变化规律,结果表明：1999-2007年间,重庆市农村建设用地集约利用水平先降后升,总体处于低度利用状态;空间上,靠近一小时经济圈的地区集约利用水平高,渝东北和渝东南集约利用水平相对较低。最后文章针对重庆市农村建设用地集约利用情况提出促进农村建设用地集约利用的措施建议。 相似文献
17.
基于SD和模糊综合评价的土地整治项目社会影响评价 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用系统动力学的因果回路图分析土地整治的社会影响,运用层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法评估土地整治典型项目的社会影响程度。通过典型案例分析,该项目社会影响成功度综合评价结果为“基本成功”,其中“社会效率”成功度最高,“社会公平”次之,“可持续发展”成功度最低。运用系统动力学的理论对土地整治的社会影响的影响因素和传导途径进行解析,通过层次分析法和模糊综合评价法可对相关社会影响进行定量评估,研究成果可为土地整治项目的社会影响评价工作提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
18.
近年来,中国土地污染状况日益凸显,加剧了土地资源供需矛盾,耕地土壤污染给农民带来了经济利益和健康利益的双重损害。为缓解矛盾,保护粮食安全,保证耕地红线,增加建设用地,如何利用工程技术手段将污染土地变为可利用土地显得尤为重要。通过文献资料法,结合多年来污染土地治理修复的工程技术经验,对污染土地修复工程技术要点进行了探讨和总结,主要介绍中国土壤污染发展现状,以及如何将污染土地变为可利用土地,最后展望了中国污染土地修复工程技术的发展趋势。该研究为提出适合中国国情和符合地区特点的土壤污染修复技术奠定了理论基础,同时为国家粮食安全、生态文明建设提供技术支撑。 相似文献
19.
John Henderson 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2003,44(3):225-241
Abstract: This paper critically examines the role of outside powers, particularly Australia and New Zealand, in meeting the challenges to democracy in Melanesia. The shortcomings of the Westminster political system in the fragmented societies of Melanesia are contrasted with the possible advantages of a Presidential system. The ‘good governance’ requirements of aid donors are considered, along with more direct forms of intervention – including armed forces in the case of the Solomon Islands. The paper concludes that democracy cannot be imposed, and that attempts to do so makes nonsense of the term. 相似文献
20.
In this article, we will argue that any investigation of the ‘progressive spaces of neoliberalism’ needs to maintain a critical stance on the neoliberal project. In particular, we suggest that it is important to see the ways ‘progressive spaces of neoliberalism’ are troubled by discourses of colonisation which in turn are themselves disrupted by genealogies of Indigenous struggles. Spaces of neoliberalism are embedded in discourses of colonisation, as space is ultimately grounded in somewhere, in a ‘place’. In Aotearoa, the discourses of colonisation and place are in turn entangled with a genealogy of Maori struggles to maintain and create political, economic and social structures and frameworks. These struggles are also productive, and have the potential to encourage, diverse political economies of production, trade and enterprise distinct from neoliberalism, its progressive spaces, and colonisation. We will investigate two cases to highlight that the ‘messy actualities’ of neoliberalism cannot be extracted from the genealogy of colonisation. Any attempts to start an analysis of progressive space as located in a neutral ‘now and here’ are therefore problematic. 相似文献