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1.
During the previous decade several studies focused on postpartum treatment with prostaglandin for improvement of reproductive performance in sows. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of administration of a prostaglandin F2 α (PGF2 α ) analogue in sows within 24–48 h after farrowing on sow and litter performance. In five commercial farms, the sows were randomly assigned to either treatment A (2 ml cloprostenol, PlanateIM) or treatment B (2 ml physiological saline solution, i.m.). Fifteen per cent of all sows were at random selected for progesterone analysis. Litter performance was assessed by measuring pre-weaning mortality and average daily weight gain (ADG). Sow performance was assessed by measuring weaning-to-oestrus interval (WOI), the percentage of sows returning to oestrus and litter size during subsequent farrowing. Administration of a PGF2 α analogue within 24–48 h postpartum had no effect on the rate of progesterone decline measured over 24 h compared with that of the controls. Litter performance and WOI were not affected by treatment. The subsequent litter size in sows of parity seven and more showed a significant difference of 1.98 piglets (p < 0.01) between both groups, to the benefit of the cloprostenol group. In conclusion, administration of a synthetic PGF2 α analogue, cloprostenol, within 24–48 h after farrowing improved litter size at next farrowing in older (≥7 parity) sows.  相似文献   

2.
Pentoxifylline (7.5 mg/kg) was bolused intravenously to eight healthy horses and was immediately followed by infusion (1.5 mg/kg/h) for 3 h. Clinical parameters were recorded and blood samples were collected for 24 h. Plasma was separated and concentrations of pentoxifylline, its reduced metabolite I, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α were determined. Heparinized whole blood was also incubated ex vivo with 1 ng Escherichi coli endotoxin/mL blood for 6 h before determination of plasma tumour necrosis factor activity. The peak plasma concentrations of pentoxifylline and metabolite I occurred at 15 min after bolus injection and were 9.2± 1.4 and 7.8± 4.3 μg/mL, respectively. The half-life of elimination ( t ½β) of pentoxifylline was 1.44 h and volume of distribution ( V darea) was 0.94 L/kg. The mean plasma concentration of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α increased over time, with a significant increase occurring 30 min after the bolus administration. Ex vivo plasma endotoxin-induced tumour necrosis factor activity was significantly decreased at 1.5 and 3 h of infusion. These results indicate that infusion of pentoxifylline will increase 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α and significantly suppress endotoxin-induced tumour necrosis factor activity in horses during the period of infusion.  相似文献   

3.
Luteolytic mechanisms have evolved in mammals to improve reproductive efficiency. The hormonal interactions that control the onset and progress of luteolysis are complex. They involve endocrine and paracrine signals that link the corpus luteum, uterus and posterior pituitary gland. Current concepts concerning these interactions will be examined in the five major domestic ungulate species commonly raised in Europe and North America (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses). Some of these interactions are similar across species. All five depend on prostaglandin F2α secreted from the uterus, to induce luteolysis. Three hormones, progesterone, estradiol and oxytocin interact to regulate uterine secretion of PGF2α. Oxytocin is an acute stimulus for uterine PGF2α secretion. Progesterone and estradiol interact to regulate uterine secretary responsiveness to oxytocin. Precisely how these hormones interact varies across species.  相似文献   

4.
The aim of study was to correlate tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) infused doses used with the TNF concentrations achieved and with the secretory function of both the ovary and the uterus in cows. We evaluated the concentrations of progesterone (P4), prostaglandin (PG)F2α, PGE2 nitric oxide (NO) and TNF in the jugular vein and vena cava caudalis as parameters of exogenous TNF action on the female reproductive tract. Aortae abdominalis of cows (n = 18) were infused with saline or two doses of TNF (luteolytic – 1 μg or luteotrophic – 10 μg). In the peripheral blood, 1 μg TNF concentrations achieved within the range of 30–45 pg/ml, and 10 μg TNF provoked a sharp increase in achieved concentrations at a range of 250–450 pg/mL). The TNF concentrations achieved in vena cava caudalis were five to six times higher than that in peripheral blood (p < 0.001). One microgram TNF increased PGF2α and NO (p < 0.001) and decreased P4 (p < 0.05). The higher TNF dose stimulated P4 and PGE2 (p < 0.01). TNF infusion at luteolytic dose achieved its concentrations at the physiological range previously observed in cows. Luteotrophic TNF dose achieved the concentrations in vena cava caudalis that are much higher than physiological level and were previously noted in pathological circumstances (i.e. mastitis , metritis ).  相似文献   

5.
The effect of food deprivation on ova transport, hormonal profiles and metabolic changes was studied in 20 crossbred multiparous sows during their second oestrus after weaning. To determine the time of ovulation, transrectal ultrasonographic examination was performed. The sows were divided into 2 groups, one control group (C-group), which was fed according to Swedish standards, and one experimental group (E-group). The E-group sows were deprived of food from the first morning meal after ovulation until slaughter. Blood samples were collected every second hour from about 12 h before expected ovulation in the second oestrus after weaning until slaughter and were analysed for progesterone, prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids and triglycerides. All sows were slaughtered approximately 48 h after ovulation and the genital tract was recovered. The isthmic part of the oviduct was divided into 3 equally long segments and flushed separately with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Uterine horns were also flushed with PBS. A significantly greater number of ova were found in the first and second part of the isthmus in the E-group (p = 0.05) while in the C-group most of the ova were found in the third part of the isthmus or the uterus (p = 0.01). The level of prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite was significantly higher in the E-group compared with the C-group. The concentration of progesterone increased in both groups after ovulation but there were no significant differences between the groups. The other blood parameters showed that the food-deprived sows were in a catabolic state. The 48 h period of fasting results, directly or indirectly in an delayed ova transport, which may be due to a delayed relaxation in the smooth circular muscle layer of the isthmus.  相似文献   

6.
Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and GnRH treatments given 24 h apart have been shown to result in short oestrous cycles (8–12 days) in some cows and heifers. The differences in responses may depend on the dose of GnRH. Therefore, the effect of the dose of GnRH on occurrence of short cycles and LH response was studied here. Oestrus was induced with dexcloprostenol (0.15 mg) in two groups of Ayrshire heifers. A second luteolysis was induced similarly on day 7 after ovulation; 24 h after PGF2α treatment, the heifers were administered either a high (0.5 mg, n = 15, group T500) or low (0.1 mg, n = 10, group T100) dose of gonadorelin. Blood samples for progesterone analyses were collected daily from the second PGF2α administration to the second ovulation after the PGF2α injection. Beginning 24 h after the GnRH treatment, ovaries were examined by transrectal ultrasonography every 6 h until ovulation, and daily between day 4 and the next ovulation. Five heifers from both groups were sampled for LH analyses via a jugular catheter every 30 min from 1 h before to 6 h after the GnRH administration. Short oestrous cycles were detected in 7 of 10 cases in group T100 and in 12 of 15 cases in group T500. No significant differences in LH responses were detected between the groups. In group T500, the rise in LH concentration tended to be somewhat slower than in group T100. The dose of GnRH (0.1 vs 0.5 mg) did not affect the occurrence of short oestrous cycles and LH response.  相似文献   

7.
Flunixin meglumine (FM) was administered either orally as granules or intravenously to six heifers in a two period crossover study. Single doses of 2.2 mg/kg body weight were used. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using statistical moment methods. The effect exerted by flunixin was measured as changes in the basal plasma concentration of the main metabolite of prostaglandin (PG) F2α. After oral FM the arithmetic means of pharmacokinetic variables were: MRT = 12.7 h; MAT = 6.3 h; C max= 0.9 μg/mL; t max= 3.5 h. The bioavailability was 60% and the mean half-life (harmonic mean) was 6.2 h. Oral administration of FM inhibited as effectively as intravenous administration the prostaglandin biosynthesis. The concentration of the PG metabolite decreased almost as rapidly as after intravenous administration. The duration of the effect was prolonged and the PG metabolite concentration was significantly lower between 10 and 30 h after oral than after intravenous administration. The results indicate that oral dosing of flunixin, in the form of granules, can be an alternative to intravenous administration for therapeutic use in cattle.  相似文献   

8.
A critical period of early gestation in the mare involves the immobilization (fixation) of the encapsulated conceptus at around days 16–17. We compared the major proteins in the normal equine embryonic capsule and endometrial secretions around the period of fixation with those from pregnancies in the process of termination induced by administration of an analogue of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Uterocalin and β2-microglobulin (β2M) associated with the embryonic capsule were proteolytically converted to smaller forms during the fixation period. These conversions were similar in conceptuses from control and treated mares. A 17 kDa cationic protein identified as a secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) type IIA was detected bound to normal capsules but increased substantially in response to PGF2α. Two forms of uteroglobin were distinguished by partial amino acid sequences of ∼6 kDa bands in flush fluids from normal pregnant uteri. After administration of PGF2α one immunoreactive form of uteroglobin was preferentially increased. These studies demonstrate that failure of pregnancy in this model is associated with an increase in secretory phospholipase in the capsule and a change in the forms of uteroglobin in the uterine secretions.  相似文献   

9.
Clinical and subclinical endometritis are common causes of infertility and subfertility in high producing dairy cattle, delaying the onset of ovarian cyclic activity after parturition, extending luteal phases and reducing conception rates. Escherichia coli and Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause endometrial damage and inflammation. Components of microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are detected by Toll-like receptors on endometrial cells, leading to secretion of cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides. Long luteal phases associated with endometritis are probably caused by a switch in endometrial prostaglandin production from prostaglandin F2a (PGF) to prostaglandin E2. In addition, LPS impairs the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary, and directly perturbs ovarian granulosa cells steroidogenesis, providing mechanisms to explain the association between uterine disease and anovulatory anoestrus. Cows with uterine disease that ovulate have lower peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations that may further reduce the chance of conception associated with endometritis.  相似文献   

10.
We investigated the effect of bradykinin (BK) on isolated equine basilar arterial rings with and without endothelium. BK induced concentration-dependent contraction of resting arterial rings and no relaxation when the rings were precontracted by prostaglandin F2α. The maximal response and pD2 value were 161.2 ± 28.1% (to 60 m m KCl-induced contraction) and 8.24 ± 0.25 respectively. The cumulative concentration–response curve for BK was not shifted to the right by des-Arg9-[Leu8]-BK (a B1-receptor antagonist), HOE140 (a B2-receptor antagonist) or NPC567 (another B2-receptor antagonist). In four of six basilar arteries, NPC567 induced concentration-dependent contraction. Indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (a lipoxygenase inhibitor), quinacrine (a phospholipase A2 inhibitor), tetrodotoxin (a selective blocker of Na+ channels), guanethidine (a nor-adrenergic neuron blocking drug), phentolamine (an α-adrenoceptor antagonist), Nω-nitro- l -arginine ( l -NNA, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor) and endothelial denudation did not affect the BK-induced contraction. l -NNA and indomethacin induced contraction and relaxation under resting vascular tone respectively. These results suggest that endothelial cells are not involved in BK-induced contraction and that the contraction is not mediated via activation of known B1 and B2 receptors. Arachidonic acid metabolites and neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and NO might not play a role in BK-induced contraction in equine basilar artery.  相似文献   

11.
Myers, M. J., Scott, M. L., Deaver, C. M., Farrell, D. E., Yancy, H. F. Biomarkers of inflammation in cattle determining the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33 , 1–8.
The impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in bovine whole blood (WB) cultures stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined, using the blood from six Holstein dairy cattle in various stages of lactation. Peak production of PGE2 occurred 24 h after LPS stimulation but did not result in detectable concentrations of thromboxane B2 (TXB2). The NSAID indomethacin, aspirin, flunixin meglumine, and 4-[5-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] benzene sulfonamide (PTPBS; celecoxib analogue), along with dexamethasone, were all equally effective in reducing the concentration of PGE2 in the bovine WB culture supernatants. Bradykinin exhibited peak supernatant concentrations 1 h after LPS stimulation. Dexamethasone and the NSAID used in this study were equally effective at inhibiting bradykinin production. Peak induction of COX-2 mRNA occurred 3 h post-LPS stimulation. However, neither dexamethasone nor any of the NSAID used in this study altered COX-2 mRNA concentrations. In contrast, aspirin, flunixin meglumine, and PTPBS reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) mRNA concentration. These results demonstrate that bovine blood cells respond to NSAID therapy like other mammalian cells with respect to inhibition of PGE2 production and suppression of TNF mRNA induction, but do not inhibit induction of COX-2 mRNA.  相似文献   

12.
Contents: In this review, the role of eicosanoids in regulation of parturition and the postpartum period was described with special emphasis on the bovine species. The metabolism of arachidonic acid and the production of eicosanoids during the peripartum period was discussed. Prostaglandin E2 and F2α (PGE2, PGF2α) play an important role in mechanisms controlling parturition. They are involved in luteolysis, uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix. Eicosanoids also seem to influence the loosening processes of the fetal membranes. However, in the literature, conflicting results were found. Many investigations suggested that retained placental membranes could be related to low PGF2α production and/ or an imbalance of arachidonic acid metabolism in the uterus. The possible role of the lipoxygenase pathway metabolite 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) in expulsion of the fetal membranes was also discussed. As far as the postpartum period is concerned, a relationship between postpartum PGF2α release and the involution of the uterus was found. Cows with undisturbed uterine involution had higher PGF2α production than cows with delayed involution. In contrast to the positive effect of PGF2α on uterine involution, PGE2 seems to delay the involution processes. Further experiments are necessary in order to study the function of eicosanoids in mechanisms regulating parturition, release of the fetal placental membranes and involution of the uterus.  相似文献   

13.
Prostaglandin F2α receptors (PGF2α Rs) were measured in bovine corpus luteum and myometrial cell membranes using a radiometric method. The inhibition of labelled PGF2α binding exerted by d-cloprostenol, dl-cloprostenol, PGF2α and PGE1 (l0–11 M to 10–4 M) was evaluated in vitro. Results strongly suggest that cloprostenol binding to PGF2αRs is stereospecific. d-Cloprostenol and PGF2α were equipotent, about 150 times more potent than d-cloprostenol (P < 0.05) and approximately 280 times more potent than PGE, (P < 0.05) in inhibiting [3H]PGF2α binding to corpus luteum cell membranes. Such differences were less evident in myometrial cell membranes, where d-cloprostenol and PGF2α were about 10 times more potent than d-cloprostenol (P < 0.05) and approximately 95 times more potent than PGEl (P < 0.05).  相似文献   

14.
The effect of endotoxin on follicular growth and on secretion of LH, estradiol-17β, progesterone and cortisol during the proestrous phase in cattle was investigated. Holstein heifers were treated with PGF2 at 11–13 d after ovulation to induce luteolysis. At 42 hr after PGF2 treatment, heifers were administered either lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli, O111:B4, 5 μg/kg, n = 6) or saline (control; n = 6) by i.v. bolus injection. Ovarian structures were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography, and blood samples were collected at various times for hormonal analysis. The duration from PGF2 treatment to ovulation was significantly longer in the LPS group (8.0 ± 1.3 d) than in the control group (4.2 ± 0.2 d). LPS significantly reduced the pulse frequency of LH for 6 hr after the administration, and increased the mean concentration and pulse amplitude of LH from 3 to 6 hr after the administration. The plasma concentrations of progesterone and cortisol were transiently increased after LPS administration. The plasma concentration of estradiol-17β was significantly decreased at 24 hr after LPS administration compared to that in the controls. Five of six LPS-treated heifers exhibited no preovulatory LH surge until 120 hr after PGF2 treatment and the remaining heifer exhibited the surge at 108 hr after PGF2 treatment, while the LH surge was observed at 54–78 hr after PGF2 treatment in control heifers. These results suggest that endotoxin disrupts progression of the proestrous phase of cattle, interrupting the preovulatory estradiol rise and thus delaying the LH surge and the subsequent ovulation.  相似文献   

15.
Objectives were to evaluate effects of feeding a calcium salt rich in linoleic and trans -octadecenoic acids (LTFA) on synthesis of prostaglandin F2α based on its metabolite (PGFM), uterine involution and pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows. Five hundred and eleven Holstein cows were blocked according to parity, body condition score and milk yield in the previous lactation. Primiparous and multiparous cows were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments consisting of calcium salt (2% diet dry matter) of either palm oil (PO) or LTFA from 25 days prepartum to 80 days of lactation. Cows were time-inseminated at 70 ± 3 days postpartum. Feeding LTFA tended (p = 0.08) to decrease the incidence of puerperal metritis (15.1% vs 8.8%). Primiparous cows supplemented with LTFA showed larger increase in plasma PGFM concentration at day 1 postpartum (17018 vs 6897 p m ). Pregnancy rate after first insemination tended (p = 0.07) to be greater at 27 days after insemination (37.9% vs 28.6%), and was greater (p = 0.05) at 41 days after insemination (35.5% vs 25.8%) for cows fed LTFA compared with PO. These results indicate that unsaturated fatty acids fed in a rumen inert form have the potential to modulate reproductive events and improve pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows.  相似文献   

16.
α2-Adrenergic receptor agonists are widely used in veterinary medicine as sedative/hypnotic agents. Four pharmacological subtypes of the α2-adrenergic receptor (A, B, C and D) have been identified based primarily on differences in affinity for several drugs. The purpose of this study was to examine the affinities of the sedative agents, xylazine, detomidine and medetomidine at the four α2-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Saturation and inhibition binding curves were performed in membranes of tissues containing only one subtype of a2-adrenergic receptor. The KD for the α2-adrenergic receptor radioligand, [3H]-MK-912, in HT29 cells (α2A-), neonatal rat lung (α2B-), OK cells (α2C-) and PC12 cells transfected with RG20 (α2D-) were 0.38 ± 0.08 n m , 0.70 ± 0.5 n m , 0.07 ± 0.02 n m and 0.87 ± 0.03 n m , respectively. Detomidine and medetomidine had approximately a 100 fold higher affinity for all the α2-adrenergic receptors compared to xylazine but neither agonist displayed selectivity for the α2-adrenergic receptor subtypes. These data suggest that available sedative/hypnotic α2-adrenergic receptor agonists can not discriminate between the four known α2-adrenergic receptor subtypes.  相似文献   

17.
The aim of study was to investigate the effect of genotype on carcass measurements and meat quality characteristics of purebred Hair Goat, Saanen × Hair Goat (F1 and B1) kids under an intensive production system. In total, 24 kids were slaughtered at the age of approximately 133 days. Kids were fattened for 56 days immediately after weaning. Hot carcass weights were 6.78, 7.61 and 7.02 kg and dressing percentages were 49.71, 49.27 and 48.78%, respectively ( P  > 0.05). Differences between genotypes for carcass measurements and indexes were not significant. Effect of genotype on pH measurements, drip loss, water holding capacity, cooking loss and Warner Bratzler shear force values were not significant. Meat lightness values at 0 h, 1 h and 1 day after cutting were higher in crossbred kids than Hair Goat kids ( P  < 0.05). Redness value was significantly higher in meat samples of Hair goat kids at 0 h, 1 h and 1 day measurements ( P  < 0.05). Kid genotype had no significant effect on meat sensory characteristics, except tenderness. Panelists gave lower scores for meat tenderness to F1 and B1 crosses compared to purebred Hair Goat kids. In conclusion, higher meat lightness values of crossbred kids, at particularly B1 level, might have a positive effect on the consumer choices.  相似文献   

18.
Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that classically regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism, but also appears to play a role in various reproductive processes. A preliminary study suggested insulin production by day 10 to 18 equine conceptuses. The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that insulin is the conceptus signal responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in the mare, or otherwise influences reproductive cyclicity during the MRP period. Six Warmblood mares were treated daily during days 7 to 17 after ovulation of two successive oestrous cycles with either (short and intermediate acting) insulin or control saline. Mares were assigned randomly to treatment, and crossed over during the subsequent cycle. Time of ovulation and corpus luteum surface area were determined by serial transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the mares' ovaries, and daily jugular vein blood samples were analysed for progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. On day 14 of dioestrus, the luteolytic drive was examined by measuring systemic 15-ketodihydroprostaglandin F2 α (PG-metabolite) release in response to oxytocin challenge. In addition, yolk sac fluid recovered from 32 day 10 to 14 equine conceptuses was analysed for insulin concentrations. Insulin administration did not affect luteal size, dioestrus length, the interovulatory interval, or circulating LH concentrations. Insulin administration also failed to suppress oxytocin-induced PGF2 α release, and tended to depress systemic progesterone concentrations. Finally, insulin could not be detected in the yolk sac fluid of day 10 to 14 equine conceptuses by radio-immunoassay. It is concluded that insulin administered daily during days 7 to 17 of dioestrus has little or no effect on reproductive cyclicity in the mare, and is unlikely to be the MRP signal.  相似文献   

19.
Three separate in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the putative role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) during luteal regression in heifers. In Experiment 1, a single intraluteal injection of 500 μg BQ-610 [(N,N-hexamethylene) carbamoyl-Leu-d-Trp (CHO)-d-Trp], a highly specific endothelin A (ETA) receptor antagonist, did not diminish the decline in plasma progesterone following a single exogenous injection of 25 mg prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2) administered at midcycle of the estrous cycle. In Experiment 2, six intrauterine infusions of 500 μg BQ-610 given every 12 h on days 16–18 delayed spontaneous luteolysis, as evidenced by an extended elevation (P = 0.054) of plasma progesterone concentration. In Experiment 3, heifers were administered six intrauterine infusions of BQ-610 or saline on days 16–19, and peripheral blood samples were collected from day 11 to 16 (before infusion), hourly on days 16–19 (during infusion), and on days 20–25 (after infusion). BQ-610 treated heifers had markedly higher (P < 0.0001) levels of plasma progesterone compared with saline controls, and this effect was most notable during the infusion period (treatment by period interaction; P ≤ 0.05). Heifers infused with BQ-610 also had higher progesterone levels on day 21 (treatment by time interaction; P ≤ 0.05). Mean plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 (PGFM), the primary metabolite of PGF2, were measured in the samples collected hourly and were not different (P ≥ 0.05) between treatments. These results indicate that the in vivo antagonism of the ETA receptor can delay functional luteolysis, and supports the theory that ET-1 regulates luteal function in ruminants.  相似文献   

20.
Pain associated with castration in cattle is an animal welfare concern in beef production. This study examined the effect of oral aspirin and intravenous (i.v.) sodium salicylate on acute plasma cortisol response following surgical castration. Twenty bulls, randomly assigned to the following groups, (i) uncastrated, untreated controls, (ii) castrated, untreated controls, (iii) 50 mg/kg sodium salicylate i.v. precastration and (iv) 50 mg/kg aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) per os precastration, were blood sampled at 3, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min and 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h postcastration. Samples were analyzed by competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay and fluorescence polarization immunoassay for cortisol and salicylate, respectively. Data were analyzed using noncompartmental analysis, a simple cosine model, anova and t -tests. Intravenous salicylate V d(ss) was 0.18 L/kg, Cl B was 3.36 mL/min/kg and t 1/2 λ was 0.63 h. Plasma salicylate concentrations above 25  μ g/mL coincided with significant attenuation in peak cortisol concentrations ( P  = 0.029). Peak salicylate concentrations following oral aspirin administration was <10  μ g/mL and failed to attenuate cortisol response. Once salicylate concentrations decreased below 5  μ g/mL, cortisol response in the castrated groups was significantly higher than uncastrated controls ( P  = 0.018). These findings have implications for designing drug regimens to provide analgesia during routine animal husbandry procedures.  相似文献   

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