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1.
施用高氮控释肥对辣椒生长及干物质分配的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以‘陇椒5号’辣椒为试验材料,不施肥(CK)和普通施肥(CK1)为对照,通过盆栽方式,研究““一次性基施””不同缓释期高氮控释肥和““一基多追””普通化肥的施肥方式对辣椒生长、干物质积累以及不同器官干物质分配的影响,以期为辣椒栽培中合理使用控释肥提供理论依据。结果表明,与CK相比,施肥可显著提高辣椒株高、茎粗、叶面积的增长以及干物质的积累,促进辣椒地上部干物质积累,增强根系活力。辣椒移栽120天内,“一次性基施”控释肥的辣椒植株干物质积累量较“一基多追”普通化肥低19.3%~30.5%、干物质积累速率低20.8%~33.5%;移栽120天后,干物质积累量较“一基多追”普通化肥高3.9%~15.5%、干物质积累速率高60.9%~63.6%;干物质最大积累速率出现的时间滞后26~29天;“一次性基施”控释肥使根的干物质分配较“一基多追”普通化肥低8.3%~11.1%,叶片干物质分配较“一基多追”普通化肥高7.0%~7.2%。说明“一次性基施”控释肥有利于生育后期辣椒的生长。 相似文献
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A substantial proportion of ammonical fertilizers applied to lowland rice is lost as gaseous N from the soil–plant system. Besides various environmental factors, the low N use efficiency of flooded rice is also attributed to this factor. As atmospheric ammonia found in the leaf environment of the plants could also be responsible for differences in N use efficiency and fertilizer N losses from lowland rice, a greenhouse study was conducted on three rice cultivars varying in physio-morphological characteristics for their dry matter and nitrogen distribution to grains at maturity in response to ammonia (NH3) exposure at tillering and anthesis growth stages. The results revealed that ammonia exposure of plants at two growth stages did not affect the total dry matter and total N yield of the rice cultivars at maturity; however, the grain yield and grain N yield were negatively effected by NH3 exposure of the plants at anthesis. The variation observed in dry matter and N partitioning at maturity to grains/roots of the plants exposed to NH3 at anthesis indicated that the growth stage of the plants at which they are exposed to NH3 has an influence on N use efficiency of crop plants and subsequent vegetative as well as total N losses from the soil–plant system. 相似文献
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播期对雨养旱地春玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
为了解决陕西渭北旱塬地区玉米播种期干旱缺水造成出苗不全、不整齐,导致产量低而不稳的问题,设置6个不同播期,研究对春玉米生长发育、干物质生产、产量形成、水分利用及环境因子的影响。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,玉米的生育期明显缩短,营养生长期、营养生长与生殖生长并进期变化范围为2~19 d,生殖生长阶段则相对稳定,变化范围仅为?3~5 d。在一定的时间范围内,不同播期处理间的单株干物质生产没有明显差异,但由于受播期调整后的土壤含水量变化影响,适宜播期的玉米花后雌穗干物质积累量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率分别较早播和晚播提高4.0%~23.6%、3.9%~24.5%和6.6%~14.5%。早播影响产量的主要因素是播种期土壤含水量低而造成的出苗差,实际收获穗数不足;晚播影响产量的主要因素是生殖生长期后移,有效积温和日照时数减少造成的花后干物质积累减少、千粒重下降。适期播种可以增加田间实际收获穗数,促进雌穗花后干物质积累,提高玉米的水分利用效率。结合该区生态因素,5月4日以前适墒播种是玉米高产的有效避旱播期。研究结果可为该区春玉米抗逆避旱高产栽培提供有效的技术参考。 相似文献
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K. Bürcky 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1993,171(3):153-160
Influence of nitrogen supply on water consumption and dry matter production of sugar beet in pot experiments
This paper describes the influence of nitrogen on water consumption, dry matter production and water use efficiency (WUE) of sugar beet.
The experiments, conducted in 1988 and 1989 using sand culture in pots, included five nitrogen levels from 2 to 16 g/pot.
Beet roots were heaviest where the N-supply was 8 g/pot. Top weight increased considerably up to 16 g N/ pot. Therefore plant dry weight was greatest where the N-supply was maximum. Overall, in 1989 dry matter production (g/pot) was 20 % greater than in 1988 because the beet roots were heavier.
Water consumption increased with nitrogen supply. At the largest N-doses water consumption was 110 1 (1988) and 140 1 (1989). This was three times the amount used at the smallest N-supply. Over the whole season WUE was greatest at 4 g N/pot and lower at both extremes of N-supply. Independently of N-supply, production of plant dry matter per litre of water consumed was between 4.9 and 6.0 g. For root dry matter, equivalent values were 3.7 and 4.6 g/l, and for white sugar yield they were 2.3 and 3.1 g/1 相似文献
This paper describes the influence of nitrogen on water consumption, dry matter production and water use efficiency (WUE) of sugar beet.
The experiments, conducted in 1988 and 1989 using sand culture in pots, included five nitrogen levels from 2 to 16 g/pot.
Beet roots were heaviest where the N-supply was 8 g/pot. Top weight increased considerably up to 16 g N/ pot. Therefore plant dry weight was greatest where the N-supply was maximum. Overall, in 1989 dry matter production (g/pot) was 20 % greater than in 1988 because the beet roots were heavier.
Water consumption increased with nitrogen supply. At the largest N-doses water consumption was 110 1 (1988) and 140 1 (1989). This was three times the amount used at the smallest N-supply. Over the whole season WUE was greatest at 4 g N/pot and lower at both extremes of N-supply. Independently of N-supply, production of plant dry matter per litre of water consumed was between 4.9 and 6.0 g. For root dry matter, equivalent values were 3.7 and 4.6 g/l, and for white sugar yield they were 2.3 and 3.1 g/1 相似文献
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不同灌水方式对水稻生育特性及水分利用率的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
以冈优527、D优363、汕优63为材料,设4个不同水分灌溉方式,研究了不同灌溉方式下水稻生育特性、产量和水分利用率。结果表明:与淹水灌溉相比,湿润灌溉(前期) 浅水灌溉(孕穗期) 干湿交替灌溉(抽穗-成熟期)的灌溉方式,可促进叶片和根系生长,剑叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率高,有利于干物质积累;植株生理活动旺盛;其有效穗、结实率、千粒重、产量和水分利用率均高于淹水灌溉。湿润灌溉有利于根系生长,延缓根系和叶的衰老;产量和水分利用率比淹水灌溉略高。旱种抑制水稻根系生长和地上部干物质积累,产量和水分利用率比淹水灌溉显著降低。因此,湿润灌溉(前期) 浅水灌溉(孕穗期) 干湿交替灌溉(抽穗-成熟期)的灌溉方式更有利于稻株生长发育、产量和水分利用率的提高。冈优527、D优363的水分利用率显著高于汕优63。 相似文献
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J. Müller 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1993,171(4):217-235
Dry Matter Production, CO2 Exchange, Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Content of Winter Wheat at Elevated CO2 Concentration and Drought Stress
Methods of mathematical modelling and simulation are being used to an increasing degree in estimating the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and changing climatic conditions on agricultural ecosystems. In this context, detailed knowledge is required about the possible effects on crop growth and physiological processes. To this aim, the influence of an elevated CO2 concentration and of drought stress on dry matter production, CO2 exchange, and on carbohydrate and nitrogen content was studied in two winter wheat varieties from shooting to milk ripeness. Elevated CO2 concentration leads to a compensation of drought stress and at optimal water supply to an increase of vegetative dry matter and of yield to the fourfold value. This effects were caused by enhanced growth of secondary tillers which were reduced in plants cultivated at atmospheric CO2 concentration. Analogous effects in the development of ear organs were influenced additionally by competitive interactions between the developing organs. The content and the mass of ethanol soluble carbohydrates in leaves and stems were increased after the CO2 treatment and exhausted more completely during the grain filling period after drought stress. Plants cultivated from shooting to milk ripeness at elevated CO2 concentration showed a reduced response of net photosynthesis rate to increasing CO2 concentration by comparison with untreated plants. The rate of dark respiration was increased in this plants. 相似文献
Methods of mathematical modelling and simulation are being used to an increasing degree in estimating the effects of rising atmospheric CO
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Laurício Endres Claudiana Moura dos Santos Jos Vieira Silva Geraldo Veríssimo de Souza Barbosa Andr Lucas Janurio Silva Angela Froehlich Marcelo Menossi Teixeira 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2019,205(5):433-446
Drought is one of the major climatic factors that reduce crop yields in cultivated areas around the world, and studies on physiological responses may help in the selection of drought tolerant genotypes. Thus, this work aimed to correlate gas exchange, photosynthetic efficiency, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) and antioxidant activity in sugarcane varieties submitted to water stress under field conditions. Six sugarcane varieties were submitted to drought stress in three development stages: tillering, intense growth and ripening. In all varieties, the photosynthetic apparatus was severely affected by drought, with a reduction in photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content. During the tillering stage, reductions in gas exchange and increase in Δ13C and bundle sheath leakiness (φ) were observed. In the intense growth stage, water stress caused increases in leaf temperature, intrinsic water use efficiency, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation, and reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration in the RB72454, RB855113 and RB855536 varieties. However, the RB92579 variety maintained a better physiological homeostasis at all development stages and presented higher stalks yielding when submitted to drought. This work suggests that screen sugarcane genotype to drought stress should be performed during the intense growth stage, when plants are more sensitive to drought conditions. 相似文献
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播期和密度对玉米干物质积累动态的影响及其模型的建立 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
在大田条件下, 以益农103、先玉335和登海661为材料, 设置3个播种期(5月3日,5月28日,6月22日)和4个密度处理(4.5万株 hm-2,6.0万株 hm-2,7.5万株 hm-2,9.0万株 hm-2), 测定其干物质积累动态和产量, 分析播期、密度和玉米群体干物质积累动态特征的关系及其积温模型。结果表明: (1)将3个播期玉米不同处理的最大群体干物质积累和出苗至成熟的积温分别定为1, 建立了相对群体干物质积累和相对积温的Richards模拟模型, 方程式为y = 1.1044/(1+e2.0253-5.1927x)1/0.4448, r=0.9950**。(2)方程参数a值(终极生长量参数)基本为1;b值(初值生长量参数)和c值(生长速率参数)在播期、品种间变异较大, 密度间变异较小;d值(形状参数)在播期、品种和密度间变异较小, 可见播期主要通过调节参数b、c值来实现对整个方程的调控。应用2008年本试验和另一试验的数据对模型进行验证,模拟准确度(以k表示)均在1.0486**以上;精确度(以R2表示)均在0.9534**以上。(3)拔节期至蜡熟期是玉米群体干物质积累变化速率对密度的敏感反应期;晚播玉米所需积温在群体干物质积累变化速率的缓慢增加和下降阶段逐渐减少,在快速增加阶段逐渐增加。全生育期的群体干物质积累平均速率表现为先玉335>登海661>益农103;且早播>中播>晚播;密度越高群体干物质积累平均速率越大, 达到显著水平。 相似文献
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采用节水栽培并减少氮肥用量是实现豫北冬小麦生产的高产、高效和环境友好发展的必然选择,探明限水减氮对冬小麦产量和植株各层次器官干物质运转的影响,可为该地区冬小麦节水栽培和合理施用氮肥提供科学依据。2009—2010和2010—2011年连续2年在河南浚县钜桥进行小麦田间裂区试验,主区设置2个灌溉水平[拔节水(W1)和拔节水+开花水(W2)],副区设置5个氮肥水平[330 kg hm~(–2) (N4,豫北地区小麦生产中常规施氮量)、270 kg hm~(–2) (N3)、210 kg hm~(–2) (N2)、120 kg hm~(–2) (N1)、0 kg hm~(–2) (N0)],测定了籽粒产量和植株各层次器官干物质运转量、运转率和对籽粒贡献率。减量施氮与N4相比,各营养器官向籽粒运转的干物质量均有增加,其中,穗轴+颖壳的干物质运转量增加了323.2%,增幅远高于茎节的24.5%和叶片的4.6%,且穗轴+颖壳的干物质运转率和对籽粒贡献率增幅也远高于茎节和叶片。减量施氮处理的叶片干物质运转量的增加主要源于倒三叶和倒四叶,分别增加28.7%和201.1%,而茎节干物质运转量的增加主要源于除穗位节外的其他茎节,分别增加21.7%(倒二节)、71.8%(倒三节)、44.5%(倒四节)和31.1%(余节)。与W2相比, W1干物质运转量无显著差异,但干物质运转率略高(24.6%vs. 23.8%),对籽粒贡献率较高(35.1%vs. 30.0%),籽粒产量降低11.2%,水分供应量减少750 m3 hm~(–2)。可见,减量施氮促进了营养器官,尤其是穗轴+颖壳和下层器官(倒三叶、倒四叶、倒三节、倒四节和余节)的干物质向籽粒的运转,提高了对籽粒贡献率,有利于提高籽粒产量。 相似文献
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不同氮素用量对甜荞麦干物质和养分积累及分配的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了掌握甜荞麦适宜施氮量,研究不同供氮水平对甜荞麦干物质和养分积累及分配影响的规律。采用田间小区试验的方法,设置5个氮素水平N_0、N_1、N_2、N_3和N_4(0,30,60,90,120 kg/hm~2),研究了甜荞麦不同器官干物质和养分积累量及分配比例的变化。结果表明,甜荞麦干物质积累总量随着施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,N_2处理干物质积累总量最大,但N_3处理籽粒中干物质积累量和分配比例最大。荞麦籽粒氮、磷和钾含量随着氮肥用量的增加先增后降,N_3处理籽粒中氮、磷、钾养分含量最大;增加施氮量可提高氮、磷和钾在籽粒中的分配比例,但会降低它们在茎和叶中的分配比例。甜荞麦生产100 kg籽粒平均需吸收N 7.09 kg、P_2O_5 4.15 kg、K_2O 8.74 kg,养分比例为1∶0.59∶1.24,养分生产效率随着氮肥用量的增加先增后降,N_3处理的氮磷钾养分生产效率均达最高。随着氮肥用量的增加,氮磷干物质生产效率先增后降而后又上升,钾的干物质生产效率逐渐上升,N_4处理的氮磷钾干物质生产效率均达最高。综合考虑干物质和养分积累及分配因素,施氮量90 kg/hm~2为甜荞麦适宜氮肥用量。 相似文献
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A factorial experiment with 3 nitrogen (N) levels and 4 application rates of the triazole type plant growth regulator (PGR), BAS 111 W = l-phenoxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-5,5-dimethylhexane, was conducted in hydroponics to study the influence on N uptake and morphological changes of oilseed rape. The following results were obtained:
–Increased N level of the nutrient solution increased plant height and root and shoot weight. Enhanced N uptake caused a higher N concentration of root and shoot.
–Increasing PGR application rates reduced plant height and shoot biomass production; this reaction was stronger at higher doses of N.
–Root weight, root length, root diameter and root surface area were increased by N application. None of these parameters was significantly altered by the PGR. This resulted in increased root-shoot-ratios at higher PGR rates.
–As a consequence of reduced shoot production PGR application resulted in increased concentrations of N. The root reacted similarly but to a lesser degree. 相似文献
–Increased N level of the nutrient solution increased plant height and root and shoot weight. Enhanced N uptake caused a higher N concentration of root and shoot.
–Increasing PGR application rates reduced plant height and shoot biomass production; this reaction was stronger at higher doses of N.
–Root weight, root length, root diameter and root surface area were increased by N application. None of these parameters was significantly altered by the PGR. This resulted in increased root-shoot-ratios at higher PGR rates.
–As a consequence of reduced shoot production PGR application resulted in increased concentrations of N. The root reacted similarly but to a lesser degree. 相似文献
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Compensatory Growth Responses During Reproductive Phase of Cowpea after Relief of Water Stress 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Unpredictable drought affects growth and yield of dryland cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) during rainy season. With the objective of identifying compensatory growth responses after relief of water stress, pot-grown plants (cv. C-752) were water-stressed at flowering, and physiological responses, short term dry matter partitioning upon relief of water stress, and productivity at maturity were studied. Water stress decreased, to varying degrees, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate. Recovery in assimilation lagged behind that in water relations. Assimilate supply seemed to be limiting early pod growth upon relief of water stress due to low photosynthesis rate, reduced leaf area per pod, and increased partitioning to leaf expansion. However, later pod growth was not limited by assimilate supply and final dry matter per pod was similar in both non-stressed and stress-affected plant. Cowpea exhibited the following growth responses during pod-fill stage upon relief of water stress: 1. increase in leaf area, 2. shift in dry matter partitioning in favour of leaf expansion, 3. extended green leaf duration, and 4. increase in pod number. These partially compensating physiological responses probably ensure reasonable productivity of dryland cowpea during rainy season. 相似文献
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Ingileif S. Kristjansdottir 《Euphytica》1991,56(3):205-212
Summary The main purpose of the research reported in this article was to see if the biomass maintenance of parental potato clones was correlated with the growth and yield of their progeny. Seedling populations with parents of European and of Andean origin were cultivated at a temperature of 10°C during the day and 4°C at night. The biomass maintenance of the parents was defined as the ratio between the total biomass yield at 20°C day/10°C night and the total biomass yield at 10° C day/4°C night. The Andean parents had good maintenance ability at the lower regime compared to the Eurpean parents.Biomass maintenance appears to be hereditary. Significant correlation was found between the dry matter maintenance of the parents and the growth rate of seedlings, especially during the second month after potting. In populations with only Andean or only European parents, differences in height increase and leaf formation rate between seedling populations were correlated to the dry matter maintenance of the parents cultivated at the temperature regime 10/4°C. In the hybrid population between an Andean and an European parent only differences in height increase during the second month after potting correlated well to the average dry matter maintenance of the parents. It appears therefore that the rate of height increase during the second month after potting can be used as a criterion for selection. 相似文献
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土壤水分和CO2浓度增加对小麦、玉米、棉花蒸散、光合及生长的影响 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
通过在大型人工气候室内的试验、设计了350和700μl/L,两种C02浓度水平和高、中、低三种土壤水分处理,其土壤含水率范围分别为85%-100%, 65%-85%和45%-65%(占田间持水量的百分数),分析了土壤水分条件和大气CO2浓度增加的共同作用对小麦、玉米、棉花等作物蒸发蒸腾、光合速率、生长状况与干物质积累、水分利用效率的影响。 相似文献
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The influence of cutting applied at four stages of plant growth on dry matter, crude protein, total available carbohydrates and reducing sugar partitioning was examined in six genotypes of berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.). The research was conducted in Foggia (Italy) during 1990 and 1991 in a glasshouse with controlled water application. The plants were grown in a plastic-lined, PVC cylinder. At each cut, dry matter and chemical components were evaluated in leaf, stem and root fractions; at the end of the biological cycle, seed yield was recorded.
Plants showed similar dry matter partitioning between leaves and stems at the eighth internode stage. The crude protein concentration was highest in leaf fractions, reaching the maximum value (31%) at an early stage of growth (fourth internode stage). The maximum value of total available carbohydrates was obtained in the stems at the early flowering stage (11 %), whereas reducing sugars almost always showed higher concentrations in the leaves (4 %). As for forage and seed yields, the developmental stage at cutting had a great influence on dry matter and chemical component partitioning among the different organs. Genotypic differences were observed for dry matter partitioning in leaves and stems in all developmental stages, but diversity in chemical component content was more evident in the roots. 相似文献
Plants showed similar dry matter partitioning between leaves and stems at the eighth internode stage. The crude protein concentration was highest in leaf fractions, reaching the maximum value (31%) at an early stage of growth (fourth internode stage). The maximum value of total available carbohydrates was obtained in the stems at the early flowering stage (11 %), whereas reducing sugars almost always showed higher concentrations in the leaves (4 %). As for forage and seed yields, the developmental stage at cutting had a great influence on dry matter and chemical component partitioning among the different organs. Genotypic differences were observed for dry matter partitioning in leaves and stems in all developmental stages, but diversity in chemical component content was more evident in the roots. 相似文献
18.
A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil moisture on growth, water use and yield of mustard ( Brassica juncea L. cv. Rai 5 ). Two soil moisture regimes were rainfed and irrigated at 10 days interval throughout the growing season. The total amount of water received as irrigation was 110 mm and as rainfall was 15 mm. Total dry matter per unit ground area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were increased and leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were decreased by irrigation. Chlorophyll content and relative leaf water content (RLWC) were increased by irrigation, but proline content was greater in the rainfed crop at both the flowering and pod-filling stages. Time taken to first flowering, duration of flowering, number of seeds/pod and harvest index were unaffected by irrigation. Plant height at harvest, number of pods/plant, seed yield and oil content of seeds were increased and 1000-seed weight was decreased by irrigation. The consumptive use of water increased with an increase in water supply, but the water use efficiency (WUE) was decreased. 相似文献
19.
耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦–夏玉米轮作系统中干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为探讨黄淮海地区一年两熟制下土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的适宜模式,2010—2012年进行了两年度的田间试验,研究不同处理对冬小麦–夏玉米轮作系统干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响。通过比较常规耕作+秸秆还田、常规耕作+无秸秆还田、深耕+秸秆还田、深耕+无秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田、深松+无秸秆还田6个处理,发现深松(耕)与秸秆还田可以增加冬小麦和夏玉米的农田耗水量,降低休闲期农田耗水量,提高作物叶片相对含水量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和茎秆伤流量,促进植株干物质积累,进而提高作物籽粒产量和水分利用效率。耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦和夏玉米的干物质生产和水分利用效率存在显著交互作用。与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比,深耕+秸秆还田和深松+秸秆还田处理的作物干物质积累量分别提高19.3%和22.9%,周年作物产量分别提高18.0%和19.3%,水分利用效率分别提高15.9%和15.1%,且两处理无显著差异。因此认为,与本试验相似环境条件下,宜在秸秆还田的基础上配合深松或深耕。 相似文献
20.
Five cultivars of sorghum viz: PU-7, Sarokartuho, Bagdar, Redjanpur and Potobar 4–8 were studied for their growth, N uptake and utilization efficiency at 5 mM N in solution culture. These cultivars differed significantly in their dry matter accumulation and relative growth rate of shoot. Differences in shoot/root of the cultivars were also notable. Markedly different mean N intake rate among the sorghum cultivars was 108 μmol g−1 root dry wt. hr−1 in Bagdar and 53 μmol g−1 root dry wt. hr−1 in PU-7 and Redjanpur. Both relative accumulation rate of N and efficiency of biomass accumulation per unit N absorbed also differed appreciably among the cultivars. 相似文献