共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
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本文讨论了在生物进化的过程中遗传与环境的关系及遗传物质的范围和生物可塑性的问题.遗传物质的变异是进化的内因,环境对遗传物质的变异起到诱发与筛选的作用,进化后的生物对环境又有反作用. 相似文献
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染色体是生物遗传物质——基因的载体,是当前研究生物遗传的物质基础。它对生物的进化、遗传、变异、发育和增殖等过程的调节和控制都起着极重要的作用。近十年来,在生物学、医学、农业等方面都在大力开展染色体的研究,以期达到解决生物学上一系列重大理论问题、防治疾病和改良品种等目的。本文仅就染色体方法学在畜牧兽医方面的应用,作一简单介绍。 相似文献
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叶谦吉 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2007,5(2):1-7
生命的历史是漫长攸久的演替过程表征着植物群落演替进化的周期性特征，即“演替-分化-灭绝-突变-进化”的过程。历经变异多样化、物种形成、适应性族群演替进化、种群散布、转化传递和演替进化。就是通过这一过程，最终导致了现代人类社会的产生。在这一地球历史过程中，生物的进化经历着严峻状态的地球环境，从单细胞生物开始直至高等动物产生，一路历经为生存而艰难挣扎斗争，在斗争中求生存，在生存中力图挣扎前进。为笔者曾提出的“生存斗争进化论”提供了进一步的佐证。 相似文献
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在畜牧业生产中，各种畜禽的重要经济性状大都是由多基因系统所控制的，具有连续的变异的数量性状。基因是含有特定遗传信息的核着酸序列，是遗传物质的最小功能单位。每一种生物体内都有许多基因，分别控制着各种各样的遗传性状。生物细胞在分裂时．细胞核内会出现许多线条形的小物体，可以被特殊染料染上颜色，即所谓染色体。生物的遗传基因就排列在这些染色体上。一种生物，它的染色体的形状和数量都是固定的。染色体的主要成份是脱氧核糖核酸，英文缩写是DNAoDNA这种遗传物质是长形的分子，一个基因就是DNA的一个片段。一个片段控制… 相似文献
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M R Baxter 《Journal of animal science》1989,67(9):2433-2440
The concept of coping can be used to relate the environmental conditions provided for livestock to their responses--their productivity and their welfare. Pigs are "ecological generalists" and hence are "designed" to cope with a wide variety of environmental conditions. They, however, show clear limits to their adaptability both in terms of the space they require and the pen materials they can endure without injury. Even where they adapt to a wide range of conditions, there often is a particular environment that gives optimum performance. Examples of temperature requirements and feeding facilities are discussed. The process of coping is shown to impose a biological "cost" in some instances and, although a pig has adapted to a specific environment, questions still remain concerning whether keeping a pig in that environment is justifiable. 相似文献
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Daoliang LAN Wenhui JI Xianrong XIONG Qiqi LIANG Wenye YAO Tserang-Donko MIPAM Jincheng ZHONG Jian LI 《Integrative zoology》2021,16(5):685-695
The adaptation and diversity of animals to the extreme environments of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) are typical materials to study adaptive evolution. The recently discovered Jinchuan yak population has many individuals with multiple ribs. However, little is known about this yak's origin, evolution, and the genetic mechanisms that formed its unique multirib trait. Here, we report a valuable population genome resource of the Jinchuan yak by resequencing the whole genome of 150 individuals. Population genetic polymorphism and structure analysis reveal that Jinchuan yak can be differentiated as a unique and original yak population among the domestic yak. Combined with geological change, the Jinchuan yak's evolutionary origin is speculated to be about 6290 years ago, which may be related to the unique geographical environment of the eastern edge of the QTP during this period. Compared with other domestic yaks, this new population has 280 positively selected genes. The genes related to skeletal function hold a considerable and remarkable proportion, suggesting that the specific skeletal characteristics have been enhanced in the adaptive evolution of Jinchuan yak in the extreme plateau environment. The genome-wide association study has revealed that TUBA8 and TUBA4A, the genes that regulate the cytoskeleton, are potential genes associated with the multirib trait. Our findings provide a basis to further understand the generation mechanism of the adaptive evolution of this new population in high-altitude extreme environments and the multivertebrate trait of domestic animals. 相似文献
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海拔是影响植物生物进化和亲缘关系的重要因素,为了探明海拔对披碱草属植物表型特征的影响,本试验对不同海拔(3098~4203 m)的3种披碱草属植物:六倍体垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、四倍体的昆仑披碱草(Elymus burchan-buddae)和老芒麦(E. sibiricus),27个种群810个体的13个表型性状进行测定,结果表明,垂穗披碱草的变异系数范围为8.8%~59.1%,昆仑披碱草为8.2%~53.7%,老芒麦为7.6%~56.7%,外稃长是3种披碱草变异系数最小的表型性状。聚类分析可以看出形态上相似的种群海拔来源基本相同,而且聚为一类的多数种群具有相似的生境。相关分析表明:海拔和供试材料的多个表型性状之间存在着明显的相关性(P<0.01)。本研究表明,海拔对披碱草属植物形态特征具有较强的可塑性,不同披碱草属植物的形态特征对海拔变化的反应不同,四倍体披碱草属植物对海拔的变化反应更加敏感。因此,部分形态特征可以用于披碱草属植物在海拔梯度上的演化规律的分析。 相似文献
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我国牧草种质资源保存、利用与保护 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
牧草是自然资源的重要组成部分,也是农业可持续发展的物质基础,在我国草地畜牧业生产、生态环境及人民生活中发挥着巨大的作用。为此,论述了我国牧草种质资源调查、收集、保存、研究和利用的现状,存在问题及对今后发展的建议,提出今后应加强优良和珍稀牧草种质的搜集、生态型及遗传多样性的研究和利用、生物技术在优良牧草种质创新的应用、种质保存的时效性和野生状态下牧草遗传变异与进化的速率、短寿命牧草种子保存技术、优良基因的发掘和功能研究以及利用平台的构建、物种或种群保护的生物学基础研究7个重点领域的研究。 相似文献
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Karamichou E Richardson RI Nute GR Gibson KP Bishop SC 《Journal of animal science》2006,84(12):3228-3238
Genetic parameters for LM fatty acid composition were estimated in Scottish Blackface sheep, previously divergently selected for carcass lean content (LEAN and FAT lines). Furthermore, QTL were identified for the same fatty acids. Fatty acid phenotypic measurements were made on 350 male lambs, at approximately 8 mo of age, and 300 of these lambs were genotyped across candidate regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, 18, 20, and 21. Fatty acid composition measurements included in total 17 fatty acids of 3 categories: saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated. Total i.m. fat content was estimated as the sum of the fatty acids. The FAT line had a greater i.m. fat content and more oleic acid, but less linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) than did the LEAN line. Saturated fatty acids were moderately heritable, ranging from 0.19 to 0.29, and total SFA were highly heritable (0.90). Monounsaturated fatty acids were moderately to highly heritable, with cis-vaccenic acid (18:1 n-7) being the most heritable (0.67), and total MUFA were highly heritable (0.73). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were also moderately to highly heritable; arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) and CLA were the most heritable, with values of 0.60 and 0.48, respectively. The total PUFA were moderately heritable (0.40). The QTL analyses were performed using regression interval mapping techniques. In total, 21 chromosome-wide QTL were detected in 6 out of 8 chromosomal regions. The chromosome-wide, significant QTL affected 3 SFA, 5 MUFA, and 13 PUFA. The most significant result was a QTL affecting linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) on chromosome 2. This QTL segregated in 2 of the 9 families and explained 37.6% of the phenotypic variance. Also, 10 significant QTL were identified on chromosome 21, where 8 out of 10 QTL were segregating in the same families and detected at the same position. The results of this study demonstrate that altering carcass fatness will simultaneously change i.m. fat content and oleic, linoleic, and docosapentaenoic acid content. The heritabilities of the fatty acids indicate opportunities for genetically altering most fatty acids. Moreover, this is the first report of detection of QTL directly affecting fatty acid composition in sheep. 相似文献