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1.
The echocardiographic, ECG, and radiographic findings of sequentially examined cats with dilatation cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 7), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 8), and hyperthyroidism (HT, n = 20) were compared with those of healthy control cats (n = 11). Cats with DCM were easily differentiated from healthy cats by echocardiography and from cats with HCM and HT by a dilated left ventricle at end-diastole with a mean +/- SD of 2.20 +/- 0.36 cm, reduced fractional shortening (2.9% +/- 3.7%), reduced aortic amplitude (0.07 +/- 0.05 cm), reduced left ventricular wall amplitude (0.09 +/- 0.09 cm), and increased E-point septal separation (0.83 +/- 0.29 cm). The cats with HCM were most consistently recognized echocardiographically by increased left ventricular wall thickness at end-diastole (0.75 +/- 0.12 cm). Some cats with HT had abnormal echocardiograms with left ventricular wall hypertrophy. These cats could usually be differentiated from the cats with HCM because of normal or increased ventricular wall amplitude, aortic amplitude, or percentage of thickening of the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum. Left atrial enlargement (left atrial diameter greater than 1.57 cm or left atrium/aorta greater than 1.75) was commonly detected by the echocardiogram in cats with DCM, HCM, or HT. The echocardiogram was helpful in differentiating the type of cardiomyopathy (DCM, HCM, or HT) when plain thoracic radiographs indicated that cardiomegaly existed. The ECG may have indicated incorrectly that there was left ventricular enlargement in some cats with HT, and it did not indicate consistently that left ventricular enlargement existed when present in cats with DCM or HCM. The ECG was a poor indicator of left atrial enlargement in all cats.  相似文献   

2.
Left ventricular hypertrophy signals a poor prognosis in hypertensive humans. Cardiac disease is common in cats with systemic hypertension. The aims of this study were to characterize the echocardiographic findings of cats with systemic hypertension and to determine if reducing the degree of hypertension is associated with resolution of cardiac hypertrophy. Echocardiographic examinations were performed on 19 cats with naturally occurring systemic hypertension. Fourteen of these cats were subsequently studied after a minimum of 3 months of treatment with the antihypertensive agent amlodipine. Hypertensive cats had a significantly thicker interventricular septum in both systole and diastole, thicker left ventricular free wall in both systole and diastole, and larger left atrium compared to the published normal values and 74% (14/19) of the cats met criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (diastolic septal or free-wall thickness > 0.60 cm). Systolic blood pressure was lower after treatment (217 +/- 25 mm Hg, range: 180-275 mm Hg; and 142 +/- 27 mm Hg, range: 90-200 mm Hg). No difference was found in any of the echocardiographic measurements between the untreated and treated cats, although more cats had ventricular hypertrophy before treatment (11/14) than after initiating amlodipine (6/14; P = .006). Ventricular hypertrophy is common in hypertensive cats and may resolve after the initiation of amlodipine.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic reference values in healthy New Zealand white rabbits. ANIMALS: 52 healthy male rabbits. PROCEDURES: The rabbits were anesthetized and M-mode measurements of the left ventricle, left atrium, and aorta and Doppler measurements of pulmonary and aortic outflow and mitral inflow were recorded. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD heart rate during echocardiographic examination was 155 +/- 29 beats/min. Mean +/- SD measurements in diastole and systole for the interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular internal diameter, and left ventricular free wall thickness were 2.03 +/- 0.37 mm and 3.05 +/- 0.45 mm; 14.37 +/- 1.49 mm and 10.25 +/- 1.22 mm; and 2.16 +/- 0.25 and 3.48 +/- 0.55 mm, respectively. Mean +/- SD left atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio was 1.17 +/- 0.14, and mean +/- SD mitral valve E-point-to-septal separation interval was 1.71 +/- 0.29 mm. Mean +/- SD for fractional shortening and ejection fraction were 30.13 +/- 2.98% and 61.29 +/- 4.66%, respectively. Mean +/- SD maximal aortic and pulmonary artery outflow velocities were 0.85 +/- 0.11 m/s and 0.59 +/- 0.10 m/s, respectively, and the peak E-to-peak A wave velocity ratio of the mitral valve was 2.19 +/- 0.46. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results provide echocardiographic reference values for young adult male New Zealand white rabbits anesthetized with ketamine and medetomidine. Values obtained from unanesthetized rabbits, rabbits sedated with other agents, or rabbits of different size may differ from those reported here.  相似文献   

4.
In healthy cats sedated with a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and acepromazine, the reproducibility of sequential echocardiographic examinations was studied. The effects of experimental alteration in heart rate, contractility, and preload on the echocardiogram also were studied. Ten cats had M-mode echocardiograms recorded once weekly for 5 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in echocardiographic measurements over time, although measurements of certain cardiac structures of an individual cat did vary from time to time. The cardiovascular system was altered by a constant infusion of isoproterenol, followed by a rapid intravenous infusion of isotonic fluid equal to 25% of the calculated blood volume, and then by a rapid withdrawal of blood equal to the amount of fluid previously given. Cardiac output using indocyanine green dilution curves were determined for each treatment and compared to the cardiac output calculated from the echocardiogram. The correlation coefficient was 0.90 for all treatments. During the infusion of isoproterenol a significant increase in the percent fractional shortening and left ventricular wall amplitude occurred compared to the control echocardiogram. After the rapid infusion of fluid, none of the mean echocardiographic measurements significantly changed from control values although the left ventricular chamber diameter at systole significantly increased, and the percent fractional shortening significantly decreased, when compared to values obtained during isoproterenol infusion. Significant changes recorded between echocardiographic measurements made after blood withdrawal compared to those made after fluid loading included an increase in left ventricular wall thickness at diastole, a decrease in left ventricular diameter at diastole, and a decrease in the present left ventricular wall thickening. Cats were terminated and the average of measurements made during the repeatability study of the septal and left ventricular wall thickness during systole, rather than during diastole, more closely approximated the postmortem measurements.  相似文献   

5.
Systemic hypertension was diagnosed in 58 of 188 untreated cats referred for evaluation of suspected hypertension-associated ocular, neurologic. cardiorespiratory, and urinary disease, or diseases frequently associated with hypertension (hyperthyroidism and chronic renal failure). Hypertensive cats were significantly older than normotensive subjects (13.0 +/- 3.5 years versus 9.6 +/- 5.0 years; P < .01), and had a greater prevalence of retinal lesions (48 versus 3%; P < .001), gallop rhythm (16 versus 0%; P < .001), and polyuria-polydipsia (53 versus 29%: P < .01). Blood pressure was significantly higher (P < .001) in cats with retinopathies (262 +/- 34 mm Hg) than in other hypertensive animals (221 +/- 34 mm Hg). Hypertensive cats had a thicker interventricular septum (5.8 +/- 1.7 versus 3.7 +/- 0.64 mm; P < .001) and left ventricular free wall (6.2 +/- 1.6 versus 4.1 +/- 0.51 mm; P < .001) and a reduced diastolic left ventricular internal diameter (13.5 +/- 3.2 versus 15.8 +/- 0.72 mm; P < .001) than control cats. Left ventricular geometry was abnormal in 33 of 39 hypertensive subjects. No significant difference was found in age or blood pressure at the initial visit between cats that died or survived over a 9-month period after initial diagnosis of hypertension. Mean survival times were not significantly different between hypertensive cats with normal and abnormal left ventricular patterns. Further prospective studies are needed to clearly identify the factors involved in survival time in hypertensive cats.  相似文献   

6.
BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy of cats is based on 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. However, circulating fluid volume largely determines diastolic cardiac chamber dimensions, and reduced diastolic volume in other species results in what has been called "pseudohypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium." HYPOTHESIS: Altered hydration produces changes on 2D echocardiography that may confound the diagnosis or severity assessment of cardiomyopathy of cats. ANIMALS: Ten normal colony-sourced mixed breed cats were included. METHODS: Cats were examined by echocardiography at baseline and at completion of 3 protocols (volume depletion and maintenance-rate and anesthetic-rate IV fluid administration) applied in randomized crossover design with a 6-7 day washout period. RESULTS: Volume depletion increased diastolic left ventricular interventricular septal (IVSd) and free wall diameter (4.5 +/- 0.4 to 5.8 +/- 0.6 mm; P < .001) with wall thickness exceeding 6 mm in 4 cats. Diastolic left ventricular internal diameter (LVIDd) decreased, and reduction in systolic left ventricular internal diameter (LVIDs) produced end-systolic cavity obliteration in 7 cats. Left-atrial-to-aortic-root ratio (LA: Ao, 1.4 +/- 0.2 to 1.2 +/- 0.1, P < .05) and left atrial area in diastole (LAAd) decreased with volume depletion. Maintenance-rate IV fluid administration increased LAAd and fractional shortening (FS%). Anesthetic-rate IV fluid administration increased LVIDd, FS%, LAAd, and LA:Ao ratios (to 1.7 +/- 0.1, P < .01), producing an LA: Ao ratio above normal limits in 6 cats. A systolic heart murmur developed with administration of fluid at maintenance (n = 1) and anesthetic rates (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS: Altered hydration status produces changes in the echocardiographic examination of normal cats that may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of cardiomyopathy or mask its presence. Hydration status should be considered during echocardiographic examination in cats.  相似文献   

7.
M-mode echocardiograms were recorded from 40 healthy dogs, awake and unsedated, in left lateral recumbent position. Fifteen echocardiographic measurements were taken and correlated with body weights using linear regression equations. The left ventricular internal dimension in systole and diastole, the left ventricular wall thickness, the aortic root dimension, and the left atrial dimension had high correlation coefficients (r2), ranging from 0.756 to 0.619. The fractional shortening of the left ventricle in systole (39% +/- 6%) and the left atrial to aortic root ratio (0.99 +/- 0.10) were not linearly related to body weights and had constant values.  相似文献   

8.
Heterogeneity of Hypertrophy in Feline Hypertrophic Heart Disease   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Eighty-six cats with non-dilated left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy were studied retrospectively. Cats were categorized by two-dimensional echocardiography as having symmetric ventricular hypertrophy (Type I), asymmetric with predominant septal thickening hypertrophy (Type II), and asymmetric hypertrophy with predominant free-wall thickening (Type III). The distribution of hypertrophy was judged subjectively and objectively. Subjective and objective results were similar (P= 0.03) although overlap existed between groups. Morphologic patterns (Types I, II, and III) were compared with breed, age, sex, heart rate, percent fractional shortening, left atrial size, serum creatinine concentration, and the presence (yes/no) of pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, pericardial effusion, heart murmur, dyspnea, thromboembolism, hyperthyroidism, and being alive at the time of study. Interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular free wall thickness, percent fractional shortening, and left atrial size additionally were compared to 3-month survival. Cats with Type HI hypertrophy were more likely to experience thromboembolism than cats with Type II hypertrophy (P= 0.05) and cats with Type I hypertrophy were more likely to have heart murmurs than cats with Type III (P= 0.02). No other significant associations were found in comparison to pattern of hypertrophy. Both left atrial size and percent fractional shortening significantly correlated with 3-month survival (P < 0.001 for each). The degree of interventricular septal wall thickness was associated with 3-month survival (P= 0.02) when known hyperthyroid cats were excluded from the study group, while left ventricular free wall thickness consistently was not associated with survival. This study demonstrates the heterogeneity of hypertrophy in cats with hyper-trophic heart disease and provides predictors of survival (left atrial size, percent fractional shortening, and interventricular septal wall thickness when compared with euthanasia/spontaneous death data).  相似文献   

9.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of systemic hypertension (SHT) on echocardiographic and radiographic cardiovascular variables in affected cats compared with healthy geriatric cats. Secondary objectives were to determine whether there were any relationships between these findings and age or systolic blood pressure (SBP). Fifteen healthy cats (>8 years of age with normal SBP) and 15 hypertensive cats (SBP > 180 mm Hg) were studied. Each cat was evaluated for standard echocardiographic parameters and 4 different aortic root dimensions. Seventeen variables were measured from right lateral and dorsoventral radiographic views. Left ventricle wall thickness was greater in the SHT group (5.1 +/- 0.9 mm) than in the healthy cats (4.2 +/- 0.5 mm). Left ventricular hypertrophy in the SHT cats often was not severe, and mean measures were considered normal. Some cats had asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH) in the basilar portion of the septum as determined from the 2-dimensional view of the left ventricular outflow tract. ASH was greater in cats with SHT. Comparisons of the proximal ascending aorta indicated the presence of dilatation in the SHT cats, and comparison of the ascending aorta to the aortic annulus was helpful in differentiating between the 2 groups. The distal aortic root measurements and ratios evaluated by echocardiography were significantly different between the 2 groups of cats (P = .0001) and were significantly correlated with SBP (P = .0001) but not age (P > .3).  相似文献   

10.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined atropine low-dose dobutamine stress test on left ventricular parameters in adult warmblood horses, to establish a potential protocol for pharmacological stress echocardiography. Seven healthy untrained warmblood horses aged 9 to 22 years were used. Heart rate (HR) and left ventricular B- and M-mode dimensions were recorded at baseline and during stress testing with 35 microg/kg atropine IV followed by incremental dobutamine infusion of 2 to 6 microg/kg/min. HR increased significantly (P < .05) during the pharmacological challenge, and a maximal HR of 156.6 +/- 12.5 bpm was reached at maximal dobutamine infusion rate. Systolic and diastolic interventricular septum thickness, systolic and diastolic left ventricular free wall thickness, and fractional shortening increased significantly and reached a maximum at the highest infusion rate (mean +/- SD: 4.51 +/- 0.27 versus 5.65 +/- 0.31 cm, 2.89 +/- 0.19 versus 3.78 +/- 0.10 cm, 3.72 +/- 0.34 versus 4.77 +/- 0.18 cm, 2.44 +/- 0.28 versus 3.11 +/- 0.34 cm, 34.98 +/- 3.82 versus 50.56 +/- 3.42%, respectively). Systolic and diastolic left ventricular internal diameter decreased significantly during dobutamine infusion. Left ventricular external and internal area were significantly lower at a dobutamine infusion rate of 2 microg/kg/min but no further decrease was observed during the subsequent steps. Systolic and diastolic myocardial area was significantly lower after the administration of dobutamine but not significantly different during dobutamine infusion, when compared to baseline values. This pharmacological stress test induced significant changes in left ventricular echocardiographic parameters in adult warmblood horses. Additional research should evaluate the value of this stress test in horses suffering from cardiac disease.  相似文献   

11.
The echocardiographic characterization of a dilatation cardiomyopathy in small-breed dogs is reported. Twelve clinically healthy adult English Cocker Spaniel dogs (between 2 and 9 years old and weighing 11.5 to 15.4 kg [mean 12.9 +/- 1.00 kg]) from a kennel population with a history of cardiomyopathy were assessed, using M-mode echocardiography. The dogs were selected on ECG and/or radiographic evidence of ventricular enlargement. Nine dogs had R-wave amplitude in lead 11 of greater than 3.0 mV. Two dogs had an unusual right-axis deviation, the result of deep Q waves in the limb leads and deep S waves in chest leads CV6LL and CV6LU, indicating that there was right ventricular enlargement. All dogs had increased end-systolic dimensions (mean 3.0 +/- 0.6 cm). End-diastolic dimensions were increased in 9 dogs (mean 4.0 +/- 0.5 cm), and there was a decrease of left ventricular (LV) function as measured by fractional shortening in 8 dogs. Mean fractional shortening for the 12 dogs was 25.4 +/- 5.7%. There was significant correlation between LV dimensions and age at echocardiographic assessment, indicating that LV dilatation was progressive. Three of the oldest dogs had severe dilatation of the LV, and in 2 of these, LV function was severely decreased. Left ventricular function in the 3rd dog, however, was within the acceptable range. Fractional shortening and thickness of the LV caudal wall and interventricular septum were significantly correlated (P less than 0.01 for interventricular system and P less than 0.05 for LV caudal wall).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

12.
The aim of this study was to characterise the development of cardiac dilatation induced by chronic volume overload in 12 dogs. Bilateral arteriovenous fistulas were created between the common femoral arteries and the femoral veins, and the animals were serially studied with transthoracic echocardiography for a period of 12 weeks after the operation. Compared to the measurements obtained before the operation (week 0), the data obtained at the end of the experimental period showed significantly increased left ventricular volume measured by 2D-echocardiography (from 25.1 cm3 to 43.8 cm3, p < 0.0001 in diastole and from 8.6 cm3 to 16.8 cm3, p < 0.001 in systole), and left ventricular diameter measured by M-mode echocardiography (from 26.2 mm to 32.6 mm, p < 0.0001 in diastole and from 17.1 mm to 20.6 mm, p < 0.001 in systole). The size of the left atrium also increased in transversal (from 29.2 mm to 33.6 mm, p < 0.01) but not in longitudinal diameter. In spite of a significant cardiac chamber dilatation over the 12-week period, left ventricular systolic functional variables (fractional shortening, FS % and ejection fraction, EF %), and also the left ventricular systolic and diastolic free wall thickness remained unchanged. In this study we demonstrated that chronic progressive volume overload resulted in gradual dilatation of the canine heart, and that the pathological process can be monitored successfully by serial echocardiography. We found that left atrial dilatation occurred without the development of mitral regurgitation and/or detectable left ventricular dysfunction.  相似文献   

13.
Thirty-five young cats were studied by echocardiography from the 2nd to 12th weeks of life to analyze correlation between body weight, body surface area, age and heart rate with fourteen echocardiographic parameters. There was a positive linear correlation (r = 0.49-0.78) between the independent variables (body weight, body surface area, age) and left ventricular wall thickness and diameter, aortic diameter and left atrial diameter, whereas there was a negative correlation (r = -0.39 and r = -0.43) between the heart rate and left ventricular diameter during systole and diastole. No linear dependence of the fractional shortening, ejection fraction, percentage thickening of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall, LA/AO ratio, and the ratio IVSED/LVWED to the independent variables was observed.  相似文献   

14.
The objective of this study was to determine intra- and inter-observer variability of echocardiographic measurements in awake cats. Four observers with different levels of experience in echocardiography performed 96 echocardiographic examinations in four cats on four different days over a 3-week period. The examinations were randomized and blinded. The maximum within-day and between-day CV values were 17.4 and 18.5% for inter-ventricular septal thickness in diastole, 18.7 and 22.6% for left ventricular free-wall thickness in diastole, 9.8 and 14.9% for left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, 20.8 and 15.2% for left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and 21.2 and 18.4% for left ventricular shortening fraction. The maximum within-day CV values were most often associated with the least competent observer (i.e. the graduate student) and, the minimum CV values with the most competent observer (i.e. the associate professor in cardiology). A significant interaction between cat and observer was also evidenced. Thus, the most competent observer could not be replaced by any of the other observers.  相似文献   

15.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is an important regulator of fluid homeostasis and vascular tone. We sought to compare N-terminal ANP immunoreactivity (ANP-IR) in plasma from cats with and without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Secondarily, we evaluated relationships between ANP-IR and echocardiographical variables in cats with HCM and healthy cats. Venous blood samples were obtained from 17 cats with HCM and from 19 healthy cats. Plasma ANP-IR concentration was determined by an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Two cats with HCM had clinical evidence of congestive heart failure; the remainder had subclinical disease. Plasma ANP-IR concentration was higher in cats with HCM (3,808 +/- 1,406 fmol/L, mean +/- SD) than in control cats (3,079 +/- 1,233 fmol/L), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -166 to 1,622). There was a significant, but modest correlation between plasma ANP-IR concentration and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (r = 0.42; P = .01). Additionally, plasma ANP-IR concentration was weakly correlated with left atrial size (r = 0.35; P = .03). A linear regression model was developed to further explore these relationships. Atrial size and wall thickness were included in the model; the 2 explanatory variables had an interactive effect on plasma ANP-IR concentration (R2 = 0.27; P = .02). There was no appreciable correlation between plasma ANP-IR concentration and any other echocardiographical variable. In a population that included cats with subclinical disease, those with HCM did not have significantly higher plasma ANP-IR concentration than did healthy cats. An exploratory multivariable regression analysis suggested a linear relationship between ANP-IR concentration and atrial size, wall thickness, and their interaction.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze velocities of the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve and left ventricular free wall (LVFW) in a large population of healthy cats by use of 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). ANIMALS: 100 healthy cats (0.3 to 12.0 years old; weighing 1.0 to 8.0 kg) of 6 breeds. PROCEDURE: Radial myocardial velocities were recorded in an endocardial and epicardial segment, and longitudinal velocities were recorded in 2 LVFW segments (basal and apical) and in the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve. RESULTS: LVFW velocities were significantly higher in the endocardial than epicardial layers and significantly higher in the basal than apical segments. For systole, early diastole, and late diastole, mean +/- SD radial myocardial velocity gradient (MVG), which was defined as the difference between endocardial and epicardial velocities, was 2.2 +/- 0.7, 3.3 +/- 1.3, and 1.8 +/- 0.7 cm/s, respectively, and longitudinal MVG, which was defined as the difference between basal and apical velocities, was 2.7 +/- 0.8, 3.1 +/- 1.4, and 2.1 +/- 0.9 cm/s, respectively. A breed effect was documented for several TDI variables; therefore, reference intervals for the TDI variables were determined for the 2 predominant breeds represented (Maine Coon and domestic shorthair cats). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: LVFW velocities in healthy cats decrease from the endocardium to the epicardium and from the base to apex, thus defining radial and longitudinal MVG. These indices could complement conventional analysis of left ventricular function and contribute to the early accurate detection of cardiomyopathy in cats.  相似文献   

17.
Echocardiographic findings in 103 cats with hyperthyroidism   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Using M-mode echocardiography, cardiac abnormalities were studied in 103 cats with untreated hyperthyroidism. In addition, follow-up echocardiography was performed on 24 of these cats to assess the long-term (4 to 21 months) effect of treatment (thyroidectomy or radioiodine) on thyrotoxic cardiac disease. The most common echocardiographic abnormality in the 103 untreated hyperthyroid cats was hypertrophy of the left ventricular caudal wall (71.9%). Hypertrophy of the interventricular septum also was documented in 39.8% of the 103 cats. Other abnormalities included high values for left atrial diameter (70.0%), aortic root diameter (18.5%), and left ventricular diameter at end diastole (45.6%). In some of these cats, indices of contractility were enhanced; in 21.4% and 14.6% of the cats, values for shortening fraction and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, respectively, were greater than those values measured in clinically normal cats. After treatment of the hyperthyroidism, left ventricular hypertrophy resolved or improved in many of the cats, as indicated by decreases in left ventricular caudal wall and interventricular septum thicknesses. Hyperdynamic wall motion resolved in all cats after treatment, as evidenced by consistent decreases in shortening fraction and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. Despite these improvements, some cats had one or more persistently abnormal echocardiographic values after treatment. These results suggested that in cats, hyperthyroidism commonly is associated with largely reversible cardiomyopathy. In those cats in which cardiomyopathy persists or worsens after treatment, underlying primary cardiomyopathy or thyroid hormone-induced cardiac structural damage may exist.  相似文献   

18.
Change in M-mode echocardiographic values in cats given ketamine   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Determination was made of changes in heart rate and certain M-mode echocardiographic values in healthy cats given ketamine (3 to 5 mg/kg, IM). Heart rate and septal and left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole increased, and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole and shortening fraction decreased (P less than 0.02) after ketamine was given. With the adjustment for heart rate by analysis of covariance, left ventricular internal diameter in diastole, shortening fraction, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) from base-line values.  相似文献   

19.
Seventeen clinically normal adult English Cocker Spaniels from a kennel population with a history of cardiomyopathy were assessed, using M-mode echocardiography, to establish reference values for left ventricular (LV) dimensions for this breed of dog. Echocardiographic measurements were compared with postmortem measurements in 10 of 17 dogs. The LV weight calculated from the echocardiographic measurements correlated significantly with LV weight at postmortem (P less than 0.05). Echocardiographic measurements of end diastolic and end systolic diameters for the 17 dogs correlated significantly with body surface area (P less than 0.01). Measurements of the interventricular septum were in close agreement with values in clinically normal dogs and were significantly correlated with postmortem measurements (r = 0.94, P less than 0.01). However, 76% of the measurements for LV caudal wall thickness in this group of dogs were above the normal range. Calculation of fractional shortening values identified a group of 5 dogs with reduced fractional shortening (mean +/- SD, 20.97 +/- 3.66%), which indicates that a depression in contractility may be present in some apparently healthy dogs of this kennel population. The remaining 12 dogs had fractional shortening values of mean +/- SD, 34.26 +/- 4.54%.  相似文献   

20.
Dilation of the pancreatic duct has been described as an ultrasonographic feature of pancreatitis in cats. The purpose of this study was to determine normal pancreatic duct width in healthy older cats and assess the significance of pancreatic duct dilation observed in a clinical population. In a prospective study, pancreatic ultrasound was performed in 15 healthy cats (mean age 13 +/- 3 years). Mean pancreatic width of left lobe, body, and right lobe was 0.65 +/- 0.16 cm (0.46-1.03 cm), 0.64 +/- 0.14 cm (0.46-0.9 cm), and 0.43 +/- 0.09 cm (0.3-0.57 cm), respectively. Mean pancreatic duct width was 0.13 +/- 0.04 cm (0.06-0.24 cm), which was significantly larger than previously reported for younger cats (0.08 +/- 0.025 cm) (P < 0.001). One hundred and four of 1445 clinical patients (7.2%) were diagnosed with a dilated pancreatic duct and were reviewed in a retrospective study. Incidence of pancreatic duct dilation was significantly higher in older than in younger cats (2.7% in cats < 1-5 years vs. 18.1% in cats 15 years or older; P < 0.001). Mean pancreatic duct width was 0.23 +/- 0.07 cm (0.14-0.52 cm), and there was a significant correlation between age and pancreatic duct width (P = 0.01). There was also a significant relationship between the mean ratio of pancreatic duct width and pancreatic thickness (n = 98) (0.29 +/- 0.09; 0.09-0.58; P = 0.041). There was no significant difference in age between cats with and without pancreatic disease. There was no association between pancreatic disease and pancreatic duct width or pancreatic duct width/pancreatic thickness ratio. Pancreatic duct width and pancreatic duct width/pancreatic thickness ratio in cats are significantly associated with age.  相似文献   

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