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《植物医生》2019,(6)
植物医学上的病害泛指由生物因素(害虫、病原菌、杂草、害鼠等有害生物)、非生物因素(水分、光照、温度、营养、农药等环境胁迫)和自身免疫力下降引起的,影响植物健康的一切异常生命活动过程.对植物有害生物控制是一个系统工程,靠单一的措施或者技术很难达到理想的效果,仅仅靠技术层面的工作也很难获得整体的效应.本文分析了植物有害生物治理的各种措施和策略,结合历史经验和科技发展趋势,提出了植物健康调控与有害生物防治的新概念——系统控制(Systematic control of plant diseases,SCPD).系统控制是指在系统论、控制论思想指导下,以农田生态系统为对象,以维护植物健康为核心,从而维持系统正常运转和良性循环,充分发挥系统功能为目标的有害生物防控的技术和管理体系;是从资源利用、运作效率、系统弹性和可持续性的整体维度进行思考和实施的系统工程.系统控制概念的提出不仅是植物健康维护理论上的创新和生产实践的需要,而且也是植物有害生物持续控制发展的必然趋势,对于丰富植物医学理论,推进植物医学事业的发展具有重要意义. 相似文献
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生物间遗传学(interorganismal genetics)有区别于生物内遗传学(intraorganismal genetics),它是研究不同生物共生的遗传学;在植物病理学方面研究在环境条件影响下寄主和病原物相互作用的遗传学。 相似文献
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1 与植物检疫性有害生物截获相关的概念国际植物检疫措施标准 (InternationalStandardsforPhytosanitaryMeasures)对植物检疫截获有害生物的相关概念定义如下。植物有害生物 (Pest) :任何对植物或植物产品有害的植物、动物或病原体的种、株(品 )系或生物型。(有害生物 )截获 (Interceptionofapest) :在检查入境货物时对有害生物的查获。检疫性有害生物 (Quarantinepest) :对受其威胁的地区具有潜在经济重要性、但尚未在该地区发生 ,或虽已发生但分布不广并进行官方防治的有害生物。进入 (Entryofapest) :一种有害生物进入其尚不存在、… 相似文献
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谈农药的“植物健康作用” 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
传统概念的农药是可以用来杀灭昆虫、真菌、杂草和其他危害作物生长的生物的物质。随着研究的深入,人们越来越多地发现,有些农药,在预防和杀灭昆虫、病原菌和其他有害生物的同时,还具备促进植物生长、保鲜、抗逆等多种功能,国际上称之为"植物健康作用”。植物健康作用对农药行业是一个崭新的概念.也是农药除了防治有害生物以外的一个值得充分重视并利用的功能。现将农药登记试验及有关文献资料中涉及的农药植物健康作用情况作简单介绍。 相似文献
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额济纳绿洲荒漠化过程中植物群落生态学特性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以28块植物群落调查样地实测资料为基础,用生物统计学方法对额济纳荒漠河岸林植物群落物种组成、重要值、生活型和物种多样性等生态学特性进行了研究。结果表明:样地内共有高等植物19种,分属9科15属,以豆科(Fabaceae)和柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)为主;生活型以乔木和灌木/半灌木为主,多年生草本也是其重要组成部分;叶片特征突出,小叶、微叶和鳞叶占89%,研究区内无大叶或巨叶植物。植物生活型与4种生物多样性指数的关系都表现为"草本灌木乔木";样地荒漠化程度和土壤含水量均与生物多样性指数之间没有很好的相关性。以上研究结果可为今后相关研究提供一定的借鉴和参考。 相似文献
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Plant health is a frequently used but ill‐defined term. However, there is an extensive literature on general health definitions and health criteria in human medicine. Taking up ideas from these philosophical debates, concepts of plant health are reviewed and a framework developed to locate these concepts according to their position in several philosophical controversies. In particular, (i) the role of values in defining plant health in a naturalist versus a normativist approach; (ii) negative and positive definitions of plant health; (iii) reductionist versus holistic perspectives; (iv) the focus on functionality versus resilience, i.e. the ability of the plant to perform under stress with or without human interference; (v) materialist versus vitalist approaches; and (vi) biocentric versus anthropocentric views, are surveyed. The ways in which these perspectives relate to mainstream and alternative approaches to plant protection are explored and we suggest how the contradicting views might be reconciled. It is argued that none of these perspectives is without inherent contradictions, but that by combining contrasting approaches it is possible to provide a comprehensive though fuzzy concept. Rather than giving a new definition of plant health, a conceptual framework is developed that suggests what questions may be answered in debates on plant health issues and how such debates could be organized. 相似文献
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山地荒漠草原植物群落多样性与环境因子动态关系研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在时间截面和生境截面下 ,对植物群落多样性动态特征与环境因子进行灰色关联分析。结果表明 ,山地荒漠草原中与植物群落多样性关系较大的环境因子为地形、土壤水分、土壤有机质以及土壤盐分。其中地形因子决定了山地内水、热、养分的再分配 ,因此是主要因子。多样性与环境因子关系模式符合干旱环境特征。具有长期放牧史的草地植物群落多样性动态滞后于环境因子变化 ,体现出一年生植物与环境波动的适应性对群落动态影响的特征。由于山地植物群落多样性对生态系统功能 (水分涵养、土壤养分积累、生产力等 )具有积极作用 ,因此干旱山地生态系统恢复有赖于提高植物群落多样性。干旱条件下对一年生植物种子及植株生长发育影响较大的因子 ,是影响群落动态的主要因子 ,例如土壤水分含量。时间序列上群落多样性与环境因子关系较为复杂 ,因为放牧干扰 ,环境波动直接影响群落结构和物种消长动态。 相似文献
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The concept 'green adjuvants' is difficult to define. This paper formulates an answer based on two approaches. Starting from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) definition for green chemistry, production-based and environmental-impact-based definitions for green adjuvants are proposed. According to the production-based approach, adjuvants are defined as green if they are manufactured using renewable raw materials as much as possible while making efficient use of energy, preferably renewable energy. According to the environmental impact approach, adjuvants are defined as green (1) if they have a low human and environmental impact, (2) if they do not increase active ingredient environmental mobility and/or toxicity to humans and non-target organisms, (3) if they do not increase the exposure to these active substances and (4) if they lower the impact of formulated pesticides by enhancing the performance of active ingredients, thus potentially lowering the required dosage of active ingredients. Based on both approaches, a tentative definition for 'green adjuvants' is given, and future research and legislation directions are set out. 相似文献
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C. Picard M. Ward A. Benko‐Beloglavec S. Matthews‐Berry O. Karadjova M. Pietsch D. J. Van Der Gaag 《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):551-558
The concept of ‘regulated non‐quarantine pest’ (RNQP) was introduced in the revised text of the FAO International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) approved in 1997. Measures against quarantine pests (exclusion, eradication, containment) aim to prevent unacceptable economic, environmental and social impacts resulting from the introduction and/or spread of these pests. On the contrary, the concept of RNQPs is intended to prevent an unacceptable economic impact on the intended use of plants for planting by pests that are already present in the area. RNQPs have been introduced in the new EU plant health regulation, in line with available international standards. This regulation entered into force in December 2016 and will be implemented in the following 3 years. In this context, EPPO agreed to undertake a 2‐year project on RNQPs: the EU Quality Pest Project. The objective of this project was to develop a methodology and then to apply this methodology to a list of about 1400 pest–host combinations to identify which should be recommended as RNQPs. This methodology is presented in this paper, as well as the main issues discussed during its development. 相似文献
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植物检疫术语是进行植物检疫工作交流的前提与基础,对植物检疫工作具有重要意义。本文通过梳理及规范有害生物相关术语及其定义,明确了有害生物与外来物种的相互关系;通过对有害生物风险分析相关术语及其定义进行整理和规范,提出判定植物检疫性有害生物的评估方法,评估过程可结合适生性分析、传播途径、寄主情况及潜在的经济/环境影响等因素,从进入、定殖、扩散可能性及后果评估等方面进行分析。检疫性有害生物与外来入侵物种有一定交集,因此检疫性有害生物的防控对生物入侵防控具有积极作用。而对有害生物和有害生物风险分析相关术语进行规范也为植物检疫性有害生物名单的制修订提供了科学思路。本文提出的定义修改建议及植物检疫性有害生物评估方法较为概括,仅为定义和名单的制修订工作提供参考。 相似文献
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关于JMPR植物源产品残留定义中含有代谢产物的农药在进行膳食风险评估时残留数据计算的介绍 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织农药残留联席会议(JMPR)将农药残留定义分为2类,即植物源产品残留定义和动物源产品残留定义;同时根据使用目的不同,又将农药残留定义分为风险评估残留定义和监测残留定义。JMPR在植物源产品农药风险评估残留定义中包含的代谢产物类型主要分4种情况:一是残留定义包含母体和代谢产物,代谢产物是农药;二是残留定义包含母体和代谢产物,代谢产物不是农药;三是残留物定义只包括代谢产物,且代谢产物不是农药;四是二硫代氨基甲酸酯类农药。本文综述了JMPR关于植物源产品残留定义中含有代谢产物的农药进行农药残留膳食风险评估时残留数据的计算,旨在为我国制定农药最大残留限量标准进行农药残留膳食风险评估时提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
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农药环境影响指数(EIQ)在农作物病虫害防治工作中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
贯彻绿色植保理念,必须科学地监测和最大限度地减少农药对人类健康和生态环境的负面影响。本文介绍了农药环境影响指数(EIQ),讨论了其在农作物病虫害防治工作中应用与局限性。 相似文献
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Using the concept of ecological groundwater level to evaluate shallow groundwater resources in hyperarid desert regions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper,based on the analysis and calculation of the groundwater resources in an arid region from 1980 to 2001,put forward the concept of ecological groundwater level threshold for either salinity c... 相似文献