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1.
稻壳资源化新工艺的研究   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文
根据纤维素、半纤维素、木质素在高温高压水中分解速度相差很大的特点，提出了一条稻壳资源化的新工艺，以便减少废弃物、最大限度地得到糖类化合物。新工艺主要包括连续水蒸汽蒸煮爆碎处理、连续近临界水处理和燃烧三步。研究了连续近临界水处理过程中温度和停留时间对液相分解产物的收率和残渣组成的影响，并得到了较优的操作条件。通过对新工艺中固形物组成变化的研究得知：水蒸汽蒸煮爆碎处理过程主要分解半纤维素，而连续近临界水处理同时水解纤维素和含硅化合物。新工艺可将约80%的碳源转化为水溶性物质，其中多聚糖和单糖的收率可达40%（wt）以上。新工艺为稻壳的全面综合利用提供了一条新途径。  相似文献   

2.
为提高毛霉型豆豉品质评审的客观性、可靠性、重复性,减少人为评定差异,利用电子鼻和电子舌对不同蒸煮条件的毛霉型豆豉进行分析检测,采用主成分分析法评价其差异性,并利用感官评价进行验证。结果表明:电子鼻对湿蒸条件的样品的区分效果不佳,对干蒸条件的样品区分效果较好;电子舌对湿蒸和干蒸条件的样品都能很好的区分。121℃/35min湿蒸处理和135℃/25min湿蒸处理的样品相距较近,其风味具有一定的相似性;105℃/25min干蒸的豆豉样品与其他样品相比差异较大,说明豆豉风味与蒸煮条件有较大关联。感官评价结果表明,电子鼻和电子舌较感官评价辨识度高,结果区分更精确客观。本研究可为毛霉型豆豉标准化生产、生产条件的优化提供理论依据。  相似文献   

3.
为研究温度-压力解耦条件下汽爆玉米秸秆物化作用及其酶解效果,分别采用不同蒸煮温度(453、471和485 K)和不同爆破压力(1.0、1.5和2.0 MPa)对玉米秸秆进行汽爆处理,测定并分析对其物理结构(微观形貌和多孔特性)、化学组成(组分含量、官能团结构和结晶程度)和热力学性质的影响.结果显示:随蒸煮温度增加,汽爆...  相似文献   

4.
将萝卜擦碎，榨汁，用双层沙布过滤后再以乙醚提取辣味成分，然后用气相色谱法测定辣味成分的含量，此法也可用于测定大蒜等其他辣味蔬菜的辣味成分，有一定的实用价值。  相似文献   

5.
通过分析香榧假种皮提取物的成分,为香榧假种皮开发利用提供技术方法。本研究采用水蒸气蒸馏法、有机溶剂提取法、超临界CO2萃取法等3种方法对香榧假种皮中的物质进行了提取,并采用GC-MS对提取物成分进行了分析。结果表明:(1)超临界CO2萃取得到的香榧假种皮提取物得率最高(22.12±0.09%),有机溶剂提取法次之(18.28±0.14%),水蒸气蒸馏法最低(2.17±0.02%)。(2)分别鉴定了超临界CO2萃取法、有机溶剂提取法、水蒸气蒸馏法得到的香榧假种皮提取物中51、70、86种成分。超临界CO2萃取法和有机溶剂提取法得到的提取物主要成分均为沸点较高的二萜类物质;水蒸气蒸馏法得到的提取物主要成分是低沸点的倍半萜类和单萜类物质,是植物挥发油的主要成分。因此可根据需求采用不同方法对香榧假种皮进行加工利用。  相似文献   

6.
稻壳粉添加剂提高污泥的脱水效果研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
利用农业废弃物稻壳粉能有效提高污泥的脱水性能。该文研究了稻壳粉投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响及调理机理,同时分析稻壳粉调理对污泥滤液和脱水后污泥主要性质的影响,并进行技术经济分析。试验结果表明,稻壳粉的最佳投加量为70%污泥干质量(DS);在最佳调理条件下,与单独投加三氯化铁(FeCl_3,138.09g/kg)相比,污泥比阻降低了59.73%,污泥净产率提高了45.27%,污泥泥饼的含固率从13.99%提高到23.97%;扫描电镜结果表明,稻壳粉调理后的污泥泥饼具有不可压缩性和可渗透性,有利于污泥中水分的脱出;同时,稻壳粉的投加可有效降低滤液浊度和溶解性化学需氧量。因此,利用稻壳粉来调理污泥具有较大的潜力。  相似文献   

7.
为了制备风味良好的鲣鱼调味基料,本试验以鲣鱼蒸煮液(STCL)为原料,在酶解和脱腥基础上,采用感官评价、电子鼻技术结合主成分分析(PCA)及线性判别分析(LDA),通过正交试验优化美拉德工艺,并对鲣鱼蒸煮液酶解液美拉德产物进行氨基酸组成成分分析和必需氨基酸营养评价。结果表明,电子鼻技术结合LDA优于PCA,更能客观地区分不同条件下鲣鱼蒸煮液酶解液美拉德反应产物的风味差异;鲣鱼蒸煮液酶解液美拉德反应最优工艺条件为:添加木糖-葡萄糖1:2,在110℃下加热45 min,在此条件下,美拉德产物鱼香味浓郁,色泽呈黄棕色,氨基酸总量为7.036 g·100g-1,必需氨基酸含量为2.888 g·100g-1,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为64.034,说明鲣鱼蒸者液美拉德反应产物营养价值较高,是研发海鲜调味料的理想基料。本研究结果为鲣鱼调味基料的开发提供了一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
为提高墨鱼汁在食品加工业中的应用价值,将高压微射流均质处理后的墨鱼汁添加到生鲜面中,分析不同处理压力(0、40、80、120、160、200 MPa)对墨鱼汁粒径变化及墨鱼汁生鲜面蒸煮、质构特性的影响。结果表明,微射流最佳处理压力为120 MPa。该条件下,墨鱼汁粒径显著减小为101.20 nm(P<0.05),墨鱼汁生鲜面条最佳蒸煮时间为315 s,蒸煮断条率和蒸煮损失率分别降低至4.44%和4.98%,膨胀率增加至183.50%,硬度、咀嚼性分别达到642.37 g、176.84 g,感官评价综合得分为94.31。扫描电镜结果显示,微射流处理后墨鱼汁生鲜面结构变得更加均匀致密,孔隙相对减小,结构得到改善。综上,微射流可较好地改善墨鱼汁生鲜面的蒸煮特性和质构特性。本研究结果为墨鱼汁食品的开发提供了一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

9.
提高大豆渣膳食纤维中可溶性成分的方法研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  
以大豆渣为原料，采用微生物发酵、微射流均质机高压均质处理和高温蒸煮的方法来提高大豆膳食纤维中可溶性成分含量，研究不同发酵时间、不同处理压力和蒸煮温度以及蒸煮时间对提高豆渣可溶性膳食纤维（SDF）含量的影响。结果表明：利用发酵法可提高可溶性膳食纤维的含量达15%之多，并且在发酵的前6天，SDF含量增长很快，6 d后SDF的含量变化较少；而高压均质处理法提高可溶性膳食纤维含量的幅度在10%～28%之间，并随着处理压力的升高而增大；高温蒸煮法能提高可溶性膳食纤维的含量20%，121℃，20 min为较理想的蒸煮条件。  相似文献   

10.
采用非等温热重法对稻壳、煤及其混合燃料进行燃烧试验,使用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)和Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)2种方法分析了样品的燃烧反应动力学参数,分析了掺混比、升温速率对燃烧特性参数的影响,探讨了燃烧过程中混合燃料成分间的协同效应。结果表明：混合燃料的点火温度与纯煤相比有明显降低,燃烧特性有明显改善,随着稻壳掺混比由10%升至70%,燃尽温度从730℃降低至650℃,燃尽程度也逐渐变大,失质量从86.1%增至91.5%,综合燃烧特性指数从2.153×10-8增加到1.183×10-7;随着升温速率的增加,混合燃料的燃尽温度和综合燃烧指数均会增大,但点火温度和燃尽程度几乎不变;稻壳与煤混合燃烧时组分间会发生协同作用,且随着稻壳掺混比的增加,协同效应参数逐渐增大,协同效应越来越明显;FWO和KAS法得到的煤的活化能分别为37.66和31.00 kJ/mol,稻壳的活化能分别为20.96和16.30 kJ/mol;混合燃烧过程中,活化能随着温度和转化比而改变,随着稻壳掺混比的增加呈现出先增大后减小...  相似文献   

11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

16.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

17.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

18.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

19.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.  相似文献   

20.
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.  相似文献   

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